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WHAT DOES THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  Produce female sex hormones that maintain
DO? the reproductive cycle.

 The reproductive system is a collection of The Male Reproductive System Performs The
organs and a network of hormone production Following Functions:
in men and women that enable a man to
 Produces, maintains and transports sperm
impregnate a woman who gives birth to a child.
(the male reproductive cells) and protective
During conception, a sperm cell from the man
fluid (semen).
fuses with an egg cell in the woman, creating a
 Discharges sperm within the female
fertilized egg (embryo) that implants and grows
reproductive tract during sex.
in the uterus during pregnancy.
 Produces and secretes male sex hormones
 Abnormalities or damage to reproductive
responsible for maintaining the male
organs and malfunction of the hormone
reproductive system.
production and delivery system that governs
reproduction are common causes of infertility How the Brain Works As Part of the
in men and women. Reproductive System
The Four Functions of the Reproductive Brain centers play a key role in the regulation and
System are: control of the reproductive hormones and system.
Hormones are chemical messengers that affect the
 To produce egg and sperm cells
metabolism of other cells with receptors for the
 To transport and sustain these cells
hormone. Hormones may be produced in one part of
 To nurture the developing fetus the body and travel in the blood to another part of
 To produce hormones the body to initiate an action. The reproductive brain
Male Reproductive System centers are made up of the hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland. The hypothalamus produces
 The male reproductive system includes the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to regulate
testes (which produce sperm), penis, the production and release of FSH (follicle-
epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
and urethra. in the pituitary gland. FSH and LH are the two
 The female reproductive system consists of gonadotropic hormones involved in both male and
the ovaries (which produce eggs or oocytes), female reproduction. The rate and magnitude of
fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and GnRH pulses from the hypothalamus regulate the
vulva. release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
 The primary reproductive organs are the
gonads, which produce the gametes and THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
hormones. The secondary, or accessory,
structures transport and sustain the gametes
and nurture the developing offspring.

