ART - Set of aspects which make something a candidate for appreciation

-Conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic

objects

ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

Instinctual - Humans create art as a response to our basic instinct for seeking balance,

harmony, rhythm, and our desire to experience mystery

- Expression of the human imagination and the need to communicate with others

- Means for ritualistic and symbolic functions

Motivational - Used to communicate and idea or emotion; a reflection of desire to seek

pleasure and entertainment

-Used as an agent of confrontation for change, transgression, subversion and

sometimes anarchy

-Motivated by propaganda and commercialism

Art possesses selective value - Art enhances the survival of a species whose members

possess that behavior

Art is a phenomenon - Art comprises a broad general phenomenon experienced by the

creators of the art It is a collection of human experiences

Art manifests itself - Human societies will have art even when these societies do not

demonstrate them

- Art will manifest consciously or unconsciously

Art is experienced in duality - Making art and recognizing and responding to it are

considered to be separate experiences

NATURE OF ARTS

Imagination - Ability to form images and ideas about things never seen or experienced
 before

- An underlying factor in creating knowledge itself

Aspects of Imagination:

1. Helps provide the ability to think of something that does not currently exist but may be possible to
develop

2. Helps develop mental images

3. Explains events or activities by providing reasons rather than causes

4. Fosters the ability to create work that would explain human life and how to advance it

Is imagination, creativity as well?

While most people would interchangeably use imagination and creativity, they are not necessarily
interconnected. While imagination is free thinking independently and outside of the box, CREATIVITY
is responding to a problem with the tools and knowledge in existence. Hence, it is considered as "thinking
inside the box."

WORKS OF ART

Visual Arts - Include arts such as drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, and sculpture

- Further sub-categorized into two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)

arts

Film - Revolves around the attention to details and how films convey meaning by cinematic

means

- Involves looking and appreciating the full impact of aesthetic choices made within the

film

Performance Arts - Solo or group performance of artists which is contingent on the

presence or absence of the body

- Live presence of the artists and the focus on the artist's body

Dance - Human expression through movement

- Represents the conscious way of rhythmic movements of the body in defined

bounded space
Literature - Written works which are considered to have lasting artistic merit

- Includes books, novels, and other published material which arouses emotional

and intellectual consciousness from their readers

Theater Arts - Human expression and exploration which delves deeper in understanding the

human condition

- Combination of entertainment and instruction

Applied Arts - Concerned with making objects with functional purposes, but which aesthetic

concerns are significant

- Includes interior design, manufactured items, ceramics, metalwork, jewelry,

fashion, and furniture

FUNCTIONS OF ART AND PHILOSOPHY

Beauty in Art - Beauty is what gives pleasure when seen (St. Thomas Aquinas)

- Beauty should not be limited to visual appeal alone

FUNCTIONS OF ART

Physical - Artwork which were created to perform some service have physical functions

Social - Art has social function when it addresses aspects of life

Personal - Artists create artwork for the need for self-expression or gratification

- Artists create artwork to communicate a thorough point or provide aesthetic

Experience

AESTHETIC PLEASURE

"The value of arts lies in the pleasure that humans derive. from them" (Graham (2005), Philosophy of the
Arts)
>Pleasure accompanies human's perception of beauty

>Natural sight of beauty sensationalizes the sense

AESTHETIC - Derives from the Greek word aesthesis which means "sense of perception"

- In medieval times, it was defined as the "philosophical study of art"

Reasons Why People Pursue Art

1. Audiences seek art for aesthetic experience; they expect artworks to function as such

2. Artists are interested in having audiences

3. Artists inherently work to function as sources of aesthetic experience

According to Morris Weitz:

>Art can be expansive

>Art must be open to the permanent possibility of radical change, expansion, and novelty

>Art cannot be defined

Subject Matter

>Artwork may resemble original artwork in terms of expression

>Artwork may remind audiences of another aspect of another existing artwork

>Art is art for art's sake - even if it mimics existing work

SUBJECT AND CONTENT

Representational Art - People or objects look as close as possible to their real-world

counterparts

- They can be clearly identified

Abstraction - Images are made to look less like the object they are based although they may

still be recognizable
Non-objective Imaging - Creates objects which are nonrepresentational images - they do

not refer to any existing forms in real life

- Subjects may be difficult for the observer to identify since they are

based solely on element of art rather than real-life objects or

people

*The content of the art refers to its emotional or intellectual message. This may be a statement, expression
or mood developed by the artist and interpreted by the observer and audience.

ESSENCE OF DIGING INTO ART HISTORY

As a painter, Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, is made famous by the "Sistene Chapel"
frescoes. It took him about four years to finish the ceiling.

Art History - As a discipline, it seeks to understand different culture and times through the

study and analvsis of art as a means of communication

- Evaluation and interpretation of people n works of art based on their own

viewpoints

Benefits of Studying Art History

>Offers guide to recognize and understand artifacts, architecture, painting, and sculpture among others

>Provides knowledge and understanding of the past, and through it of the present >Encourages humanity
and sympathy by learning about other people and societies through artistic expressions

APPRECIATING ARTWORK

Ask yourself what you see - Create a specific emotional reaction for what you see

- Engage in appreciating a work of art and find beautv in its

creation.

Study the history behind a piece - Gain better impression and perception of a work through

researching
ART AND ARTISAN

Creators of Art

Artist - A person who makes tangible or intangible products as an expression of creativity

and imagination

Artisan - Spurred by the same impulses as that in an artist

- Produces crafts which may be acquired only for decoration or for practical use

Michaelangelo Merist da Caravaggio

>Boasts of a collection of painting which are mostly influenced by realistic observation and presence of
lights and sceneries

>Known for his intense and unsettling realism of large-scale religious works as well for his violent
exploits (he committed murder) and volatile character

The London Eye

>The London eye represents a practical structure which provides a high view of the entirety of London

>In this case Barfield and Marks are considered as artisans because of the practicality of their work

In 'Living with Art, Mark Getlein proposes 6 activities of contemporary artists

1.Create places for some human purpose.

2. Create extraordinary versions of ordinary versions of ordinary objects.

3. Record and commemorate.

4. Give tangible form to the unknown.

5. Give tangible form to feelings.

6. Refresh our vision and help see the world in new ways

ART PRODUCTION

Pre-production - The artist focuses mainly on the intellectual or emotional message of the art

- The artist decides on the form which will be used to create the art

Production - Involves the actual "creation" of the art piece

 - The artist utilizes available material in order to produce the desired result

Post-production - Requires the artist to add finishing touches on the art piece

- Final layers are added and minute details are refined in order

Technique - Determines the artist's control over the medium

- The manner in which the artist controls the medium to achieve the desired effect

- Ability which the artist fulfills as a technical requirement of the particular work of art

Medium - Materials used by an artist to express his/her feelings or thoughts

Types of Medium

• Visual - Mediums which can be seen and which occupy space

- Dimensional or Two-dimensional includes painting, drawing, printmaking, and

photography

- Three-dimensional includes sculpture, architecture, landscape, industrial

designs, and crafts like furniture

• Auditory - Mediums which can be heard and which are expressed in time

• Combined - Mediums which can be both seen and heard and which exist both in space

and time

EXPRESSIONS OF ART PRODUCTION

Realism - Attempts to portray the subject as it is

- Describes accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses

Symbolism - Subjects represent an idea or concept devoid in the image but rather expressed

through the various elements in the piece

Fauvism - Originated from les Fauves (French: the wild beasts)

- Subjects are typically of comfort, joy, and pleasure

Surrealism - Founded in Paris in 1924 by French poet Andre Breton

- Known for its visual artworks which sought to express the imaginings of the
 unconscious mind

Dadaism - Formed in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in Zurich, Switzerland

