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Evolution of Android Operating System: A Review

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 Evolution of Android Operating System: A Review
Muhammad Haris BasitJadoon Farhan Hassan Khan
Department of Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, Knowledge & Data Science Research Center
COMSATS Institute of Federal Urdu University of Arts, Department of Computer Engineering
Science & Technology, Sciences & Technology College of EME, National University of
Islamabad, Pakistan Islamabad, Pakistan Sciences & Technology (NUST),
[email protected] [email protected] Islamabad, Pakistan
[email protected]

Abstract—In past mobile phones were used only to make competition different vendors are trying to make profit by
calls but with the introduction of smartphone the mobile phone using the Android OS because of its acceptance among the
has evolved to a low powered hand held processing system. users. With each day the struggle and efforts been put to give
This evolution was caused by the operating system for the an operating system that is compatible with most hardware
mobile phones making them smart that have processing and and provide all the necessary feature to the users in an
storage of their own. Now the mobile provides numerous efficient way Android production is growing. Every
functionalities from calling to texting, multimedia sharing, corporation desires to give best quality in their android phones
emails, socializing applications, word processor, excel sheets and as well improving features to be its main objective. The
to various multiplayer games and much more. The operating immense usage of android lead in the direction of advance
method about usability, multitasking, accessibility, protection
system for these hand held devices are iOS by Apple Inc.,
of end user-private data and many more, in which each release
Windows by Windows Inc. and Android by Google. Among
is expected to cater the mentioned issues provide something
the competitors in smartphone operating system industry new to the user [3-6].
Android holds the largest market share in terms of units
shipped worldwide and number of users. Android is an open The architecture of the android phones was first developed
source operating system based on linux kernel on which by Android Inc. now owned by Google and launched AOSP
applications run on an application framework that controls the (Android Open Source Project) in 2007. That statement was
activities supported by the libraries and Dalvik virtual taken by the foundation of the OHA (Open Handset Alliance).
machine which compiles and converts all java class files into a The software used in it launched under the Apache license as
single file. There can be number of virtual machines running an open source. The Open Handset Alliance is a collection of
simultaneously on a single device handling different many hardware, software and telecom Firms may also include
Intel, Google, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Motorola, HTC and T-
applications or instances of an application. Android operating
Mobile, in which Android is the adapted-able OS. Its core
system provides memory management, process management
objective is to build up advance equipment according to its
to the applications and services running. Each release of technology that may considerably less the time and cost as
android improved user experience and brought enhanced well and also enhance the services and provides best featuresto
features. This paper presents a study of evolution that each customer [7-10].At present android version in use are kit
release brought to the android operating system. Kat,Marshmallow and ginger bread. Table below shows the
Keywords— Android, Operating System, Google, Smartphone, history of Android operating system from initial release to the
Linux, Kernel,Dalvik Machine day.Operating system that acts as a bridge between user and
the hardware, same is with Android OS. We talk about
I. INTRODUCTION android Operating system the latest version is Nougat this
Smart phones in today’s world have become so popular version upgraded up to 7.0-7.12 which is based on Linux
that they have captured a big economical market along with a 4.4.1 kernel that consist upon layers, the architecture of which
large number of users each using different types of smart is shown in figure 1. The application layer in an android
phones with varying features. The most prominent thing that operating system is the top layer that include utilities like
distinguish smartphones industry and their user base is the SMS, contacts, phone, browser, camera, media player, cleaner,
operating system being used among which popular are etc.All of which are develop in Java programming language.
Android, iOS and Windows phone. With the statistical figures The utilities or applications require application framework as a
from International Data Corporation (IDC), the smartphone base to setup up and work.Application framework is large set
industry grew by 1.1% last year and by third quarter of the of analysis used for developing an apps withattractive GUI
year more than 350 million units were shipped worldwide. that may consist of check list,navigation menus, text box, but-
Android has maintained its position on score board with ton, check box, and more likely an embedded and responsive
market share of 86.8% [1, 2]. web browser.A Resource Manager provides access to resource
as well butnot access to source codelike restrictedString, GUI
This increase in the demand of android phones trade, and design.