The Female Reproductive System Is Designed

To:
 Produce the eggs necessary for reproduction,
called the ova (ovum is singular for one egg)
or oocytes.
 Incubate and nourish a fertilized egg until it is
fully developed.
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 Scrotum. The bag of skin that holds and helps The opening of the urethra — the tube that
to protect the testicles. transports both semen and urine out of the body —
 Testes (testicles). The testes are 2 small is located at the tip of the glans penis. The penis also
organs that are found inside the scrotum. The contains many sensitive nerve endings.
testes are responsible for making sperm and
are also involved in producing a hormone
called testosterone. Testosterone is an
important hormone during male development
and maturation for developing muscles,
deepening the voice, and growing body hair.
 Epididymis. A long tube that is located near
each testicle.
 Vas deferens. This is a tube in which the
sperm is stored, and it carries the sperm out
of the scrotal sac.
 Seminal vesicles. The sac-like glands that lie Semen, which contains sperm, is expelled
behind the bladder and release a fluid that (ejaculated) through the end of the penis when a
forms part of semen. man reaches sexual climax (orgasm). When the penis
 Prostate gland. It is about the size of a is erect, the flow of urine is blocked from the
walnut, and surrounds the neck of the bladder urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at
and urethra, the tube that carries urine from orgasm.
the bladder. The prostate gland secretes a The scrotum is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that
slightly alkaline fluid that forms part of the hangs behind the penis. It holds the testicles (also
seminal fluid, a fluid that carries sperm. called testes), as well as many nerves and blood
 Urethra. This is a tube that allows urine to vessels. The scrotum protects your testes, as well as
flow outside the body. It is also the channel providing a sort of climate control system. For
for semen to pass during ejaculation. normal sperm development, the testes must be at a
 Penis. The external reproductive organ of the temperature slightly cooler than the body
male. The penis is made up of 2 parts, the temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the
shaft and the glans. The glans is the tip of the scrotum allow it to contract (tighten) and relax,
penis, while the shaft is the main part of the moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth
penis and contains the tube (urethra) that and protection or farther away from the body to
drains the bladder. cool the temperature.
THE MALE EXTERNAL GENITAL PARTS The testes are oval organs about the size of very
large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either
What Are The External Male Reproductive end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most
Structures? men have two testes. The testes are responsible for
Most of the male reproductive system is located making testosterone, the primary male sex
outside of your abdominal cavity or pelvis. The hormone, and for producing sperm. Within the
external parts of the male reproductive system testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous
include the penis, the scrotum and the testicles. tubules. These tubules are responsible for producing
the sperm cells through a process called
The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse. spermatogenesis.
It has three parts:
THE MALE INTERNAL GENITAL PARTS
 The root.
 The body or shaft. 1. TESTIS
 The glans.
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 The testes are the two-oval-shaped male Sperm count can affect fertility because your chance
organs that produce sperm and the of getting your partner pregnant decreases with a
hormone testosterone. lower sperm count. Problems with the quality of
 Testosterone-the primary male sex sperm can also affect your chances of getting a
hormone woman pregnant.
2. EPIDIDYMIS
 A tightly coiled tube against the testicles.
What Is The Importance Of Sperm Count In
 It acts as maturation and storage for Fertility?
sperm For pregnancy to occur, only one sperm and one egg
3. VAS DEFERENS are needed, so why does sperm count matter? In
 The vas deferens is a thin tube that starts short, it increases the odds for a successful
from the epididymis to the urethra in the pregnancy. When a man ejaculates into a woman,
penis. the chances that one sperm will reach and implant
itself into an egg increases if more sperm are in the
ACCESSORY GLANDS
semen.
1. Seminal Vesicles
 It attached to the vas deferens at one side Why Do We Need To Study Sexuality
of the bladder. Education?
 They produce a sticky yellowish fluid that The benefits of sexuality education, when
contains fructose. comprehensive, go far beyond information on
2. Prostate Gland reproduction and health risks associated with
 Surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the sexuality. Sexuality education is essential to prevent
base of the urethra, just below the and combat sexual abuse against children, sexual
bladder. violence and sexual exploitation
 The prostate gland is responsible for
making the production of semen, a liquid Why Is It Important For Teachers To
mixture of sperm cells, prostate fluid, and Understand The Development Of Sexuality?
seminal vesicles.
3. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Gland) It seeks to ensure the development of learners who
 2 small glands are located on the sides of can make informed decisions about personal,
the urethra just below the prostate gland. community and environmental health. The
 These glands produce a clear, slippery importance of sexuality education in acquiring
fluid that empties directly into the information, and forming attitudes, beliefs, and
urethra. values about identity, relationships, and intimacy
should not be played down. Protecting the right to
THE MALE SEMEN innocence.

Fertilization Tips MALE SEXUAL ACT.

EFFECTS OF SEMEN COUNT ON FERTILITY The Human Sexual Response Is Classified Into
Four Phases:
Fertility is most likely if the semen discharged in a
single ejaculation (ejaculate) contains at least 15 1. Excitement
million sperm per milliliter. Too little sperm in an  An increase in muscle tone (myotonia) of
ejaculation might make it more difficult to get certain muscle groups.
pregnant because there are fewer candidates  An increase in breathing rate, heart rate,
available to fertilize the egg. and blood pressure.
 Flushed skin (vasocongestion)
Does Sperm Count Affect Fertility?
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 Erection of the man’s penis, scrotal sac act, culminating in ejaculation. Eg. Nocturnal
thickens, elevates. emissions during the teens.
2. Plateau
 Increased sexual pleasure with increased
stimulation, and further increased muscle
tension.
 Breathing rate continues at an elevated Erection
level.
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic)
 Copious perspiration
 Increased myotonia  Parasympathetic (lateral horns of S2-54 cord)
 Both males and females continue  Pelvic splanchnic nerves to pre-aortic &
vasocongestion to max prostatic plexuses to penis
 Cowper’s glands secrete fluid through tip  NO causes vasodilation of deep penile arteries
of the penis: may contain live sperm.  Blood fills erectile tissue (corp & spong
 Scrotum is even higher and testicles cav)/compression of veins
bigger.
 And breathing becomes heavier Ejaculation
3. Orgasm  Sympathetic nervous system.
 The shortest phase of the sexual response  Spinal cord reflex arc.
cycle, typically lasting only several
 Afferent pathways are mostly fibers from
seconds.
touch receptors in the glans penis that reach
 Heart rate and blood pressure increase the spinal cord through the internal pudendal
maximally. nerves.
 Contraction of seminal vesicles, vas,
 Considerable voluntary inhibitory control over
and prostrate
this phase of the sexual response.
 Contraction of urethra and penis:
ejaculation TWO SEQUENTIAL PROCESSES
4. Resolution
1. Emission - deposition of seminal fluid into the
 Begins immediately after orgasm
posterior urethra. Simultaneous contractions
 Allows the muscle to relax
of the ampulla of the vas deferens, the
 The body returns to its original, non
seminal vesicles, and the smooth muscles of
excited state.
the prostate
 Blood pressure and heart rate drop.
2. True ejaculation -the expulsion of the seminal
Stimulation fluid from the posterior urethra through the
penile meatus.
Mechanisms of stimulation: Psychic stimulation
from the brain actual sexual stimulation from the sex Emission
organs usually it is a combination of both.
Lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves (sympathetic)
Glans Penis: Most important source of sensory nerve
 Sympathetic (lateral horns of T10-L2 cord)
signals for initiating the male sexual act
 Lumbar and Sacral splanchnic nerves to pre-
Areas adjacent to the penis: Stimulation of the anal aortic plexuses to spermatic tubes
epithelium, the scrotum  NE causes - Peristaltic contractions of the
ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostatic
Psychic Element of Male Sexual Stimulation: smooth muscles, and constriction of
Thinking sexual thoughts dreaming that the act of internal urethral sphincter
intercourse is being performed can initiate the male
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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The female reproductive parts are found mostly
inside the body. The folds of the skin called the vulva
are found between the female legs. The vulva covers
the opening to a narrow canal called the vagina. The
vagina leads to the uterus, a hollow pear-shaped
organ. The organs called ovaries produce and store
the female sex called eggs or ovum

