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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28721-1

First edition
2008-12-01

Vitreous and porcelain enamels —

Glass-lined apparatus for process
plants —
Part 1:
Quality requirements for apparatus,
components, appliances and accessories
Émaux vitrifiés — Appareils émaillés pour les installations
industrielles —
Partie 1: Exigences de qualité relatives aux appareillages, composants,
appareils et accessoires

Reference number
ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

© ISO 2008
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ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

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ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

Contents Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................1
3 Requirements .........................................................................................................................................2
4 Testing ....................................................................................................................................................5
5 Manufacturing stages and inspections ...............................................................................................7
6 Repairing defects...................................................................................................................................8
7 Test report ............................................................................................................................................10
8 Packaging and transportation ............................................................................................................11
9 Inspection at delivery ..........................................................................................................................11
Annex A (informative) Examples of test reports ............................................................................................12
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................19

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ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 28721-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) (as EN 15159-1) and was
adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other
inorganic coatings, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies.

ISO 28721-1 consists of the following parts, under the general title Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Glass-
lined apparatus for process plants:

⎯ Part 1: Quality requirements for apparatus, components, appliances and accessories

⎯ Part 2: Designation and specification of resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock

⎯ Part 3: Thermal shock resistance

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Glass-lined apparatus

for process plants —
Part 1:
Quality requirements for apparatus, components, appliances
and accessories

1 Scope
This part of ISO 28721 specifies the quality requirements for apparatus, components, appliances and
accessories of glass-lined steel (including semi-crystallized enamel coatings) and glass-lined steel castings
used for process plants. It specifies the quality requirements and the tests to be carried out by the
manufacturer as well as the action to be taken to repair defects.

It is also applicable to glass-lined pumps, pump components and fittings.

It is not applicable to glass-lined flanged steel pipes or glass-lined flanged steel fittings.

NOTE 1 Provisions for glass-lined flanged steel pipes and glass-lined flanged steel fittings are given in DIN 2876 [1].

The test methods specified cover checking the enamel, the dimensional accuracy and the performance of
apparatus and components.

This part of ISO 28721 applies to new apparatus and components as well as used items that have been re-
enamelled.

It does not contain requirements regarding the chemical or physical properties of vitreous and porcelain
enamels.

NOTE 2 Examples of test reports are given in Annex A.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 780, Packaging — Pictorial marking for handling of goods

ISO 2178, Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates — Measurement of coating thickness — Magnetic
method

ISO 28721-2, Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Glass-lined apparatus for process plants — Part 2:
Designation and specification of resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock

ISO 28721-3, Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Glass-lined apparatus for process plants — Part 3: Thermal
shock resistance

EN 14430, Vitreous and porcelain enamels — High voltage test

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ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

3 Requirements

3.1 General

If the requirements given in this part of ISO 28721 are to be applied to glass-lined apparatus and components,
this shall be stated as follows when ordering:

Prepared in accordance with ISO 28721-1.

Requirements differing from those stated in this part of ISO 28721 may be agreed upon between the parties at
the time of ordering.

3.2 Design and quality of enamel finish

The manufacturer shall be responsible for the appropriate design and construction.

The enamel quality (i.e. the type of enamel and, where relevant, the colour) shall be agreed upon between the
interested parties at the time of ordering.

The characteristic composition of individual enamel layers shall correspond to that of specimens submitted for
laboratory testing. The quality of the enamel shall meet the requirements specified in ISO 28721-2 and
ISO 28721-3.

3.3 Surface

The enamel coating shall have a uniform, smooth, fully-fused surface free from impurities.

3.4 Defects

3.4.1 General

Defects shall be examined visually (see 4.2).

3.4.2 Defects unacceptable in the finished product

Defects unacceptable in the finished product are those which would render a component unusable. Such
defects are typically as follows:

a) defects which cannot be repaired by the means described in Clause 6, such as:

⎯ defects extending over an area with a diameter > 8 mm,

⎯ defects on inaccessible spots,

⎯ defects concerning vessels and columns as described in 3.4.4;

b) collapsed lines in the cover coat;

c) bubble lines, i.e. fused-in bubbles arranged in a distinct line;

d) fused strain lines (recognizable as lines with colours different from that of the surrounding enamel);

e) areas not properly fused (a rough surface similar to a sandblasted one);

f) devitrified areas in vitreous enamel or over crystallized areas in semi-crystallized enamel (recognizable as
a dull or a rough surface);

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ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

g) pull-through of ground coat (recognizable as e.g. spot-like discolorations);

h) cracks detectable by e.g. a statiflux test;

i) spots with a diameter > 30 mm caused by grinding and polishing during the removal of impurities (see
also 3.4.3 and 6.2).

