Traffic Survey

Traffic Study
Land use and Transportation planning
Guided by: Dr. Katti

Submitted by: Hardik Gandhi M.arch.- I; Sem. - I
Traffic Study
Contents:
1. INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC ENGINEERING: 2. TRAFFIC STUDY 2.1 Objects 2.2 Various Traffic Studies 2.3 Presentation of traffic data 3. TRAFFIC FORECASTING 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data for estimation and period for forecasting 3.3 Fore-casting methods 4. CONCLUSION
Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I)
Traffic Study
Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:

Traffic engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of traffic performance of road networks and terminals. The study of Traffic engineering may be divided into major section viz... y y y y y y Traffic characteristics. Traffic studies and analysis. Traffic operation, control and regulation. Planning and analysis. Geometric design & Management.
Typical Traffic engineering includes:

y y y y y Designing traffic control device installations and modifications, including traffic signals, signs, and pavement markings. Investigating locations with high crash rates and developing countermeasures to reduce crashes. Preparing construction traffic control plans, including diversion plans for pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Estimating the impacts of commercial developments on traffic patterns. Along with computer and electrical engineers, developing systems for intelligent transportation systems.
Traffic Study
Chapter 2- TRAFFIC STUDY:

2.1 Objectives:
Traffic Study is carried out for: y y y y y To obtain the knowledge of the type and volume of traffic at present and to estimate future traffic that the road is expected to carry. To determine the facilities provided on the roads such as traffic regulation and control, intersections, so that improvement on the basis of traffic density may be carried out. To design the geometric features and pavement thickness on the basis of traffic surveys. To design bridges & culverts. Survey related to accidents helps in redesigning of roads, increasing road width and to maintain regulation and controls.
2.2 Different traffic studies:

I. II. Traffic Volume study, Speed Studies, a. Spot speed study b. Speed and delay study Origin and destination study (O & D)
III.
2.2.1 Traffic Volume study:

Traffic Volume is the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time at any selected period. The commonly used units are vehicles per day and vehicles per hour. The various methods available are, 1) Manual methods. 2) Combination of manual and mechanical methods. 3) Automatic devices. 4) Moving observer method. 5) Photographic methods.
Combination of Manual and Mechanical methods:

It is the multiple pen recorders. A chart moves continuously at the speed of a clock. Different pens record the occurrence of different events on the chart. A particular switch may be pressed whenever a particular class of vehicles arrives and this operates the pen on the channel which can be identified with the arrival of a particular class of vehicle.
Traffic Study
ADVANTAGE The classification and vehicle count are performed simultaneously. DISADVANTAGE It does not give turning moment of vehicle. Manual counts: This method employs a field team to record traffic volume on the prescribed record sheets. In this method first the fluctuations of traffic volume during the hours of the day and the daily variations are observed. ADVANTAGE Gives classification of vehicles and turning moments. DISADVANTAGE It cannot work throughout day and night.
Traffic volume data:

(i) Annual average daily traffic (AADT) or ADT The total traffic as well as classified traffic is calculated. (ii) Trend charts Showing volume trends over a period of years are prepared. (iii) Variation charts Showing hourly, daily and seasonal variations are also prepared.
2.2.2 Speed studies Spot speed:

Spot speed is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or location. Methods of measuring Spot Speeds: There are two methods 1. Long base methods 2. Short base methods
Spot speed by Endoscope

It is one of the simplest methods of finding spot speed. Its principle is the observer is stationed on one side of the road and starts a stop watch when a vehicle crosses that section (i.e., observer) .The endoscope is placed at a convenient distance say 30m to 50m, the moment when the vehicle crosses the section where endoscope is fixed, the stop watch is stopped. Time required to cross the known length is found and is converted to speed in KMPH.
Traffic Study
2.2.3 Origin and Destination Studies:

