Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Infrastructural Challenges and Student Academic

Performance: Evidence from a Developing Nation
Prince Dacosta Anaman Deborah Morpkorpkor Zottor
Accounting Department ICT Department
University of Ghana University of Education Winneba
Legon, Ghana Winneba, Ghana

Julius Kumi Egyir

History Department
University of Education Winneba
Winneba, Ghana

Abstract:- A school's infrastructure reflects its achievements of the students in every possible way. In
curriculum and co-curricular activities. Using addition to the requirement of having an interest in education,
constructivism and production theory, the study one of the variables that can boost school performance is a
examined how school infrastructure affects academic school infrastructure that is adequately equipped [6]. A
achievement in four Ghanaian senior high schools. The considerable number of substandard school infrastructures in
study obtained data using interviews and questionnaires. rural, urban, and suburban regions constitute a hindrance
The survey revealed that schools required sports fields, related to students’ academic success [7], [8]. If education
music rooms, church halls, mosques, and theatres. The changes are to be successful, it is imperative that those with a
study found that schools required additional dorms and stake in the field advocate for innovative approaches to both
bathrooms. The research uncovered that schools require instruction and student engagement. Examples of excellent
updated classrooms, roomy scientific labs, and more co- teaching and learning styles include the provision of well-
curricular activities beyond outdoor games and computer equipped labs and libraries, as well as effective classroom
labs. The study also indicated that learning, boarding, and settings. Also, according to [7], to ensure that children have
co-curricular infrastructure improved student the best possible academic performance, the infrastructure of
achievement. The interviews showed that SHS teachers schools should be maintained regularly. To provide today's
believed school infrastructure improves academic formal education instructions in Africa, there has to be a
achievement. The study suggests building and positioning greater level of school infrastructure. The accessible
school structures well and stocking and expanding school educational infrastructure at a specific school has a significant
laboratories to serve all pupils to increase academic impact on the academic success of students enrolled there [5],
performance. To facilitate subject instruction, the [9]. This suggests that the school that has complete school
school's ICT lab needs extra computers and supplies. infrastructures and is well equipped delivers greater academic
performance for its pupils than the school that does not have
Keywords:- Infrastructural Challenges, Academic complete school infrastructures and is well equipped. In
Performance, Senior High Schools, Mixed Methodology. addition, factors like furniture, the quality of the air within the
building, and the number of students in each class are
I. INTRODUCTION significant infrastructure-related variables that influence the
effectiveness of teaching and learning [5]. To varying degrees,
It is generally agreed that education is the essential education in Ghana is funded and supplied by the state, local
building block for societal, economic, scientific, and communities, individual families, for-profit businesses, and
technological progress [1]. Education is a highly important non-governmental organizations (NGOs). According to
factor that plays a significant role in determining a person's Graham (2013), beginning at age six (6), students can enroll
life opportunities, and this factor is present in both developed in school for a total of twelve (12) years. This breaks down to
and developing countries [2]. Schooling is seen as valuable in two (2) years in kindergarten, six (6) years in primary, three
and of itself, in addition to its economic value, and is (3) years in junior high, three (3) years in senior high, and four
considered a fundamental human right concerning the (4) years in tertiary (2-6-3-3-4 system). This analysis of the
elementary and secondary levels of education [3]. According state of education in Ghana aims to fill in some of the gaps in
to [4], in addition to its importance for the country's economic our understanding by illuminating major problems with
and social growth, education is equally significant. An enrolment, summing up the results of previous studies, and
education of appropriate quality has to be supported by an pointing us toward new avenues for investigation [10]. Access
adequate infrastructure to achieve optimum production. This to basic education has been catered for by the free SHS
is necessary to maximize productivity. The most efficient (FSHS) policy which was instituted a few years ago.
educational environments have full infrastructures [5], which Nevertheless, the infrastructure challenges in SHS in Ghana
will enable a variety of teachers to deliver efficient instruction persist [11]–[13]. The adoption of free secondary education is
while also facilitating the teaching and learning process a step in the right direction, but this good development has to
sufficiently [4]. This has the potential to improve the academic be backed up with additional capital expenditures to meet the

