Electricity

Class 2
 •

Cell is a device which maintains a constant potential

difference for a
long time across its ends .

chemicals
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼•
are
present inside it which maintains it .

Battery → Combination of cells HP (t)

[
•

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ
✓ ͎ bC̲
͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎nLP ͎ f)͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 •
Electrons flow from BCLP ) to A CHP ) in the wire .

After reaching A
, they go inside the cell

•
Chemicals inside the cell pick up e- from A and
again
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼put them at B .

Again electrons flow from B to A

,
thus continuous

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
flow of charges .

𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 Current {
Physical Quantity } { I }
•
Amount of charge flowing through a particular area

in a unit time .

Rate
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼•

of flow of Electric
charge .

always é willflow •
measured
by Ammeter .

But direction of current is

opposite ya
-

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 ,

𝓘𝓷 to direction of flow of electrons .

I ;E
2𝓓
<
•
I =
Chard CI ,
S

time 1sec ) ,

L >

SI unit Ampere 1A 1C / 1sec

.
•
→ =
.

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 I A
{
=

time
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 = 10min = 600sec .

I =
charge
time
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
charge =
I. ✗ time
2𝓓
600
g-
=
✗

300C
.
=
.

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 Electric field

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓
Each
K
charge makes an
imaginary line around it .

which
pushes / pulls another
charge .
This line is known

as Electric field
.
.

ꪀꪮ
ρꪖᧁꫀ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 Classification of material
4) Conductors

Electrons 1 outermost shells ) are

weakly bound
•

Almost
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼◦

free to move inside the

body
.
Free e / conduction e

•
Silver
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
copper
•

2𝓓
.

Graphite
•
Normal water .

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 (2) Insulators

•
e are
tightly bound to their nucleus

•
no free e-

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼less /
◦
no flow of current

•
Diamond

•
Distilled water
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
.

𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 (3) Semiconductors
•

at low temperatures they

,
behave like insulators .

•
at
high temperatures ,
e become free .

behaviour
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼•

between insulators and conductors

•
Silicon .

①
" " " " ""
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 "
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓 ↳
Electrons .

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 MA
qq
• a

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 Ma ABE
µ
am

Electric current
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 is a scalar
Quantity
direction to tell direction
The is
only in which
charge
is
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 moving .

𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 I =
32A

In 1sec 32C Charges

is
passing through
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 e- this area .

} 1C → 6.2×1018 e
>
32C → 32×6-2×1018 e
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 I → 20 . _ _
✗ 1018
<
2𝓓
"
→ 2.0 _
✗ 10 e-

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 Voltage → Potential
Bk ↓
Volt

BB PD =
WI

BB charge
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

BB Aument =

charge
time
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 PD = WD
2𝓓
current ✗ time

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲
 { conductors }
Electrons random
are
always in a continuous
zig-zag
•

motion

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼•

Average velocity is zero .

This thermal velocity

zig-zag motion
velocity is known as
•

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 of electrons .
{ 1- ↑
,
4- ↑ } Free e

𝓘𝓷 Thermal velocity very large

• → → →
↑
2𝓓 ↑ d
or
{ Around 16m15 } ↑
←
→
d → d

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ o͎ 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚌
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ bC̲
͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
͎ o&͎m
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓͎ ̲rt͎ ̲c̲
͎in͎ ia
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
𝚂𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 i͎ o͎ l͎n̲e͎ ̲