The O & D studies of vehicular traffic determines their number, their origin and destination in each zone under study. The various applications of O & D studies may be summed up as follows: y y y y To locate expressway or major routes along the desire lines. To judge the adequacy of parking facilities and to plan for future. To locate intermediate stops of public transport. To establish preferential routes for various categories of vehicle including by pass.
Methods for collecting the O & D data

y y y y y Road-side interview method, License plate method. Return post card method, Tag-on-car method and The choice of the method is made judiciously depending on the objectiv e and location.
Road-side interview method:

y y The vehicles are stopped at previously decided interview stations, by a group of persons and the answers to prescribed questionnaire are collected on the spot. The information collected include the place and time of origin and destination, route, locations of stoppages, the purpose of the trip, type of vehicle and number of passengers in each vehicle noted .
License plate method:

The entire area under study is cordoned out and the observers are simultaneously stationed at all points of entry and exit on all the routes leading to and out of the area. Each party at the observation station is given synchronized time pieces and they note the license plate numbers (registration numbers) of the vehicle entering and leaving the cordoned area and the time. Separate recording sheets are maintained for each direction of movemen t for a specified time interval. After collecting the field date major work remains of the office computations and analysis, by tracking each vehicle number and its time of entering and leaving the cordoned area. This method is quite easy and quick as far as the field work is concerned.
Presentation of O and D Data:

The data are presented in the following forms: (i) Origin and destination tables are prepared showing number of trips between different zones. (ii) Desire lines are plotted which a graphical representation is prepared in almost all O & D surveys.
Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I) 6
Traffic Study
O & D data presenting image
Tr
tu
Ch pt
N
3-
CA
NG:
d: To plan the construction of a ne facility of the improvement of e isting facilities. Accurate estimate of future traffic will influence the engineering design of the facility and the economic decision whether to take up the project or not.

y y
Data fo esti ation:

y y y
Data on traffic flows Capacities of different links in the network, Locational pattern of future projects etc.

Methods of fo ecastin :
y y Mechanical method. Analytical method.
Mechanical method: The mechanical methods simply project forward the past trends, assuming that future e perience is a direct function of past e perience." Anal tical methods:

Land use and Trans
y y
rtation planning (M.Arc .- Se .-
y y
In an analytical method, historical trend pattern is classified and analy ed. In urban traffic projections, the most common method is that the projecting the e isting traffic pattern determined from origin-destination traffic surveys. This method is also referred as Gravity model. The most promising form of the Gravity model is
Traffic Study
Chapter 4- CONCLUSION:
For an economic development of our country proper Transportation planning is a must. In the present stage, there is a lack of statistical or traffic data. So, A traffic study such as Traffic volume study, speed study, O & D study. should be conducted throughout the country on a sampling basis to find out the capacities under different topographic conditions, traffic composition, surface conditions for both rural and urban areas and the existing traffic data should be utilised in an optimum way by proper co-ordination between various modes of transport. Estimation of future traffic by mechanical method and analytical metho d is done on scientific basis. For estimating future traffic by analytical method, O & D Traffic study gives the better idea for urban areas.
References:
y y ikipedia TRAFFIC STUDY AND FORECASTING by: NAGABHARANA.K.P

Traffic Survey

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Traffic Survey

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Traffic Survey

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Traffic Study

Land use and Transportation planning

Guided by: Dr. Katti

Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I)

Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:

Typical Traffic engineering includes:

Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I)

Chapter 2- TRAFFIC STUDY:

2.2 Different traffic studies:

2.2.1 Traffic Volume study:

 Combination of Manual and Mechanical methods:

Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I)

Traffic volume data:

2.2.2 Speed studies Spot speed:

Spot speed by Endoscope

Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I)

2.2.3 Origin and Destination Studies:

Methods for collecting the O & D data

Road-side interview method:

License plate method:

Presentation of O and D Data:

O & D data presenting image

Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I)

Data fo esti ation:

Land use and Trans

rtation planning (M.Arc .- Se .-

Land use and Transportation planning (M.Arch.-I: Sem.-I)

You might also like

Combination of Manual and Mechanical methods: