P2430201

Magnetic field of single coils / Biot-Savart's law

with a teslameter

Physics Electricity & Magnetism Magnetism & magnetic field

Applied Science Engineering Electrical Engineering Properties of Electrical Devices

   
Difficulty level Group size Preparation time Execution time

hard 2 10 minutes 20 minutes

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel.: 0551 604 - 0 [email protected]

37079 Göttingen Fax: 0551 604 - 107 www.phywe.de
P2430201

General information

Application

Magnetic fields are widely used in different fields. From the

magnets used on junkyards to transport old cars up to
their use in particle accelerators magnetic fields produced
by coils have many applications.

Fig.1: Experimental set-up

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P2430201

Other information (1/2)

The prior knowlege required for this experiment is found in the theory section.

Prior

knowledge
The magnetic field along the axis of wire loops and coils of different dimensions is
measured with a teslameter (Hall probe). The relationship between the maximum field
strength and the dimensions is investigated and a comparison is made between the
measured and the theoretical effects of position.
Main

principle

Other information (2/2)

The goal of this experiment is to investigate the magnetic field produced by a single coil.

Learning

objective
1. Measure the magnetic flux density in the middle of various wire loops with the Hall
probe and to investigate its dependence on the radius and number of turns.

2. Determine the magnetic field constant μ0

3. Measure the magnetic flux density along the axis of long coils and compare it with
Tasks theoretical values.

3/10
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37079 Göttingen Fax: 0551 604 - 107 www.phywe.de
P2430201

Theory (1/3)

From Maxwell's equation

∫K H⃗ ds ⃗ = I + ∫F D⃗ df ⃗     (1)

where K is a closed curve around area F, H is the magnetic field strength,
I is the current flowing through area F, and D is the electric flux density, Fig. 2: Drawing for the
we obtain for direct currents ( Ḋ = 0
), the magnetic flux law: calculation of the

H⃗ ds ⃗ = I      (2)

magnetic field along
∫K the axis of a wire loop.

With the notations from Fig. 2, the magnetic flux law (2) is written in the
form of Biot-Savart's law:
⃗ 
dH⃗  = 4Iπ dlρ×3 ρ     (3)

Theory (2/3)

l
→
ρ ρ H
The vector d is perpendicular to ⃗ in addition to this ⃗ and d ⃗  lie in the plane of the drawing, so that

dH = 4 πρ dl =
I
2
I dl      (4)
π R +z
4 2 2

dH⃗  can be resolved into a radial dHr and an axial dHz component.
The dHz components have the same direction for all conductor elements →
dl and the quantities are added;
the dHr components cancel one another out, in pairs.
Therfore, Hr (z) = 0     (5)

and H (z) = Hz (z) = I

R      (6)
2

R z 2
(
2
+ 2 3/2
)

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P2430201

Theory (3/3)

along the axis of the wire loop, while the magnetic flux density
μ ⋅I R
B(z) = 0

2
⋅
(R + z
2
2

2 3/2
)
     (7)

μ
where 0 = 1.2566 ⋅ 10−6 H/m is the magnetic field constant. If there is a small number of identical loops
close together, the magnetic flux density is obtained by multiplying by the number of turns n.

5/10
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37079 Göttingen Fax: 0551 604 - 107 www.phywe.de
P2430201

Equipment
Position Material Item No. Quantity
PHYWE Power supply, universal DC: 0...18 V, 0...5 A / AC: 2/4/6/8/10/12/15 V, 5
1 13504-93 1
A
2 PHYWE Teslameter, digital 13610-93 1
3 Hall probe, axial 13610-01 1
4 Induction coils, 1 set (7 coils) 11007-88 1
5 Conductors, circular, set 06404-00 1
6 Meter scale, l = 1000 mm 03001-00 1
Digital multimeter, 600V AC/DC, 10A AC/DC, 20 MΩ, 200 µF, 20 kHz, −20°C…
7 07122-00 1
760°C
8 Barrel base expert 02004-00 2
9 Support rod, stainless steel, l = 250 mm, d = 10 mm 02031-00 1
10 Distributor 06024-00 1
11 Right angle clamp expert 02054-00 1
12 G-clamp 02014-00 2
13 Lab jack, 200 x 200 mm 02074-01 1
14 Reducing plug 4mm/2mm socket, 2 11620-27 1
15 Connecting cord, 32 A, 500 mm, blue 07361-04 1
16 Connecting cord, 32 A, 500 mm, red 07361-01 2
17 Universal clamp 37715-01 1

