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Pulse Modulation Notes

The document discusses pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) signal generation. It explains the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which states that a continuous time signal can be represented by its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the original signal. It then discusses how a continuous time signal can be sampled by multiplying it with an impulse train. For accurate reconstruction of the original signal from its samples, there should be no overlap between the cycles of the sampled frequency spectrum. Under-sampling below the Nyquist rate can cause aliasing, which can be avoided by using a high enough sampling frequency or anti-aliasing filters.

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57 views15 pages

Pulse Modulation Notes

The document discusses pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) signal generation. It explains the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which states that a continuous time signal can be represented by its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the original signal. It then discusses how a continuous time signal can be sampled by multiplying it with an impulse train. For accurate reconstruction of the original signal from its samples, there should be no overlap between the cycles of the sampled frequency spectrum. Under-sampling below the Nyquist rate can cause aliasing, which can be avoided by using a high enough sampling frequency or anti-aliasing filters.

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Kvxkgxktx
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PWM and PPM signal generation
Generation of PPM

Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem


A band limited continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be
recovered back when sampling frequency f s is greater than or equal to the twice the highest
frequency component of message signal. i. e.
fs ≥ 2fm

Consider a continuous time signal x(t). The spectrum of x(t) is a band limited to fm Hz i.e. the
spectrum of x(t) is zero for |ω|>ωm.
Sampling of input signal x(t) can be obtained by multiplying x(t) with an impulse train δ(t) of
period Ts. The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled signal which is
represented with y(t) in the following diagrams:
Here, you can observe that the sampled signal takes the period of impulse. The process of
sampling can be explained by the following mathematical expression:
Sampled signal

y(t)=x(t).p(t)

where x(t) is the message signal and p(t) is the train of impulses.

According to the convolution theorem, the spectrum of the resultant signal is

Y(f) = X(f) * P(f)

To reconstruct x(t), you must recover input signal spectrum X(ω) from sampled signal
spectrum Y(ω), which is possible when there is no overlapping between the cycles of Y(ω).
Possibility of sampled frequency spectrum with different conditions is given by the following
diagrams:
Aliasing Effect
The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect, which can be
removed by
 considering fs >2fm
 By using anti aliasing filters.

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