- Rejects logic, reason, and aesthetics of capitalist societies

Futurism - Originated in Italy in the early 20th century

- Emphasizes on speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects as cars, airplanes,

and industrial cities

Abstraction - Used when the artist becomes interested in one phase of a scene or a situation

- Does not show the subject as an objective reality; only the idea or feelings about it

• Abstraction - Elongation - Achieved by lengthening, protracting or extending an aspect

or feature of a subject

• Abstraction - Mangling - Subjects are hacked and cut with repeated blows

- Rarely used by artists today; the subject is either cut or

mutilated

• Abstraction - Cubism - Uses cones, cylinders, or spheres at the expense of other

pictorial elements

-Pablo Picasso – Father pf Cubism

MATERIAL FOR ART PRODUCTION

Watercolor - Pigments mixed with water and applied to fin white paper

Gouache - An opaque watercolor

Fresco - Painting done on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or limewater

mixture

Tempera - Mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk and ore

Pastel - Stick of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk and compounded with gum

and water

Oil - Oil paintings appear glossy and last long

 - Most costry material to use for painters

Mosaic - Small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass called tesserae to create and image

Stained glass – small pieces of colored glass held together by bands of lead

Tapestry - Fabric produced by handweaving colored threads upon a wrap; hung on walls

Bistre - brown pigment extracted from the soot or wood and often used in pen and wash drawing

ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN

Design - A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of art

- The look of the art piece itself

Line - The path of a moving point

• Has two specific behaviors: static and dynamic

Static - usually straight vertical or horizontal directions

Dynamic - curving, slanted, zigzag, contorted or meandering directions

• Has two specific 'existence': actual and implied

Actual - physically and virtually present

Implied - created with visual links

Shape - Two-dimensional area that is defined in some way, perhaps with an outline or solid area

of color

Form - Objects that have three dimensions: length, width, and depth

- The configuration of an individual component of the overall, geometric shapes

Space - The area where the shapes and forms exist

- Area in, around, and between the components of the design

• Negative space - within a design that is void of materials

Texture - The way things feel or how they look and feel if a person touches it

- The surface quality of a material, as perceived by the sense

Color - Appeals directly to the audience's emotions and stands for ideas and feelings

- Categorized based on degrees: primary, secondary, and tertiary colors

• Primary – Red Yellow Blue

• Secondary – Orange Green Violet

• Tertiary – Red-Orange Yellow-Orange Yellow-Green Blue-Green Blue-Violet Red-Violet

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN (fundamental guidelines to aesthetic design)

Balance - The way art elements are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work

- also called as symmetry

- Visual balance causes an audience to feel that the elements have been arranged

Appropriately

Emphasis - The way in which the artist combines the art elements to stress the differences

between those elements and create more centers of interest in a work

- Makes one part of a work dominant over other parts

Gradation - Combining art elements by using a series of gradual changes in those elements

Harmony - Accenting the similarities of art elements and binding the design parts into a

whole

- The appearance of congruency

Rhythm - Indicates movement by the repetition of elements

- Can make an artwork seem active; some types of rhythm in art includes:

• Regular Rhythm - a repetition of elements that are evenly spaced

• Irregular Rhythm - elements that are repeated but not exactly

• Progressive Rhythm - as elements repeat, they increase or decrease in size

• Random Rhythm – repeating similar elements with no pattern

• Alternating Rhythm – two or more different elements that alternate

• Flowing Rhythm – created using organic shaped elements that change direction,
 twists, and bend in a natural feeling pattern

