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    Bases and Policies of Special and Inclusive Education

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    Vanessa Boco
    Albert Bandura was a Canadian-American psychologist known for his social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment. His social learning theory emphasized that observation, modeling and imitation shape human learning and behavior. He found that children learn behaviors by observing others, like parents and characters on TV. Bandura identified four mediational processes - attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation/reinforcement that influence observational learning. Loden's Wheel of Diversity model recognizes additional aspects of identity like gender that should be included to validate diverse experiences. Inclusive education provides students with disabilities the right to learn alongside their non-disabled peers based on principles of equality, belonging and respect for all.

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    Bases and Policies of Special and Inclusive Education

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    Vanessa Boco
    170 views5 pages
    Albert Bandura was a Canadian-American psychologist known for his social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment. His social learning theory emphasized that observation, modeling and imitation shape human learning and behavior. He found that children learn behaviors by observing others, like parents and characters on TV. Bandura identified four mediational processes - attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation/reinforcement that influence observational learning. Loden's Wheel of Diversity model recognizes additional aspects of identity like gender that should be included to validate diverse experiences. Inclusive education provides students with disabilities the right to learn alongside their non-disabled peers based on principles of equality, belonging and respect for all.

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    Albert Bandura was a Canadian-American psychologist known for his social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment. His social learning theory emphasized that observation, modeling and imitation shape human learning and behavior. He found that children learn behaviors by observing others, like parents and characters on TV. Bandura identified four mediational processes - attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation/reinforcement that influence observational learning. Loden's Wheel of Diversity model recognizes additional aspects of identity like gender that should be included to validate diverse experiences. Inclusive education provides students with disabilities the right to learn alongside their non-disabled peers based on principles of equality, belonging and respect for all.

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    170 views5 pages

    Bases and Policies of Special and Inclusive Education

    Uploaded by

    Vanessa Boco
    Albert Bandura was a Canadian-American psychologist known for his social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment. His social learning theory emphasized that observation, modeling and imitation shape human learning and behavior. He found that children learn behaviors by observing others, like parents and characters on TV. Bandura identified four mediational processes - attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation/reinforcement that influence observational learning. Loden's Wheel of Diversity model recognizes additional aspects of identity like gender that should be included to validate diverse experiences. Inclusive education provides students with disabilities the right to learn alongside their non-disabled peers based on principles of equality, belonging and respect for all.

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    EDUC 65

    Module 3
    Bases and Policies of Special and Inclusive Education

    Albert Bandura: (born December 4, 1925, Mundare Alberta, Canada—died July 26,
    2021, Stanford, California, U.S.), Canadian-born American psychologist and originator of
    social cognitive theory who is probably best known for his modeling study on aggression,
    referred to as the “Bobo doll” experiment, which demonstrated that children can learn
    behaviors through the observation of adults.
    Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory: Social learning theory, proposed by Albert
    Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the
    behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory considers
    how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and
    behavior.
    Observational Learning: Children observe the people around them behaving in various
    ways. This is illustrated during the famous Bobo doll experiment (Bandura,
    1961).Individuals that are observed are called models. In society, children are
    surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on
    children’s TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school.
    Mediational Processes: SLT(Social learning theory) is often described as the ‘bridge’
    between traditional learning theory (i.e. behaviorism) and the cognitive approach. This is
    because it focuses on how mental (cognitive) factors are involved in learning.
    Unlike Skinner, Bandura (1977) believes that humans are active information processors
    and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences.
    Behaviorist Model:(only study observable /external behavior)
    Stimulus: In the environment
    Black Box :Can’t be studied
    Response :Behavior
    Cognitive Model (can scientifically study internal behavior)
    Input : In the environment
    Mediational process: Mental event
    Output : Behavior
    There are four mediational processes proposed by Bandura:
    1. Attention: The individual needs to pay attention to the behavior and its
    consequences and form a mental representation of the behavior
    2. Retention: How well the behavior is remembered. The behavior may be noticed
    but is it not always remembered which obviously prevents imitation.
    3. Reproduction: This is the ability to perform the behavior that the model has just
    demonstrated. We see much behavior on a daily basis that we would like to be
    able to imitate but that this not always possible. We are limited by our physical
    ability and for that reason, even if we wish to reproduce the behavior, we cannot
    4. Motivation/Reinforcement: The will to perform the behavior. The rewards and
    punishment that follow a behavior will be considered by the observer. If the
    perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs (if there are any), then the
    behavior will be more likely to be imitated by the observe