Fertilization is defined as the union of sperm call

with the egg cell. This may occur after a male and
female have had sexual intercourse. During
intercourse, semen containing millions of sperm is
discharged from the penis into the vagina. The
sperm travel from the vagina into the uterus and
then some enters the fallopian tubes. If an egg is
passing through one of the fallopian tubes, one
sperm is likely to fertilize it. To fertilize an egg, a
sperm must get through the outer covering of the
egg. The sperm and egg then unite.
During the menstrual cycle, changes take place in
the uterus. The soft inner lining of the uterus
develops many tiny blood vessels and thickens. It
reaches its full thickness shortly after an egg has
been released from an ovary. If the egg is fertilized,
it attaches itself to the lining of the uterus and starts
to develop. If the egg is not fertilized it dies. The
unfertilized egg, together with the inner lining and
blood vessels of the uterus, is then slowly discharged
through the vagina in a process called menstruation.

Pregnancy begins when a fertilize egg attaches itself

to the lining of the uterus. The fertilize cell begins
dividing until the end of the second month of its
development, it is called can embryo. There are
three structures formed during the embryonic stage:
placenta is a disk-shaped organ of tissues and blood
vessels that is attached to the lining of the uterus;
umbilical cord connects the embryo and the
placenta; and amniotic sac is a fluid-filled membrane
that encloses and protects the embryo. Birth
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begins when the muscles of the uterus become  Vaginal Opening: A muscular canal lined with
active causing the mother to have labor pains. nerves and mucus membranes. It connects
Muscles force the baby out of the uterus through the the uterus and cervix to the outside of the
vagina and out of the mother's body. After the baby body, allowing for menstruation, intercourse,
has been born, the umbilical cord is cut leaving a and childbirth.
permanent scar called navel.
FEMALE INTERNAL GENITAL PARTS &
FEMALE EXTERNAL/INTERNAL GENITAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
PARTS OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
The Internal Genital Organs Form a Pathway
The female external genitalia is made up of both (The Genital Tract)
urinary tract and reproductive structures.
 Vagina (part of the birth canal): Where sperm
The external genital structures have two main are deposited and from which a baby can
functions: emerge
 Allowing sperm to enter the body  Cervix (the lower part of the uterus): Where
sperm enter and which opens (dilates) when a
 Protecting the internal genital organs from
pregnant woman is ready to gives birth.
infectious organisms
 Uterus: Where an embryo can develop into a
fetus
 Fallopian tubes (oviducts): Where sperm can
fertilize an egg after traveling through the
cervix and uterus
 Ovaries: Which produces and release eggs

VULVA: The vulva is the global term that describes

all of the structures that make the female external
genitalia.