Movement - Creates the illusion of action or physical change in position

- Leads viewers to sense of action or a follow through an artwork

- Used in art to give the feeling of action and to guide the viewer's eye

throughout the artwork

Proportion - The relationship of art elements to the whole and to each other

- Highlights the comparative relationship in size, quantity, and degree of

emphasis among the components of the art piece

• Standard Proportion – objects appear to be the correct size in comparison to it’s

surroundings

• Altered Proportion – proportions of objects have been changed or appear

unrealistic

>Miniature Proportion – objects are smaller than normal

>Monumental Proportion – objects are larger than normal

Variety - Obtained through the use of diversity and change in increasing the visual interest

of the work

Unity - The quality of wholeness or oneness of the art piece

- Achieved through deliberate or intuitive balancing of harmony and variety

• Proximity – the closer elements are to reach each other, the more likely the viewer

will see them as a group

• Repetition – similar elements are repeated they will appear related

• Similarity – elements with similar color, texture, shape, and more

• Alignment – lining up the edge of elements

• Continuation – something a line, shape, edge, etc., goes from one element to

another, visually connecting them together

ANCIENT ART – created from 30,000BCE to 400AD

Emergence of Art

>Covered periods such as Paleolithic, Neolithic, the Bronze Age, Iron Age

>No uniformity emerged from any sources nor any art movement; most were used as social archives

>Characterized as stiff, explicit, and direct representation of life

EGYPT

>Depict gods, goddesses, and Pharaohs

>Characterized by the idea of order

>Used symmetry to create sense of order and balance (static lines

• Khafre Enthroned - Pharaoh Khafre of the fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt (2570BC)

• Rosetta Stone Contains three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt

GREECE

> Include much pottery, sculpture (contrapposto), and architecture

>Periods: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic

>Also include coin design and gem engraving

• Hermes and Infant Dionysus - Gods of Trade and Travel & Harvest

• Athena Parthenos - Housed in the Parthenon

INDIA

>Date back to the Indus Valley civilization some 5,000 years ago

>Produced intricate bronzes as well as temple carvings, and shrines

>Reflect Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism

• King Chandraqupta I - Issued gold coin during the Gupta Period

ROME

>Strongly influenced by Greek and Etruscan art

>Commemorate and glorify past emperors

>Express ideas of beauty and nobility

• Colosseum in Rome -Used for gladiator shows

- The Colosseum is an amphitheater built in Rome under the

Flavian emperors of the Roman Empire. It is also called the

Flavian Amphitheatre.

- It is an elliptical structure made of stone, concrete, and tuff,

and it stands four stories tall at its highest point.

• Cimabue – Italian painter and designer of mosaics from Florence

• Brunelleschi – Italian designer and key figure in architecture

• Giotto – Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages

JAPAN

>Correspond to locations of government

>Strongly influenced by religion Flourished during the Jomon and Yayoitimme periods

• Nagoya Castle - Used to prevent fire

- Nagoya Castle was Japan's first castle to be designated a National

Treasure. Even after wartime air raid destruction, it was deemed

historically important enough to be designated a National Historic

Site. Restoration work being carried out is returning Nagoya Castle

 to original condition.

- Important position on the Tokaido highway to ward off attackers

and thus ensuring continued social and economic prosperity.

CHINA

>Produced multiple classes of bronzeware vessels for practical purposes as well as for religious and
geomancy

>Date back to the Warring States Period (silk)

>Show more continuity between ancient and modern periods

• Giant Panda - Common Chinese painting subject

- Pandas have become a symbol of China and they are really significant to

the Chinese culture.

- In addition to symbolizing strength, the panda also symbolizes peace and

friendship because they have a gentle temperament and aren't known for

attacking others.

MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE ARTS

Medieval Period – also known as Dark Ages (5th Century to 15th Century)

- Childbirth, famine, and bad weather threatened the survival of ordinary

people

- Period in which Christianity flourished in Europe

- Saw massive social and economic change coupled with developments in

agriculture and medicine

- Dark Ages was a period of intellectual darkness du to loss of classical learning

(Petrarch, Italian Scholar and Poet)