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
growing number of students. Fundamental school social II. LITERATURE REVIEW
initiatives such as capitation grants and school nutrition
revealed that increased enrolment did not lead to high A. Constructivism theory
retention and completion rates, but rather high dropout rates John Dewey developed constructivism [26]. Real-world
[14]. Even though there were more students at school, these connections in the classroom help students and teachers learn
teachings still managed to get through to them. To remedy and share. This activity was meant to benefit both parties,
this, the FSHS strategy should prioritize improving the according to constructivist psychologists [27]. This study used
standard of education offered by SHSs. More infrastructure, constructivist theory since it shows how to increase academic
textbooks, furnishings, and trained educators can help achieve achievement by minimizing the impact of several factors. As
this goal. [4] note that inputs into higher education and the constructivist viewpoints demonstrate, pupils' interactions
Ghanaian labor force depend on competent outputs from with their surroundings generate cognitive structures that form
secondary schools, further demonstrating the importance of their knowledge. Constructivist ideas suggest that these
secondary education as a sub-sector. With the continued cognitive frameworks should always be updated and
declining performance in secondary schools in Ghana, most integrated to meet environmental and changing organism
educationist and education stakeholders have outlined a vast demands [28], [29]. Teachers should take steps to help
number of probable causes including inadequate training of students accept learning circumstances, organize lessons, and
teachers, frequent curriculum changes, and inadequacy in the become academically self-directed. This will helps students
teaching and learning materials including laboratories and develop social skills and self-regulation [30].
poor or inadequate school structures including classrooms and
toilets [15]–[18]. Many factors are the due causes of the B. Production theory
situation, it is clear that inadequate school infrastructures have According to production theory, for an organization to
been proclaimed one of the major reasons for the declined effectively operate, it needs the bare minimum of
academic performance in Ghana [14], [15], [19]. Education organizational resources invested, which will result in the
does not take place in a void but rather in a setting that is greatest possible output [31]. As a result, this study was
composed of physical infrastructure and a collection of carried out because it demonstrates that the degree of student
material resources that are utilized in the process of teaching academic performance can be dependent on the number of
and learning [8]. The laws and regulations that control the suitable school infrastructures. According to [5], the factors
educational system in the nation prescribe the requirements that affect educational results include the student attitude, the
that must be met for the formation of public secondary instructor, and the environment. This suggests that the
schools, as well as the management of those institutions and outcomes of the students, also known as students' academic
the provision of material resources. The purpose of the achievement, are produced owing to the efficient management
infrastructure system in secondary schools is to raise the of the learning environment.
number of students who show up to class, boost the morale of
teachers and administrators, and improve students' academic C. School Infrastructure
performance [20], [21]. There is a connection between the Buildings, playgrounds, ICT devices, and educational
design of a school and the pupils that attend it (students and materials assist students and staff achieve their goals [32]. [33]
teachers). A school that is well-planned and provides a describe infrastructures as buildings that make learning safe.
learning environment that is clean and safe has been proven to Classrooms, labs, workshops, teacher offices, janitors' closets,
be significant for academic progress [22], [23]. The quality of reading rooms, dispensaries, libraries, cafeterias, and
overall performance on examinations and the achievement of gymnasiums are covered. Schools' infrastructure is its
the school's stated goals are directly correlated to the quality buildings. The community can utilize all school buildings.
of the school's physical facilities [23]. Public secondary "School plants" refers to the institution's physical
schools are frequently characterized by a lack of infrastructures [34]. This shows that the school's physical
infrastructural amenities such as suitable classrooms, latrines, plants should be carefully assessed, as students lack the basic
hostels, dorms, and labs. This is especially true of public skills needed to apply what they've learned. The learning
secondary schools in Ghana [24], [25]. While focusing on environment, especially in terms of students' ages and results,
those common grounds for the prevalence, some educationists which are the results of their learning, should be linked [35],
have suggested the construction of more classrooms and [36]. The quality of the school buildings and the capacity to
laboratories as the solution to the problem [25]. However, give an effective education despite historical changes present
according to [24] while still very confined to their narrow unique possibilities for understanding how and why good
definition of infrastructures, some have identified a supply of educational accomplishment and improving school
adequate teaching and learning materials as the important infrastructures should be prioritized [35]. [37] found that poor
solution to the prevailing problem. Yet, besides the plans and classrooms, libraries, and labs affect student performance the
strategies identified, the problem has kept escalating. While most. School location, parent participation, and
the problems persist, very little has been done to explore the socioeconomic level may also affect these aspects.
contribution of school infrastructures to students’ academic
performance in the country. Therefore, this study is being D. Importance of school infrastructure in education
conducted to explore infrastructural challenges and their Classrooms, libraries, labs, and staff housing increase the
impact on Senior High School students’ academic physical learning environment in terms of preliminary
performance in Ghana. technical abilities and the development of quality and suitable
school elements [33]. Housing instructors and students