3.4.3 Repairable defects

Repairable defects are imperfections in the enamel coating which allow, under certain circumstances (see
below), further use of glass-lined equipment after repair. Common repairable defects are:

a) depressions with a depth exceeding 25 % of the coating thickness;

b) blisters, such as circular holes in the coating exposing the ground coat;

c) areas with weak spots or defects detectable by high-voltage testing in accordance with 4.3;

d) impurities in the enamel coating.

Isolated impurities, such as fire clay particles, shall be removed. Dust-like impurities on the surface may be
accepted. Scale fused into the surface shall be removed where it extends parallel to the surface over a
distance of more than 3 mm and/or is not a flat particle or is not fused parallel to the surface.

The maximum permissible number of defects repaired by plugging shall be as given in Tables 1 and 2.

Further requirements, such as the maximum level of pores or use without plugging, shall be agreed upon
between the interested parties at the time of ordering.

Defects as defined in 3.4.3 a) and 3.4.3 b) shall be repaired as described in 6.1.

Specifications regarding defects in various types of apparatus and components are given in 3.4.4 to 3.4.6.

Table 1 — Maximum permissible number of plugged enamel defects in vessels

Maximum permissible number of defects

Nominal volume Agitator vessels

Type AE
m3 Types BE Other vessels
Lower part of and CE a
Main cover
vessel

up to 4 0 0 0 0
over 4 to 10 1 1 1 1
over 10 to 20 — — 2 3
over 20 to 32 — — 3 4
over 32 to 40 — — 4 5
over 40 to 80 — — — 6
over 80 — — — 7
a Assembly covers shall be delivered without any plugs.

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ISO 28721-1:2008(E)

Table 2 — Maximum permissible number of plugged enamel defects in columns

Maximum permissible number of defects for unit lengths

Nominal diameter of column
mm over 2 000 mm
up to 2 000 mm over 5 000 mm
up to 5 000 mm

up to 600 0 0 0
over 600 to 1 200 0 1 2
over 1 200 1 2 3

3.4.4 Vessels and columns

Table 1 and Table 2 list the number of repairable defects to be covered with plugs. Exceptions apply in the
following cases:

a) outlet nozzles and agitator nozzles, including the complete neck area around the nozzle, shall not be
repaired by plugging (this also applies to other nozzles with a nominal diameter of 150 mm or less,
including the neck area which extends out 30 mm beyond the inner nozzle diameter);

b) convex and concave surfaces with a radius of 75 mm or less shall not be repaired by plugging;

c) seal areas (gasket bearing surfaces) shall not be repaired by plugging.

3.4.5 Accessories

Accessories such as agitators, baffles, thermo pipes, probes, inlet pipes, washers, manhole covers and dip-
pipes shall not be repaired by plugging (see 6.1).

3.4.6 Fittings and pump components

Fittings and pump components shall not be repaired by plugging (see 6.1).

3.5 Coating thickness

The thickness of enamel coatings on steel substrates shall range from 1,0 mm to 2,2 mm, with the following
exceptions:

a) maximum values may be exceeded by 0,2 mm on concave surfaces;

b) the enamel coating may be 0,2 mm thinner than the specified minimum value in limited areas and on
convex surfaces;

c) coatings on small parts with very small radii u 5 mm, such as valve stems or rotors of pumps, may have a
minimum thickness of 0,6 mm.

Any changes in thickness shall be smooth.

3.6 General tolerances

General tolerances and tests for the concentricity of agitators (see 4.7.1 and 4.7.2) shall be agreed upon
between the interested parties.

NOTE Examples of tolerances for vessels other than agitator vessels, agitator vessels and columns are given in
DIN 28005-2 [2], DIN 28006-2 [3] and DIN 28007-2 [4], respectively. DIN 28159 [5] gives tolerances for agitator ends and
DIN 2873 [6] gives permissible angular misalignments for flange surfaces.

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