• Petrarch - He argued that the Dark Ages was a period of intellectual darkness due to loss of the
classical learning.
 • Illuminated Manuscripts – religious texts embellished with rich colors which often

featured the use of gold and silver

>The Book of Kells (Latin:Codex Cenannensis) – illuminated manuscripts Gospel

book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with

various prefatory texts and tables

•Metal Work – adornment made of either metal or bronze used to create religious

Artifacts

• Paintings – Iconography, Fresco, Panel Painting

>Fresco- executed in plaster on walls or ceilings

>Panel Painting – made of single or several pieces of wood joined together

• Embroidery – decorative fabric created through needle thread or yarn

• Ceramics – hand-shaped wheel-turned to produce cooking pots and jars, jugs, and

Pitchers

• Mosaic – images with small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other material

>Tessera – individual tile in a mosaic

• Sculptures – stiff and elongated style of statues used in Romanesque Art

• Heraldry – practice of designing and recording coats of arms and badges

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

>Means rebirth or awakening

>Began in Italy in the late 14th century

>Renewed interest in Ancient Greece & Rome, philosophy, literature, and the arts

Renaissance Period

>Development of new technologies like the printing press

>New system of astronomy

>Discovery and exploration of new continents

Early Renaissance (1401-1490s)

>Artists believed that art should be developing and moving

>Emphasis on color, space, and light elements

>Focused on the human body and people doing mundane activities

>Realism dominated the art expression

High Renaissance (1490s-1527)

>Painting is the most dominant form

>Focused on human anatomy putting emphasis on beauty and aesthetics

>Humanism prevailed in the art works

Late Renaissance

>Mannerism was developed to focus on style or manner and less on substance

>Roman rule was depicted through paintings of anguished people

Renaissance Period

>Gothic style was developed from this period also

>Spread to other European nations as well

>Symbolism was widely used

Characteristics of Renaissance Arts

Humanism – turned away from Medieval scholasticism and renewed interest in Greek and

Roman thought

Individualism – showed individual people instead of group

Secularism – fewer church paintings

Classicism – characterized by classic Roman and Greek influences

Nature – depicted outdoor scenarios

Anatomy – focused on defined and precise human anatomy

Linear Perspective – appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their

distance from the viewer

Depth – used light and shading to create the illusion of space and depth

Artist from Renaissance Period

Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni (1475 – 1564)

>Works focused on the human body.

>Most notable for sculptures but is also known for his paintings

Raphael Sanzio

>The youngest of the Three Great Renaissance Masters

>Skillfully demonstrated the classical ideals of beauty, serenity, and harmony

THE ASIAN ARTS

Portrait of Bada Shanren

>Also known as Mountain Man of the Eight Greats by Tan Swie Hian

>Sold for $4.4 million at the 2014 Polv Auction in Beijing

>Created using ink on rice

Religious Context of Asian Art

1.Time is cyclical

2. The universe is created and destroyed in endless cycles

3. The world is transitory and the appearance of permanence is illusion

4.All living beings are born and reborn in different lives and bodies

5. One's good and bad deeds (karma) accumulate from life to life and determine the form in which one is
reborn

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism

>Share a holistic view of life in which all forms of life are integrally connected

>Incorporated a variety of physical disciplines and magical practices such as yoga, meditation, trance,
breath control, and the repetition of mantras (words of power) in religious practices

Art in India

>Earlier religious practices include the worship of spirits believed to dwell in trees, rivers, and rocks

>Worships the yakshas and yakshis

>Shown in horned animal figures, phallic sculptures, and many female figurines

Asian Ideal Human Body in Art

>Religious roots depict ideal human forms to symbolize their transcendence and divine natures

>The ideal human body is portrayed depending upon the beliefs of the culture in which the art is made

Context of Nature in Asian Art

>The Gupta Period (mid 4th to 6th century) had artists create ideals of the human form by using
inspirations from nature

>Artists identify the ideal human form with deities and spiritual beings

Lotus

>Indian symbol of par excellence and spiritual perfection

>Appears in art both as a complete blossom and as stylized petals that form the pedestal upon which
beings sit or stand