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
according to the school environment would improve student groundwork for higher education, and if a solid foundation is
performance by allowing professors to deliver customized laid, there should be no problems in higher education [42],
courses, such as remedial teaching, as needed [38]. [45]. According to [25], kids' poor performance in senior high
Cleanliness inspires and improves academic performance. school has been blamed on them owing to low retention rates,
Garbage disposal, drainage, appropriate water for personal parental situations, bad friends, and low achievement. [46]
hygiene, clean restrooms, and other school facilities might defines poor academic performance as below standard.
impact cleanliness [5]. [8] say a school's physical elements Include other key aspects. According to [25], academic failure
reflect its academic and extracurricular offerings. School not only depresses students and their parents but also harms
infrastructure determines classroom size and shape. The society as a whole by reducing the number of individuals in
classroom's size, layout, and educational tools determine how business and government. Academic failure may be caused by
students are taught. Science majors cannot take practical internal and external causes. Social contact, teachers, and
classes without scientific laboratories [1]. Parents and other educational techniques are external variables [45]. The child's
educational stakeholders' opinions on school quality influence mental health and development may also contribute to
school infrastructure and behavior [3]. The quantity and mix problems at home.
of components that make school infrastructure management
efficient determines how well school administrators may G. Empirical review
achieve organizational goals [7]. [47] studied Latin American "school infrastructures and
education results." Data was collected using questionnaires
E. Infrastructure challenges in schools and an interview guide. Paul found that school libraries and
Technology integration in schools is difficult owing to a new schools increased learning and enrollment. After showing
shortage of equipment, internet, electricity, and teacher that hygienic facilities boost students' capacity to study to suit
training [39]. Thus, educational institutions must assess their demands, he proposed that labs and potable water
current situations and supply technology-related equipment promote enrollment. [48] studied school physical plants in
for better instruction. [5] indicate increased secondary school Africa. The researcher used descriptive survey research to
enrollment. Due to inadequate school infrastructure acquire data. The researcher also used a systematic
renovations, classrooms with more than 74 students are questionnaire and an interview schedule. The study found that
overcrowded. More kids need materials, informational acceptable school physical plants include well-structured
resources, physical resources, and textbooks because school playgrounds, equipped classrooms, and school administration
infrastructure helps pupils learn. [40] report that Sub-Saharan and instructional staff. Schools have well-equipped libraries
African secondary schools perform poorly and governments and labs. However, the study found school plants inadequate.
cannot reach secondary education targets. The economy is [42] studied academic performance determinants in South
affecting school infrastructure, which is essential to teaching Africa. Data was collected via a guided interview and
and learning, according to [41]. The quality of the learning instructional documents. The study found that school
environment is a crucial factor in students' performance. atmosphere, location, and amenities affected pupils' academic
Resource management in education improves student performance. [49] used a Nigerian case study to evaluate how
performance [25]. Thus, a school administration committed to school infrastructure affects student success. The study
student success should collaborate with central and local indicated that school amenities support secondary education
governments to create, remodel, and repair school but did not improve students' academic achievement,
infrastructure [2]. particularly in classrooms. [50] evaluated Pakistani
elementary school headmasters' infrastructure optimization
F. Academic performance of students and teaching methods. Qualitative research was descriptive.
Classrooms, libraries, bathrooms, and other school Interviews, observation, and document analysis acquired data.
facilities, together with student involvement in class, Due to a paucity of classrooms, headmasters split classes into
assignments, and exams, affect academic success [42]. When morning and evening sessions to improve teaching and
parents, teachers, and administrators urge a school to boost test learning. The study suggested that teachers and stakeholders
results, it adopts more innovative practices like incorporating work together to improve school facilities to improve learning.
research on how children learn best into classroom instruction If infrastructure isn't maintained, free education can
and giving academic rewards. The school also improves overcrowd classrooms. Students need more classrooms to
academically [42]. In class, lecturers convey various reduce congestion. [51] examined the costs of rebuilding
intellectual ideas. Clean and organized classrooms are crucial school infrastructure owing to free education, which boosted
[43]. A teacher's classroom management depends on how well enrollment. Schools needed infrastructure financing from
they organize, deliver, and assess lessons, instructional parents. Massive enrolment will pressure a country with
methods, and course material. This helps kids learn more and limited resources, decreasing education quality. The
achieve better in school and keeps the classroom operating government and stakeholders should improve educational
smoothly and successfully [44]. To boost academic infrastructure, especially classrooms, to accommodate
performance, school books should be updated, learning increased enrollment. Buildings aid academic performance.
materials, handouts, and technology should be readily [52] examined Kenyan secondary school project managers.
available, and well-organized library and laboratory facilities, The poll found school leaders overloaded by poor initiatives
especially in science, should be present [44]. Students use and resource exploitation. The Teachers' Service Commission
libraries for textbooks, reference materials, and contemporary has serious concerns (TSC). The research recommended that
labs. The goal of elementary and secondary school is to lay the the ministry of education train school leaders in project,