customers concern is to select and buy the phone that meets
their requirement within affordable price. In the present era of
 Table 1: Versions of Android Operating System for the hardware aspect of smart phone devices. In smart
phone operating system a tool called .dx exist in the smart
Android API Linux Kernel in
version Level (AOSP)
Release phone software development kit which convert Java files
compile in a standard Java compiler into the .dex formats, that
Cupcake 3 2.6.27 2009
join together all of the Java class files and remove unnecessary
Donut 4 2.6.29 2009 data in each Java class files. Characteristics of Dalvik virtual
Eclair 5 2.6.29 2010 machine is as follows; Smart phone application run in a
Froyo 8 2.6.32 2010 instance of a Dalvik virtual machine. There may exist various
Ginger-bread 9 2.6.35 2011 instances of Dalvik virtual machine instance on single
machine, each instance runs in the form of chunks or separate
Honey-comb 11 2.6.36 2011
Linux process.Dalvik virtual machine depend on the original
Ice cream- OS Linux kernel for the execution, isolation memory manage
14 3.0.1 2011
sandwich
process and threads supporting.Dalvik virtual machine is
Jelly bean 16 3.4.39 2012
register based process [6].
kitkat 19 3.10 2013
Lollipop 21 3.16.1 2015 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Marsh-mallow 23 3.18.10 2015 Each application in android operating system is running
Nougat 25 4.4.1 update 2016 separately of other and has memory spaces reserved for them
making each one data inaccessible to others. For
communication among applications message parsing is used.
Notification Manager enable all apps to show routine alert on
the screen [11-12]. Activity Manager Control the lifecycle With the release of Android cupcake in 2009 API level 3 was
process of apps also offer an ordinary routing back stack. used and the operating system supported widgets, search
Beneath library layer consist a set of java library files applied browsers, navigation applications that included free data of
by wide range of the Android Operating system processes and map to act as a navigation device. Content can be updated and
also offer maintenance to the Application framework. In synchronized over the internet without the need of a computer
Android Runtime layer focus is on the set of core libraries and system [14-15]. Android Donut Operating System released the
a Java Dalvik VM Dalvik virtual machine which can same year of cupcake used API level 4 that provided the
redevelop and adapted via Google to become suitable source features of phones screenshot capture and voice commands
for Android OS. Linux kernel is placed at the bottom layer of along with the features that were available in cupcake. To
android OS to perform the task of fastest layer among the enhance user experience Android Éclair release used API
hardware and software of Android. It may also provide major Level 5 that enabled the operating system to support low
structure services of Operating System like density display screens from 320x240 to 854x480 high density
protection/security, memory management, processes screens. Instead of separate navigation centralized access was
functions, network system, driver modules and functions such provided to user by selecting a contact on which call, message
as management of threads of Dalvik virtual machine included and email can be made with a tap. Manage multiple email
in the Linux kernel system [10-13]. accounts with a universal account. Search and time based
deletion of sms and mms. Camera, browser features were
improved and virtual keyboard was introduced with intelligent
auto correct feature. To accelerate the hardware graphics
architecture was modified for better performance [16-19].

With the next release of froyo by Google it was claimed to

have the fastest browser than any other smartphone would
have in 2010 that used API level 8 with an improved
performance rate of 2.5 times then all the previous versions
released. To improve the security of the devices alpha numeral
and numeral options were added in password and remote
access to reset device data in case of theft or robbery to protect
the privacy and integrity of the users. Before the release of
froyo android operating system only allowed installation of
the applications to be done on the device memory, whereas
Fig 1. Architecture of Android Operating System with froyo users can now install the applications on the
external media as well. Among improved camera features and
Android operating system run in the Linux kernel, its remote access through android cloud APIs for gesture
application are developed in Java language so its task is to detection for multi touch and OpenGL 2 for ETC1 text
execute the applications on Java virtual machine called Dalvik compression, YUV images was also supported by the
VM. Dalvik has been redeveloped and optimized by Google as operating system [20-21].
 As the android operating system was initially developed by same time recording videos of high definition. Ice cream
Android Inc. which was based on Linux kernels so google did sandwich release paved the way for future in which
not do the things from scratch and focused on providing better innovative, interesting, customized applications and features
user experience by continuing the work of Android Inc. can be provided to users. Example of which is Android Beem
Platform was initially developed by Android Inc. So, with the based on NFC that would allow the users to share the content
release of Android gingerbread with API level 9 Linux kernel at a much higher speed which was not possible before [26-27].