Wheel

>Represents the doctrine preached by Buddha in his first sermon after attaining enlightenment - "turning
the wheel of the law"

>Symbolizes time and the cycles of creation and destruction that form successive universes

Halo

>Signifies transcendent radiance

>Originated somewhere in Western or Central Asia and spread eastward to India

>Further signifies a deities spirituality

Adornment

>Symbol of learning and the transition to adulthood worn the upper castes

>Crosses the left shoulder and falls in a curve across the torso and around the right hip

Multiple Appendages

>Express the multiple powers and responsibilities of the gods

>Several hands display the deity's attributes and to make gestures that symbolize concepts associated with
the deity

Expressions

>Ugly and horrific expressions protect people against evil and ignorance

>May also represent human failings such as greed, hatred, and ignorance

Foreign Elements of Asian Art

>Resounded by the large amount of historical, architectural, and cultural references

>Remain the same due to lasting influence of cross-religious influences among neighboring countries
Emphasis on Volume

>Anatomy of figures does not emphasize the internal structure of muscle and bone

>Expresses a body purified of these elements and instead filled with spirituality

Measured Proportions

>Proportionate bodies were used to symbolize the ideal human anatomy

>Earlier artworks tend to be shorter and stockier than later ones

Scale and Placement

>Used hierarchy of proportion to clarify each figure's relative spiritual importance

>Size indicates the relative importance of a deity

Worship

>Majority of temples were meant to be places of worship

>Sculptures of deities are placed in the interior of temples and shrines

Glorification of the Royals

>Kings transmitted divine will through their relationship with a particular god

>Images of deities were constructed by earlier kings to symbolize the gods' approval of their divine right
to rule

Education

>Narrative reliefs on temple walls perform an education role by instructing worshippers about religious
and historical events
THE PHILIPPINES ARTS

PRE-COLONIZATION ART

Iron Age

>Armlets, bracelets, rings, headbands, and tattoos became fashionable especially to royal families and to
those who hold key social functions in the community

>Weaving also became a preoccupation for women during this time

Influences from Various Regions

>Negrito influence are seen on zigzag designs on ancient lime tubes and ornamental carvings

>Indonesian influence can be seen in the apparel of the people of Kalinga, Maranao, the Manobo, and the
Bagobo

• The patterns of the Manobo baskets reflect the Islamic influence on ornamental and

decorative art

>Malay influence can be traced to the wood carvings found in utensils boats and wooden shiels of the
people of Sulu and the Mountain Province

Malong

>Draws heavy influence from Malay sultanate clothing styles

>Used as garment by numerous tribes in Maguindanao an the T'boli

>Handwoven malong is costly; thus only used at social functions to display the social and economic
status of the wearer

Indigenous Arts

>The Ifugao Funeral Dance serves as an example of the dances in pure indigenous form

>Shields, spoons, ladles, bowls and figurines in the Mountain Province are infused with art through
woodcarving
COLONIAL ART

>Spanish art forms brought about profound changes in the life and art of the Filipino people

>Spanish missionaries used colorful pageantry of the Roman Catholic Church in enchanting the natives in
the 'new faith'

Sculptures

>Carvings of Anito was replaced with carvings of santos, images of Christ and the saints

>Santos commissioned by the church were usually large, carved from hardwood such as molave

Print

>First book printed in the country Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala

>Litography was developed to replace copper-plate engraving

Furniture

>The baul, aparador, and comoda were reproduced locally

• One of the earliest pieces for storage was baul

>Filipino homes had furniture resembling those used in churches and conventos

Metal Casting

>Practiced in foundries; earliest are those found in Intramuros and the port of Cavite

>Bells were also cast to supply the great number of churches rising all over the Philippine islands

Textile

>The Visayan nipis, woven from stalks of the abaca plant, fascinated Spaniards

>The jusi, camisa, and pañuelos were introduced and developed

*The oldest known survivor of traditional tattoo artist is Apo Wang Od and she is referred as the
traditional Mambabatok