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
finance, evaluation, and monitoring. [53] insisted that Kenyan the interview [58]. As the interviews were utilized for the
secondary schools lack facilities. Most secondary schools collection of qualitative data, time was set out in the timetable
lacked infrastructure and instructional facilities, affecting to conduct the interviews. Interviews were conducted with a
education quality. Government facilities should boost public subset of the various school faculty members who had
school education. [54] studied Kenyan public school head participated in the survey. The interview lasted between 30
teachers. The descriptive study included questionnaires and minutes to an hour in total. After being taped, the interviewees'
scheduled interviews. Insufficient infrastructure impacted the comments were then transcribed. Quantitatively, students
academic progress of school leaders. Headteachers battled to completed a standardized questionnaire. These questions are,
improve academic success and discipline management by their very nature, limiting, and each one may be responded
practices. By providing proper school facilities, stakeholders to in just a few words. The questionnaire has five components
may improve public secondary school performance without (A – E). The first section included respondent demographics.
relying on government money. [55] investigated community Learning, boarding, and co-curricular infrastructure were the
secondary school access and quality in Kilolo District, Iringa second, third, and fourth sections, respectively. Students'
Region, Tanzania. The findings indicated that community academic performance related to school infrastructure is
school heads lack teaching and learning materials and school covered in the fifth part. The questionnaire asked students how
infrastructure. Learning resources and teacher-student ratio infrastructure affected their academic performance. Students
affect secondary school academic achievement. Thus, were sampled to answer the questionnaire that was structured.
secondary schools need labs, libraries, and classrooms for The researchers went to their classes and personally
effective learning. Such amenities would boost student administered the questionnaire to the students. The students
performance. were chosen at random from the two class groups in each
school to respond to the questionnaire. The responses took
III. METHODOLOGY about 15-20 minutes. The researchers collected the
questionnaires from the student’s right after they finished
A pragmatic paradigm was adopted for this study. answering. The interviews were transcribed word for word,
Within this paradigm, the results and questions of the study including all of the specifics. Following the process of editing,
are prioritized over the procedures used to obtain those results coding, and categorizing the obtained data into themes,
[56], [57]. The concept that knowledge must always be distinct replies were assigned different colors and highlighters.
founded on experience and that one's views of the world are The data from the interviews were analyzed using the thematic
shaped by one's social experiences is one of the tenets of framework developed by [61]. Quantitative data were
pragmatic philosophy. Relying on the pragmatic paradigm led analyzed using SPSS version 23. Data analysis employed
to the usage of the mixed methods research design. According descriptive statistics and other inferential statistical methods.
to [57], mixed methods can blend data sets to improve issue Pearson's correlation analysis and regression analysis
understanding and evidence. Students and teachers of Senior examined the association between infrastructural issues and
High Schools in four Senior High Schools in Ghana served as students' academic achievement. The researchers conducted
the population of the study. Qualitatively, the researcher themselves in a highly professional manner when interacting
needed instructors as respondents, hence purposive sampling with the people who took part in the study. The participants
was used [58]. This selection process ensures that the sample were received on time for the data collection, and they were
units are representative of the population being studied [59]. respectfully reminded during the interview sessions when they
Quantitatively, the selection of respondents was done using were straying from the subject that was being asked, among
the convenience sampling technique. This method of sampling other things. They were told that their involvement would be
is easy to use and doesn't introduce any bias in the results [60]. a significant asset to the research effort, and they agreed to
Also, students who were ready to partake in the study were take part. The participants were fully informed of their role in
contacted. The study sampled 1580 students from Senior High the study before choosing to participate. Participants in the
Schools in the southern belt of Ghana. This study relied on study were not identified by name at any point during the
primary sources for its data collection. The research topics are course of the research.
kept in mind while collecting primary data, and it was done
directly from the persons being studied. In data collection, IV. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
teachers were interviewed about infrastructure issues and how
they affect student performance. The interview guide was This section presents the data collected from teachers
structured in three headings. The first is the probe questions and students from the southern belt of Ghana. This section is
where teachers were asked questions to set the grounds for the presented quantitatively and qualitatively.
main interview to begin. Questions like the age of the teacher,
educational qualification, and teaching experience were asked. A. Quantitative presentation of data
The next heading is the follow-up questions. These questions Reliability, descriptive and inferential statistics of the
were based on the objectives of the study. Finally, the exit data collected from students are presented in this section.
questions were asked to ensure that nothing was missed during
TABLE I. RELIABILITY STATISTICS
Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items