was upgraded to 2.6.35 due to which the operating system was
now able to manage power more efficiently with refined user Jellybean release came in 2012 with API level 16 that
interface. New devices were coming popular in market that revamped all predecessors not in terms of speed and
have large displays, and need for communication over performance but user experience in which all core features of
internet. With android gingerbread near field communication Ice cream sandwich were intact with widgets being intelligent
(NFC) was added that could have high frequency to replace themselves based on the addition or deletion of any
communication with in the radius of 10 cm. To meet the widget instead of lying still. For smooth user experience user
market demand gingerbread supported SIP: Session Initiation interface design, had refresh rate of 60 frame per second to
Protocol for audio and video calling if the device has a 3g or make it more responsive. Other enhancements included
Wi-Fi connection of internet. The introduction of SIP broke support for five languages with right to left languages support,
the traditional barriers of communication and the worry for digital rights management, security measures, low energy
billing for its users. Other features included audio encoding, Bluetooth for audio, video calling and remote access. A
video playback, multi touch virtual keyboard and gyroscope drawback in the schema was operating system does not
sensor which in extension to accelerometer that sense the prevent acquisition of device location even though Wi-Fi is
alignment of phone calculates the rotation rate around x, y and turned off [28-29]. Kitkat operating system was released in
z axis which can also be termed as twists. Accelerometer 2012 with API level 19 in which the along with user interface
measured the linear and gyroscope measured the angular focus was equally put on speed and performance as well that
movement of the device this addition paved way in support of was achieved with improved multiple sensors feedback, use of
virtual reality[22-23]. tri-core cpu, improved battery usage for long lasting battery
time, resolution up to four thousand and updated schema for
With the second big release of honeycomb in 2011 google user interface. With kitkat operating system applications
also introduced its first smartphone Nexus S in liaison with installed in devices can be exchanged with other device and all
Samsung. Honeycomb revolutionized the android operating previous versions of android were upgradeable to the kitkat.
system by the support of multicore processor environment The edge to edge technology enabled the users to not only
with symmetric multiprocessing due to which multitasking remotely access their device but also to perform activities like
was possible with all screens active at the moment. This cloud printing, managing resources and many more [30-31].
update to the operating system was a major advancement
among other updates that include enhanced web browsing Android lollipop with API level 21 was released in 2015 to
experience, google talk, 3d effects in google map and multiple enhance users’ experience with 3D views now elements can be
home screens to let the user customize the interface as per viewed in real time with shadows as the object moves. With
their wish [24-25]. The last release of 2011 was ice cream shared visual elements transition of elements from one state to
sandwich API level 14; the ice-cream sandwich release was another is done smoothly and seamlessly. With the new design
compatible with both low and high resolution devices. threads are rendered for smooth execution of animations even
Multitasking ability of operating system was further enhanced though there comes a delay in the user interface main thread.
in which the opened applications can be switched in between The lollipop version does not compromise on the performance
by seeing the list of running applications. Notifications of system for which it runs on new Ahead of time just in time
appearance was enhanced by removing the popups and and Android Run Time codes built from scratch to meet the
showing them in the top of the screen where a certain a needs that supports 64-bit MIPS and ARM architecture. This
notification will show its detail on tap. Ice cream sandwich update fulfilled the need to efficiently reduce garbage and
operating system was improved to open microphone voice keeping the applications responsive without affecting their
command for which the system is always ready to receive performance. To strengthen the claim of high performance
voice commands and process them instead of first starting the android kitkat offers enhance audio, video synchronization by
service before use. While the device is lock previously all the use of pipelining for smooth output. For productivity, new
applications are stopped and cannot be accessed whereas in ice sensors were introduced that included sensor for heart rate, to
cream sandwich operating system lets user answer the detect interactions such as flick, swipe, pinch etc. interaction
incoming calls, move among the playing media, and for sensors and for activity recognition tilt sensor. The new added
authorization of user in addition to alpha numerals and APIs improved battery performance, accessibility, web view,
numerals face lock feature is introduced to verify the screen capture and camera features [32-34].Android
authenticity of the user. Pertaining to the users demand camera marshmallow API Level 23 was released same year of kitkat
features were refined that included increased snap shot speed, in which finger print detection was introduced with which