The Components Of The Vulva Are:

 Mons Pubis: A tissue mound made up of fat OVULATION

located directly anterior to the pubic bones.
 Labia Majora (Larger Lips): Forms the folds Ovulation is the process to produce female egg
that cover the labia minora, clitoris, vulva which can combine with a sperm to make a baby.
vestibule, vestibular bulbs, Bartholin's glands, It is the most important phenomenon in getting
Skene's glands, urethra, and the vaginal pregnant. It is the process in which a mature egg is
opening. released from the ovary. After it's released, the
 Labia Minora (Smaller Lips): A pair of small egg moves down the fallopian tube and stays
cutaneous folds that begins at the clitoris and there for 12 to 24 hours, where it can be fertilized.
extends downward.
 Clitoris: A sex organ in females that functions
as a sensory organ. The clitoris can be divided
into the glans clitoris and the body of the
clitoris
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male Reproductive System

External Structures
 Penis: External male sex organ
o Circumcised: removes some or all of
foreskin
o Uncircumcised: foreskin not removed
 Scortum: Sac of skin and muscle containing
testicles

Internal Structures
When Does It Happen?
 Prostate: exocrine gland of male
The timing of ovulation varies with the length of a reproductive system
woman’s menstrual cycle.  Vas Deferens: tubes connecting epididymis
to ejaculatory ducts
 Epididymis: organ where sperm matures
 Testicles: organ where sperm is created
 Urethra: tube that connects balder to
outside of body
 Cowper’s Gland: secretes lubricating fluid
 Seminal Vesicle: make semen (seminal fluid)

The Sperm Pathway

1. Testes
2. Sperm
SIGNS OF OVULATION: 3. Epididymis
4. Vas deferens
1. Change in Vaginal Secretions
5. Seminal vesicles
 Before ovulation: produces a type of
6. Ejaculatory duct
mucus that is thin, clear, slippery, and
7. Prostate gland
stretchy
8. Urethra
 After ovulation: cervical mucus
9. Explusion from the body
undergoes another change and it
becomes thicker and cloudy THE MALE SEMEN

2. Change in Basal Body Temperature Sperm Morphology (Size & Shape)

Your body's temperature at rest (basal body
 Sperm morphology refers to the size, shape
temperature) increases slightly during
and appearance of a man’s sperm, which
ovulation.
when abnormal can decrease fertility and
make it more difficult to fertilize the
3. Rise in Luteinizing Hormone
woman’s egg.
About 24 to 36 hours before a woman
 Sperm can be misshaped based on the size
ovulates, her levels of luteinizing hormone
of the head, having an extra head, and
increase. A rise in luteinizing hormone is a
having no head or tail. Other sperm defects
signal for the ovary to release an egg.
include bent tail, coiled-tail, stump-tail and
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not having the tail attached at the correct  Multiple parts sperm can have multiple heads
location. or tails. When the sperm has two heads, it is
 For a sperm sample to be considered to called a duplicate sperm, a condition linked to
have fertility potential, it only needs 4 exposure to toxic chemicals, heavy metals like
percent or more of the sperm population to cesium, smoke or high prolactin hormone in
be considered normal, using the “strict” the male.
morphology criteria.
Male Reproductive Disorders
Normal sperm densities range from 15 million to
greater than 200 million sperm per milliliter of 1. Testicular Torsion: Testicular torsion is the
semen. twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off
the blood supply to the testicle and
Kruger Strict Criteria to evaluate sperm morphology, surrounding structures within the scrotum.
which is used by most doctors. Below are the Kruger 2. Prostate Cancer: Cancer of the prostate; most
Strict Criteria scores and their explanations: common in African American men over the
age of 50
 Over 14 percent of sperm have normal
3. Testicular Cancer: Most common cancer in
morphology – high probability of fertility 4-14
males between the ages of 15 and 34; highly
percent – fertility slightly decreased 0-3
treatable when diagnosed early
percent – fertility extremely impaired.