.994 .993 37
Source: Field study (2022)

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Table I shows that the data's Cronbach Alpha value is 0.993, higher than the allowable 0.7. The research instrument is
dependable, accurate, and suitable for further study.

TABLE II. STATUS OF LEARNING INFRASTRUCTURE

N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation
Classrooms 1580 1 5 3.03 1.432
Laboratories 1580 1 5 3.44 1.306
Libraries 1580 1 5 3.28 1.159
Pre-tutorials rooms 1580 1 5 3.25 1.422
Home-science rooms 1580 1 5 3.16 1.183
ICT Lab 1580 1 5 3.32 1.387
Source: Field study (2022)

Table II summarizes the respondents' school infrastructure data. The majority of respondents said the learning infrastructure is
acceptable and extremely adequate since all statement mean values were more than 3.0. They were unavailable and extremely
insufficient for a minority of respondents.

TABLE III. AVAILABILITY OF LEARNING INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SCHOOL TO STUDENTS

N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation
Our learning classrooms are spacious enough 1580 1 5 3.28 1.212
We perform science practical in our lab often 1580 1 5 3.32 1.432
The school library is always available to students 1580 1 5 3.16 1.183
We can have computer classes in our lab 1580 1 5 3.25 1.422
Our school library is equipped with all kinds of books 1580 1 5 3.35 1.170
We have enough classrooms 1580 1 5 3.09 1.266
Our ICT lab is well equipped and available to us 1580 1 5 2.97 1.318
always
Source: Field study (2022)

Table III summarizes respondents' school learning infrastructure data. The mean values of all items except one were larger
than 3.0, indicating that most respondents agreed and strongly agreed with the questionnaire questions about student access to
learning infrastructure. This reveals that highly agree and agree replies outnumbered strongly disagree and disagree ones.

TABLE IV. STATUS OF BOARDING INFRASTRUCTURE

N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation
Dormitories 1580 1 5 3.25 1.508
Dining halls 1580 1 5 3.28 1.263
Sanitation blocks 1580 1 5 3.09 1.451
Water facility 1580 1 5 3.25 1.508
Quality beds in dormitories 1580 1 5 3.32 1.432
Bed spacing in dormitories 1580 1 5 3.38 1.349
Source: Field study (2022)

Table IV summarizes respondents' data about the school's boarding infrastructure. Most items had mean values above 3.0,
indicating that most respondents thought the boarding infrastructure was good and extremely adequate. They were unavailable and
extremely insufficient for a minority of responders.

TABLE V. BOARDING INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SCHOOL

N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation
We have well-structured dormitories 1580 1 5 3.22 1.522
Our dining hall is located in a good spot on campus 1580 1 5 3.16 1.284
Our toilet and bathrooms are well-structured and neat 1580 1 5 3.31 1.518
We have adequate dustbins on campus 1580 1 5 3.03 1.432
We have a good flow of water on campus 1580 1 5 3.51 1.400
The bed system and spacing in our dorms are good 1580 1 5 3.44 1.353
Source: Field study (2022)

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Table V summarizes student responses on the school's boarding facilities. The mean values of all items were larger than 3.0,
indicating that most respondents agreed and strongly agreed with the questionnaire questions about student boarding infrastructure
availability.

TABLE VI. CO-CURRICULAR INFRASTRUCTURE

N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation

School field 1580 1 5 2.87 1.370

Music rooms 1580 1 4 2.21 .942
Assembly hall for church services and space for mosque 1580 1 5 2.72 1.403
Theatre rooms 1580 1 4 2.08 1.024
Physical education infrastructure 1580 1 5 2.84 1.284
Source: Field study (2022)

Table VI summarizes respondent data on school co-curricular infrastructure. Most statements had mean values below 3.0,
indicating that the schools lacked co-curricular infrastructure. They were available and extremely adequate for a minority of the
students.

