Topic 02.

1:
Generic Process Model
Pristi Sukmasetya, S.Komp, M.Kom
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References
o [Pressman] Pressman, Roger S., Software
Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8th
Edition, Mc. Graw Hill International, USA, 2015.
o [Dennis, 2010] Dennis, Alan, et. al., System
Analysis and Design with UML 3rd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Outline
o Why do we need Process
◦ The meaning of process
o Software Development Process
o Five Generic Framework Activities
o Software Development Process Flows
o Generic Software Development Process
Models
o Prescriptive Software Development Process
Models

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Why do we need to use a process model?
o Many failed systems were abandoned
because software engineers tried to build
wonderful systems without understanding
how the system would fit with the
organization’s goals

The primarily goal of information system is

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Prologue
o Engineering software is both a creative and
a step-by-step process which often
involving many people.
o Engineering software is also an iterative
social learning process.
◦ The outcome is an embodiment of knowledge
collected, distilled and organized as process is
conducted

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The Meaning of Process
o A process is a series of steps composed of:
◦ activities
◦ actions, and
◦ tasks
that are performed when some work product
is to be created.
o A process defines who is doing what, when,
and how to reach a certain goal (Ivar
Jacobson, Grady Boach, and J Rumbaugh)

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The Meaning of Process
o A process usually involves a set of tools and
techniques.
o Characteristics of a process:
◦ prescribes all major process activities
◦ uses resources, subject to a set of constraints, and produces
intermediate and final products
◦ may be composed of subprocesses linked together
◦ each process activity has entry and exit criteria
◦ each activity are organized in a sequence
◦ every process has a set of guiding principles
◦ constraints or controls may apply to an activity

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The Meaning of Process
o Process is also called life cycles when it
involves the building of some product
o Software development process is also called
software life cycle
◦ It describes the life of a software product from its
conception to its implementation, delivery, use
and maintenance.
o Processes impose consistency and structure
on a set of activities.

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Software Development Process
o Software process is a framework for the
activities, actions, and tasks that are
required to build high-quality software
[Pressman, 2010].
o A structured set of activities required to
develop a software system [Sommerville,
2007].

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Characteristics of Software Process Model
o [Sommerville, 2007] describes the
characteristic of software process as:
◦ prescribes major activities
◦ utilizes resources, subject to constraints such as
schedule, to produce intermediate and final
results
◦ constraints and controls apply to activities,
resources, and products
◦ constraints on activities: time, budget, tools
◦ controls on activities: config. mgmt, reports

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A Generic Software Development Process

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Software Development Process
o An activity strives to achieve a broad
objective (e.g. communication with
stakeholders) and is applied regardless of:
◦ the application domain
◦ size of the project
◦ complexity of the effort, or
◦ degree of rigor with which software engineering
is to be applied

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Software Development Process
o An action (e.g. architectural design)
encompasses a set of tasks that produce a
major work product (e.g. architectural
design model)
o A task focuses on small, but well-defined
objective (e.g. conducting a unit test) that
produces a tangible outcome.

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Five Generic Framework Activities
o Communication
o Planning
o Modeling
o Construction
o Deployment

[Pressman, 2010]

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Communication
o Conducted before any technical work can
commence
o Communicate and collaborate with
customers and other stakeholders
o The intent is to understand stakeholders’
objectives for the project and to gather
requirements that help define software
features and functions

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Planning
o Any complicated journey can be simplified if a
map exists.
o Planning activity creates a “map” that helps
guide the team as it makes the journey.
o The map is called software project plan (defines
software engineering work)
◦ technical tasks to be conducted
◦ risks that are likely
◦ the resource required, the work product to be
produced, and work schedule

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Modeling
o Create a “sketch” of the thing so that you’ll
understand the big picture
◦ what it will look like architecturally
◦ how the constituent parts fit together
◦ etc
o The goal is to better understand software
requirements and the design that will
achieve those requirements

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Construction
o Code generation (either manual or
automated)
o Testing that is required to uncover errors in
the code

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Deployment
o Completed software is delivered to the
customer who evaluates the delivered
product and provides feedback based on
the evaluation

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Software Development Process Flows
o Process flow describes how the framework
activities and the actions and tasks that
occur within each framework activity are
organized with respect to sequence and
time.
o There are four process flow, based on
[Pressman, 2010], (see next slide for
illustrations)

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Software Development Process Flow

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Software Development Process Flow

Deployment Construction

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Software Development Process Flow

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Generic Software Development Process Models
o A software process model is an abstract
representation of a process. It presents a
description of a process from some particular
perspective.
o Process should be:
◦ Visible: Activities should provide clear indications of
progress (deadlines/milestones)
◦ Understandable: Activities and their order of
execution are well-defined
◦ Supportable: Automated support for activities is
available
◦ Usable: Process is acceptable to and usable by
developers

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 QS. At Thalaq : 12
"Allah-lah yang menciptakan tujuh langit dan seperti itu
pula bumi. Perintah Allah berlaku padanya, agar kamu
mengetahui bahwasanya Allah Maha Kuasa atas segala
sesuatu, dan sesungguhnya Allah ilmu-Nya benar-benar
meliputi segala sesuatu."

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