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Setup and Procedure

Setup and Procedure

Set up the experiment as shown in Fig. 1. Operate the power supply as a constant current source, setting the
voltage to 18 V and the current to the desired value. Measure the magnetic field strength of the coils (I = 1 A)
along the z-axis with the Hall probe and plot the results on a graph. Make the measurements only at the
centre of the circular conductors (I = 5 A). To eliminate interference fields and asymmetry in the
experimental set-up, switch on the power and measure the relative change in the field. Reverse the current
and measure the change again. The result is given by the average of the measured values.

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P2430201

Evaluation

Task 1

At the centre of the loop (z=0) we obtain

μ ⋅n ⋅I
B(0) = 0

2R
    (8)

Using the expression B = A ⋅ nE

1
1
and B = A ⋅ RE
2
2

the regression line for the measured values in Fig. 3

give, for the number of turns, the following exponents E
and standard errors:

E1 = 0.96 ± 0.04 and, for the radius (see equation (8))

E2 = −0.97 ± 0.02
Fig. 3: Magnetic flux density at the centre
of a single turn, as a function of the
radius (current 5 A).

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37079 Göttingen Fax: 0551 604 - 107 www.phywe.de
P2430201

Task 2

Using the measured values from Fig. 3,

Fig. 4: Magnetic
and equation (8), we obtain the
flux density along
following average value for the
the axis of a coil
magnetic field constant:
of length l
μ0 = (1.28 ± 0.01) × 10−6 H/m = 162 mm, radius
R = 16 mm, and n
= 300 turns;
measured values
(circles) and
theoretical curve
(continuous line)
in accordance
with equation (9).

Task 3 (1/3)

To calculate the magnetic flux density of a uniformly wound coil of length l and n turns, we multiply the
magnetic flux density of one loop by the density of turns n/l and integrate over the coil length.

μ ⋅I ⋅n
B(z) = 0

2l
⋅ ( √Ra
2
+ a
2
−
√
b
R +b
2 2
)       (9)
where a = z + l/2 and b = z − l/2
The proportional relationship between magnetic flux density B and number of turns n at constant length and
radius is shown in Fig. 5. The effect of the length of the coil at constant radius with the density of turns n/l
also constant, is shown in Fig. 6.

Comparing the measured with the calculated values of the flux density at the centre of the coil,

μ ⋅I ⋅n l −    gives the values shown in Table 1.

B(0) = ⋅ (R2 + )
1
0 2
2l 2

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P2430201

 Task 3 (2/3)

Fig. 5: Curve of magnetic flux density Fig. 6: Curve of magnetic flux density
(measured values) along the axis of coil (measured values) for coils with a
of length l = 160 mm, radius R = 13 mm constant density of turns n/l, coils
and number of turns n1 = 75, n2 = 150 radius R = 20 mm,lengths l1 = 53 mm, l2
and n3 300. = 105 mm and l3 = 160 mm.

Task 3 (3/3)

n l [mm]R [mm]B(0) [mT] meas.B(0) [mT] calc.

75 160 13 0.59 0.58
150 160 13 1.10 1.16
300 160 13 2.30 2.32
100 53 20 1.81 1.89
200 105 20 2.23 2.24
300 160 20 2.23 2.29
300 160 16 2.31 2.31

Table 1: Comparison of the measured and the calculated values of the flux density.

10/10
Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel.: 0551 604 - 0 [email protected]
37079 Göttingen Fax: 0551 604 - 107 www.phywe.de