TABLE VII. STATUS OF CO-CURRICULAR INFRASTRUCTURE

N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation
I read textbooks from library while preparing for my examinations. 1580 1 5 2.81 1.385
My performance in last term examinations has been improved due to 1580 1 5 2.81 1.292
the use of school laboratories which is well stocked.
I performed well in class assignments because I read books from my 1580 1 5 2.75 1.352
school library
Dining hall well cleaned in my school influence students’ 1580 1 5 2.87 1.323
participation.
Improved class participation in my school is due to the available 1580 1 5 2.75 1.352
adequate sanitation facilities.
Adequate playgrounds in my school influence students’ class 1580 1 5 2.97 1.364
participation.
Adequate ICT facilities in my school influence students’ class 1580 1 5 2.91 1.429
participation and performance.
Source: Field study (2022)

Table VII summarizes student responses on how infrastructure affects academic success. The mean values of all assertions
were less than 3.0, indicating that most respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed with the questionnaire's statements about
infrastructure's effects on kids' academic achievement.

TABLE VIII. PEARSON’S CORRELATION

LI BI CI SP
LI Pearson Correlation 1 .982** .754** .855**
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 .000 0.000
N 1580 1580 1580 1580
BI Pearson Correlation .982** 1 .824** .866**
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000
N 1580 1580 1580 1580
CI Pearson Correlation .754** .824** 1 .877**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 0.000 0.000
N 1580 1580 1580 1580
SP Pearson Correlation .855** .866** .877** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000
N 1580 1580 1580 1580
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Source: Field study (2022)

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NOTE: LI = Learning Infrastructure, BI = Boarding Infrastructure, CI = Co-curricular Infrastructure, SP = Students’ academic
performance.

From Table VIII above, the correlation results show that all the independent variables in the study have a strong significant
positive relationship with the dependent variable. The relationship between LI and SP showed a positive relationship coefficient of
0.856 with a p-value of 0.000 significant at the 1% significance level. This shows that learning infrastructure has a strong positive
relationship with students’ academic performance. Moreover, the relationship between BI and SP showed a positive relationship
coefficient of 0.866 with a p-value of 0.000 significant at the 1% significance level. This shows that boarding infrastructure has a
strong positive relationship with students’ academic performance. Finally, the relationship between CI and SP showed a positive
relationship coefficient of 0.8.77 with a p-value of 0.000 significant at the 1% significance level. This shows that co-curricular
infrastructure has a strong positive relationship with students’ academic performance. Therefore, it can be agreed that all three types
of school infrastructure being used in this study have a strong positive relationship with students’ academic performance.

TABLE IX. MODEL SUMMARY

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .935a .874 .874 .47466
a. Predictors: (Constant), CI, LI, BI
Source: Field study (2022)

It could be found in Table IX that the coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) for the dependent variable SP is 0.874, which
means that about 87.4% of the variation in the SP variable is explained by the three independent variables capable LI, BI and CI
simultaneously. While the remaining 12.6% is explained by other variables outside the model.

TABLE X. ANOVAA
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 2468.453 3 822.818 3652.090 .000b
Residual 355.074 1576 .225
Total 2823.527 1579
a. Dependent Variable: SP
b. Predictors: (Constant), CI, LI, BI
Source: Field study (2022)

F-tests concurrently assess the impact of independent factors on the dependent variable. According to the table, the effect
significance test of LI, CI, and BI concurrently on SP yielded Fcount 989.262 and p = 0.000. The p-value (0.000) is smaller than
the significance threshold (0.01), thus LI, CI, and BI jointly affected SP.