continuous focus, zero shutter, panorama for image and at the number tasks can be performed such as unlocking the device,
answering incoming call and holding up outgoing calls, III. DISCUSSION
browsing images in gallery, capturing and recording in camera Android cupcake API level 3 was the first version release in
and many more but as per security authenticity and integrity of 2009 which is evolution of android OS the advantage in
users’ device and data operating system was able to provide an cupcake version Increased speed and performance but not up
extra added layer by fingerprint sensor. Previously when an to required level, the drawback of cup cake version is not
application was installed it was mandatory to grant all the much Responsive and lack of multitasking [14-15].Donut API
permissions asked at the time of installation and it cannot be level 4 launched in 2009 the main purpose of Donutwas to
altered later on. With marshmallow, it lets the user change the focus on the issues faced in previous version cupcake, in
application permissions to empower the user. For fast charging Donut provides the power savor option and keyboard auto
type C cable was introduced and doze mode enables operating correct option also provided, fast web browsing Experience
system to save more power and can almost double the battery but typing is quite slower [16-19]. Éclair API level 5
time. Notifications and camera can also be accessed while the introduced in 2010, the features were not introduced in
screen is lock [35-36]. The most recent release of android previous version of Androids. Éclair Improve typing speed on
operating system is Android Nougat with API level 25 in virtual keyboard with smarter dictionary but No Adobe Flash
2016. In nougat operating system, the most prominent feature Media Supported [16-19]. After Éclair, Froyo API level 8
is of multitasking of applications in split screen. With launched Focus on Privacy protection also support Adobe
marshmallow performance, look feel and performance was flash Media supported but drawback in Froyo lags while
delivered to the best and nougat focus was to improve the Multiprocessing [20-21]. Ginger-bread API level 9 release in
existing features provided by marshmallow [37]. 2011(NFC) was added that could have high frequency
communication within the radius of10cm and supported (SIP)
Table 2. Features of Android Operating System Session Initiation Protocol for audio and video calling if the
Android API device has a 3g or Wi-Fi for internet connection,
Release Features Multiprocessing and faster than Froyo. The disadvantage in
version Level
Support widgets, search ginger-bread is automatically close applications [22-23].
Cupcake 3 2009
browsers navigation apps,
After Ginger-bread, Honey-comb take place API level 11
Screen capture, voice released in 2011, the main purpose of Honey-comb focus on
Donut 4 2009
commands applications which can closed automatically in Ginger-bread,
Battery savor, enable in low Honey-comb won’t close the applications until the user won’t
Eclair 5 2010 resolution 320*240 close applications. In honey-combEnhanced web browsing
Keyboard auto-correct experience, Google talk, 3d effects in Google map and
High security, cloud API, multiple home screens to let the user customize the interface
Froyo 8 2010
gesture detection. as per their wish, issue in honey-comb is battery drain in some
NFC range in 10 cm, audio applications [24-25]. (Ice-cream sandwich) launched in 2011
Ginger- API Level 14, ice-cream android version is far faster than
9 2011 video calls, 3g supported,
bread honey-comb and cannot drain battery like honey-comb,
gyroscope sensors
Symmetric multiprocessor, Multitasking ability of operating system was further enhanced
Honey- in which the opened applications can be switched in between
11 2011 multitasking, google talk, 3d
comb by seeing the list of running applications, main problem in ice-
effects
cream sandwich was device is lock previously all applications
Ice Notification pop up on lock are stopped and cannot be accessed [26-27]. Jelly bean API
cream- 14 2011 screens, fast image capture, level 16 release in 2012 jelly is responsive then all pervious
sandwich NFC enable. version’s of Android’s the main purpose of jelly bean is to
Jelly Speedy, audio & video calling, providesSecurity measures, low battery consume in Bluetooth
16 2012
bean remote access for audio, video calling and remote access, a drawback in jelly
Responsive, tri core cpu, cloud bean the schema was operating system does not prevent
Kit-kat 19 2013
response acquisition of device location even though Wi-Fi is turned off
3D views, 64 bit MIPS, [28-29]. After jelly bean Kitkat API level 19 launched in 2013
Lollipop 21 2015 Sensors, heart rate, swipe consist of edge to edge technology and enabled the users to
pinch. Screen capture. not only remotely access their device but also to perform
Finger Print detection, gesture activities like cloud printing, managing resources and many
Marsh- & voice sensors in camera, high more, kitkat provides a location address when Wi-Fi is turned
23 2015 off in previous jelly bean was face that problem. A drawback
mallow resolution, backup in cloud,
power saving mode in kitkat is cannot write Messages and E-mail enable in Power
saving mode[30-31]. Lollipop API level 21 launched in 2015
Finger print, gestures voice
lollipop is likely kitkat but lollipop have some new features
Nougat 25 2016 sensors, palm detection. Power
like new sensors were introduced that included sensor for
saving modes, cloud
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