    ● Three forms of reinforcement


    Direct Reinforcement - occurs when an individual watches a model
    perform, imitates that behavior and is reinforced or punished by that
    individual
    Vicarious Reinforcement - the observer anticipates receiving a
    reward for behaving in a given way because someone else has been so
    rewarded.
    Self- reinforcement - the individual strives to meet personal
    standards and does not depend on or care about the reaction of others.

    “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling:


    from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are
    performed, and on later occasions, this coded information serves as a
    guide for action." (Bandura)

    Loden’s Wheel of Diversity: Loden has made several changes to her Diversity Wheel
    model since the original publication in 1991. While most of the latest additions were
    implicit in the earlier versions, Loden decided that several needed further emphasis in
    order to validate the experiences of people who felt that these issues were more central
    to their core identities.

    Diversity and Inclusion

    ∙ It stands side by side. Inclusion is an effort in which an individual or group is


    welcome, equally treated, and culturally and socially accepted.
    ∙ Inclusion is sense of belongingness, a paradigm shift, new mindset in education
    that has visible results to the behavior of the students and the entire members of
    the school system.
    Gender in the Classroom

    ∙ Gender bias is a behavior which shows that you are favoring one gender over the
    other. It cannot be denied that most often, gender bias is favoring men or
    women, boys over girls, and so on and so forth.
    ∙ Gender bias in education takes a gradual and cumulative effect in which few only
    take notice of.

    List of gender-biased word with their gender-neutral word counterpart:


    1. Ladies and gentlemen – folks or everybody
    2. Mankind – humankind
    3. Man-men – people
    4. Congressmen – members of congress
    5. Freshmen – first year students
    6. Husband/ wife/ girlfriend / boyfriend – spouse/ partner/ significant other
    Philosophical Bases
    ∙ The general philosophy of special education is that all people have the ability to
    learn, regardless of their particular disabilities.
    ∙ Inclusivity – the practice or policy of including people who might otherwise be
    excluded such as those who have physical and mental disabilities.
    ∙ Equality – all people will be treated fairly, irrespective of their age, sex, or race.

    Inclusivity
    ∙ inclusive education allows children with special needs to receive a free and
    appropriate education along with non-disabled students in the regular
    classroom.

    ∙ Inclusion philosophy rests on the idea that every individual, regardless of his/her
    disabilities, has the right to be incorporated fully into the fabric of society. ∙ Inclusion
    is the keys one of today’s education which applies to accommodate or include all
    human beings.

    Equality
    1. The right to recognition of the equal worth and equal dignity of each human being
    2. The right to equality before the law
    3. The right to equal protection and benefit of the law
    4. The right to be treated with the same respect

    What Is The Inclusivity?


    All people have the ability to learn, regardless of their particular disabilities and making
    everyone feel welcome and valued.
    What is Equality?
    Equality is all about providing equal opportunities and protecting people from being
    discriminated against due to various reasons. It is backed by law which is designed to
    address discrimination, harassment, and victimization.
    There are many reasons for discriminations:
    Age, Disability, Gender, reassignment Marriage and civil partnership Pregnancy and
    maternity ,Race ,Religion or belief ,Sex and last Sexual orientation.
    https://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/equality-diversity-and-inclusion/about-edi/what-does-equality
    diversity-and-inclusion-mean
    https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.htm

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