TABLE XI. COEFFICIENTSA

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) -1.214 .047 -25.669 .000
LI 1.330 .059 1.241 22.640 .000
BI -.916 .062 -.946 -14.893 .000
CI 1.086 .028 .721 39.324 .000
a. Dependent Variable: SP
Source: Field study (2022)

From Table 11, it can be observed that the regression co-efficient of learning infrastructure is 1.334 and coefficient significance
test with the t statistic is tcount equal to 11.379 with an error probability of (p) = 0.000 at the significance level of 0.01. It shows that
the p value (0.001) less than significance level (0.01). So, it can be concluded that partially, LI variable positively affects the SP
variable significantly. Also, it can be observed that the regression co-efficient of boarding infrastructure is 0.921 and coefficient
significance test with the t statistic is tcount equal to -7.776 with an error probability of (p) = 0.000, at the significance level of 0.01. It
shows that the p value (0.000) less than significance level (0.01). So, it can be concluded that partially, BI variable positively and
significantly affects the SP variable. Also, it can be observed that the regression co-efficient of co-curricular infrastructure is 1.088
and coefficient significance test with the t statistic is tcount equal to 20.439 with an error probability of (p) = 0.000, at the significance
level of 0.01. It shows that the p value (0.000) less than significance level (0.01). So, it can be concluded that partially, CS variable
positively affects the SP variable and significantly.

B. Qualitative presentation of data

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TABLE XII. BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF INTERVIEW RESPONDENTS
Codes Age Class Department Educational Working Working experience in
(years) qualification experience school
T1 34 2 Science Degree 6 years 3 years
T2 37 1,3 Science (ICT) Degree 7 years 2 years
T3 42 3 Home Economics Masters 11 years 6 years
T4 29 2 Mathematics Masters 5 years 3 years
T5 36 2,3 Physical Education Masters 9 years 5 years
T6 25 2 Business Degree 2 years 2 years
T7 39 3 History Degree 5 years 2 years
T8 31 1 Geography Degree 5 years 1 year
T9 23 1 French Degree 1 year Less than a year
Source: Field study (2022)

Table XII above presents the background information of

respondents that took part in the study. The Table 13 indicates “…the classrooms are too small and lack good
the teachers in codes (T1 to T9) and it also shows that the ventilation…” (T3, T6)
respondents were between the ages of 25 and 42 years. The
teachers interviewed were all teachers of the Form 1, 2 and 3 “…I believe with the large number of students we have,
classes. The teachers interviewed thought science, ICT, the classrooms are small…” (T4, T8)
Home Economics, Mathematics, Physical Education and
Business, history, geography and French. They all have either “…Not so okay, classrooms are mostly large sizes since
a Bachelor’s degree or a Master’s degree. The teachers there are not enough classrooms to split the huge number of
interviewed also indicated that they have from a year to 11 students…” (T2)
years’ experience in the teaching field and also less than a
year to 6 years teaching experience in the school. “…each classroom takes about 60 – 80 students.
Meanwhile the classrooms were not originally designed for
 Infrastructural challenges in the school such a huge number but due to the increasing population
In the quest to find out the infrastructural challenges each year, it has been utilized as such…” (T1)
facing the school, the researcher asked the teachers some
questions. The interview showed that the school lacked Also, respondents indicated the infrastructural
modern classrooms, spacious classrooms to contain a large challenges according to the specific department’s needs.
class, a modern spacious science laboratory which is well
stocked, extra co-curricular activities other than outdoor “…The science laboratory lacks so many apparatus and
games, computer labs, etc. Even though the school faced even chemicals. I can state clearly that learners are even most
these infrastructural challenges, the respondents indicated times shared into groups when performing titrations and
that the school had a serene environment which was situated other practical. The apparatus available have also worn out
well and helped students. Some respondents indicated that and others have been broken. In fact, the chemistry, physics
and biology laboratories are not in a good condition to serve
“…classrooms are situated in a shady environment where learners’ interest at all…” (T1)
there are lots of trees on the campus and it’s very serene for
learning…” (T1, T6) “…The ICT laboratory lacks enough computers.
“…classrooms are situated in a cool and serene Sometimes learners in a class are shared into groups in order
environment…” (T5, T2) to access the lab. Most of the computers have been damaged.
The laboratory has poor ventilation…” (T2, T8)
Other respondents indicated that the classrooms were
not situated well and needed a better layout. “…We do not have a school kitchen for Home
economics practical but we have an improvised space for
“…in my opinion, I think the classrooms are not well practical which contain few gadgets for learning. Due to this
situated because the general layout was not well planned I can say that our school laboratories are not very adequate
from the beginning. It is only the new buildings that have been to serve learners’ interest…” (T3)
well situated and conducive for student learning…” (T3, T9)
“…Classroom positions in the school are situated okay “…I will say no. This is because students though have a
in my opinion. I think it can be done well if more structures lab they study their practical in, but it’s not enough…” (T5,
are built to fill the empty spaces left. But at the moment, I will T4)
like to say they are situated okay…” (T4, T7) Also, respondents indicated the infrastructural
challenges according to the co-curricular infrastructure.
Moreover, respondents indicated the infrastructural
challenges according to the class size and space in the “…Not adequate co-curricular activities. I mean we
classrooms. need more clubs in the school and other co-curricular