Types of Sperm Morphology Signs include:

 Collection of fluid in the scrotum
 A normal sperm will have an oval-shaped head,  Lump or enlragement in either
an intact midpiece and an uncoiled single tail. testicles
Sperm with normal morphology are able to  Unexamplained fatigue
swim well and in a straight line. Normal sperm
will also contain healthy genetic information Performing Testicular Self-Exams
rather than having too many or too few
 Draw a warm bath to relaz the
chromosomes, which are common in
scrotum
abnormally shaped sperm.
 Get familiar with your body
 Macrocephaly refers to when the sperm has a
 Place one lef on an elevated surface
giant head. These types of sperm often carry
 Use one hand to support testicle
extra chromosomes and have problems
fertilizing the woman’s egg.  Use the other hand to gently roll
testicle between thumb and index
 Microcephaly is when the sperm’s head is
finger
smaller than normal, also known as small-head
sperm. Small-head sperm may have defective Look for: Hard lumps, tenderness, hardness
acrosome (a pocket of enzymes in the sperm of testicle or discharge of the penis.
head used to enter the egg) or reduced genetic
material. 4. Impotence: Impotence is a common problem
 Tapered head sperm are sperm with “cigar- among men; characterized by the consistent
shaped” heads that may indicate the presence inability to sustain an erection or the inability
of varicocele in the male or constant exposure to achieve ejaculation, or both.
of the scrotum to high temperature locations 5. Inguinal Hernia: Inguinal hernias occur when
such as daily hot sauna. part of the intestine protrudes through a
 Headless sperm have no head at all and are weak spot in the abdomen — often along the
called acephalic sperm or decapitated sperm inguinal canal, which carries the spermatic
syndrome. They do not have genetic material cord in men
or chromosomes.
Urologist
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 Medical professional  Caused by toxic bacterial Ways to get
 Specializes in the urinary tract of males and it…
females and in the reproductive sysyem of o Using superabsorbent tampons
males o Wearing a diaphragm or
contraceptive sponge
Female Reproductive System o Having a staph or strep
External Structures infection, especially if you have
skin wounds or healing surgical
 Mons Pubis: Soft mound of flesh above incisions
genitals  Symptoms include: high fever, rapid
 Labia: Lip-like structures on the outside of drop in blood pressure, sun burn like
the vagina rash, weakness, headaches and even
 Clitoris: Sex organ whose sole function is kidney failure
pleasure
3. Endmoetriosis
Internal Structures  In Endometriosis, the tissue begins to
 Vagina: Tract from uterus to exterior grow on the outside of the uterus
 Hymen: Mucous membrane around vaginal  Causes: menstrual blood containing
opening endometrial cells flows back through
 Cervix: Lower, narrow portion of uterus the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic
 Uterus: Pear-shaped organ containing cavity instead of out of the body.
These displaced endometrial cells stick
growing fetus
to the pelvic walls and surfaces of
 Fallopian Tubes: Pathway for egg travel
pelvic organs, where they grow
during ovulation
 Symptoms include: severe pelvic pain,
 Ovaries: Egg-producing organs
constipation, diarrhea Pain when
Female Reproductive Systems Disorders having intercourse, can cause
infertility
1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
 Progressive infection—gets worse The Facts About Breast Cancer
over time
 Second Leading cause of cancer among
 Affects fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix
women (232,340 new cases a year)
or ovaries
 Every 3 minutes a woman is diagnosed with
 Can lead to long term reproductive
breast cancer. 1 in 8 women will be
problems
diagnosed in their lifetime.
 Symptoms include: foul-smelling
 Approximately 2,150 men will be diagnosed
discharge, heavier than normal
each year.
periods, painful urination
 There are 2.8 million breast cancer
 Causes: bacteria move upward from a
survivors today.
woman's vagina or cervix (opening to
 Early detection is the best way to protect
the uterus) into her reproductive
yourself
organs. Many different organisms can
cause PID, but many cases are Performing A Breast Self Exam
associated with gonorrhea and
chlamydia, two very common First, look for changes…Then, feel for changes
bacterial STDs
1. Step 1: Lie down and raise right arm above
2. Toxic Shock Syndrome
head
 Systemic illness: it affects the whole
body
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2. Step 2: Examine area from underarm to lower
bra line; across to breast bone; up to collar
bone; back to armpit
3. Step 3: Use pads of three middle fingers of
the left hand to check the right breast, in
dime-sized circles