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
activities to help students relax and learn at the same time…” phenomenon from occurring in the lives of these students and
(T6) it causes a great deal to their academic performance…” (T5,
T9)
“…Well there are not so much variety of co-curricular
activities, hence it does serve only a portion of the students’ “…Yes, in a positive way, students are able to report to
interest…” (T3) school on and in time in order to participate fully in
lessons…” (T7)
“…There are a few ones but not too adequate to meet
all students’ interest…” (T2, T4) “…Well, some sport students are mostly required to be
of high academic performance in order to qualify to
“…Not fully because the co-curricular activities in the participate since some of them mostly miss lessons. And so it
school are few, mostly limited to sports and games. Some serves as a motivating factor to students who have interest in
students might be interested in other things like music, dance, such an area to study. Nonetheless, some of these students
swimming amidst debates and other fun activities which the slack due to just focusing on the co-curricular activity and
school does not provide due to lack of adequate facilities…” forgetting their academic work…” (T3)
(T1)
“…In general, I believe that students in very equipped
Finally, the infrastructural challenges were given in schools with adequate infrastructure not limited to spacious
general. classrooms with good ventilation, adequate learning
materials, conducive boarding facility and other
“…Boarding facilities are not enough to meet students’ infrastructure perform well in academics. For example, most
needs, lack of enough computers for studying ICT, private schools who invest much in infrastructure not
inadequate apparatus in the science laboratory, lack of neglecting human resource produce very good and brilliant
enough classrooms to ensure lesser classroom size and students. And so I believe that school infrastructure either
others…” (T2, T8) adequate or inadequate has a significant effect on students’
academic performance…” (T2)
“…Insufficient computers in the ICT laboratory, lack of
teaching aids such as projectors, inadequate rooms for “…Yes, since students do not have access to the
boarding facility, insufficient classrooms for students, well, computers individually, most of them lose interest in the
that’s a few I can pin point…” (T4, T6) subject. Mostly, some do not even come for lessons and this
affects their academic performance. ICT is a practical subject
“…Lack of home economics kitchen or practice lab, and so must be taught with adequate equipment and learning
insufficient computers in the ICT laboratory, lack of teaching aids…” (T2)
aids such as projectors, inadequate rooms for boarding
facility and insufficient classrooms for students…” (T7, T9) “…Yeah, in a way it does. Some students perform well
due to stress release activities which are involved in these co-
“…Well-equipped science laboratory, Well-equipped curricular activities…” (T3)
ICT lab, New Library books…” (T3, T4)
“…I strongly believe that good and useful infrastructure
This study agrees with [40] and [33]) that learning directly affects students’ academic performance because
environment quality affects student results. [8] also these infrastructure aid in teaching and learning and also
recommends that school administration work with central and promotes students participation in lessons as well as motivate
local governments to build, renovate, and repair school them to study personally…” (T5)
buildings to assist students accomplish their goals.
“…The schools infrastructure do affect the academic
 Relationship and implications of infrastructural performance of students. Students when faced with better
challenges on students’ performance infrastructure do well in exams and tests but poor
To access the relationships and implications of infrastructure results in poor performance…” (T4)
infrastructural challenges on students’ performance, the
respondents were asked questions that will lead them to The findings from the interview also support the
answer in such a theme. The respondents indicated that findings from the questionnaire as teachers were particular
infrastructural challenges do have a relationship with about the impact school infrastructure has on the academic
student’s performance and also it has an impact on the performance of students. The findings of this study is
students’ performance. supported by studies such as [41] and [25] who finds a
positive significant impact of school infrastructure on
“…Yes, the truth is since the students do not have access students’ academic performance.
to the apparatus individually, concepts taught do not sync too
well with them and these affect their academic performance  Strategies that can be put in place to improve
because I believe that students get to fully understand a infrastructural challenges
concept taught when they are involved in the lesson through From the interview conducted, the respondents
these practical sessions. Inadequate apparatus prevents this indicated that the school needed more infrastructure like

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
classrooms and such classrooms should be laid out well to [3] H. Savolainen, P. Engelbrecht, M. Nel, and O.-P.
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