The Shakas: A Case Study

Abstract: The Shaka Era was probably established by King Maeus around the second century
A.D. The Shakas who were also known as the Indo-Scythians were a group of Iranian nomadic people
who invaded India by destroying the Indo-Greeks in North-West India. The Shakas brought the larger
part of the country under their control. The most famous Shaka ruler in India was Rudradaman who
ruled from 130 A.D to 150 A.D. There were five branches of Shakas who settled and established rule
in different regions of North and North-Western parts of the Indian subcontinent. The Shaka era came
to an end with the defeat of the last Shaka ruler, Rudrasimha III by Chandragupta-II of the Gupta
dynasty.
Keyword: Kshatrapa, Mahakshatrapa, Rudradaman, Shaka-Lekhmalas, Bhaga.
Introduction: The imprint of the Shaka on the canvas of Indian history requires to be
discerned. The position of the Shaka does not seem limited to as just another foreign migrant who also
contributed to the Indian civilization; in fact, the Shaka acted as a positive factor that provided
dynamism to Indian life. Historians have well researched about of the Shaka people, their deeds, as
well as, their impact on Indian history and culture. Although scholars have focussed upon almost
every aspect, nevertheless, they overlooked those priority points where the Shaka made deliberate
efforts and initiated constructive changes. Similarly, the specificity of the Shaka contribution is lost
sight of. One can say that it was not less than the contribution of the Kushanas or of the Indo-Greeks.
The Shaka were carriers of foreign influences, therefore, the stages of Shaka migration and their
assimilation into the Indian society also had a decisive significance. In short, the Shaka factor in Indian
history demands a revaluation and just recognition.
Background of Shakas: The ancient Greeks used the word Scyth or Scyuth (Gordon Childe)
or Śaka or Caha (T.T. Rice) in a generic sense for all the nomads of the Eurasian steppes. The Scythians
also called themselves Śkol or Śakol. They have been termed as Śaka in the inscription of Darius (522-
486 BC). Śaka or Saga has been used in Indian literature. The word Śaka has been formed from the
Indo-European Skeud meaning “to shoot” or from Śken, meaning, “to watch”. Its Iranian root Śak,
that is “to go”, “to flow” “to run” comes nearest to the word Śaka. Its equivalent “Scythian” is formed
from the Iranian root Śkutha, meaning “archer”. The Babylonian word Gimiri (H.G. Rawlinson) is a
mere transcription of the Iranian word Śaka, which signifies a “nomadic wanderer”.
The Śaka tribes roamed the vast expense of Central Asia from Danube to Tien Shan, and Altai
regions. Colossal movement of the Scytho-Iranian tribes occurred in 900—800 BC following a severe
draught in the steppes. The annals of the Chu dynasty tell that the wild Hiung-nu harassed the farmers
of Chinese empire and the Emperor Su-an (827—781 BC) waged a war on the western borders. Hiung-
nu now dislodged their western neighbours, who fought the next to them and so on. Many Scythian
tribes crossed the Jaxartes and spread over Central Asia and West Asia15 including Persian Empire.
Herodotus (VII.64) noted:          e was right
because different kinds of Scythians are mentioned as Śakā Haumavargā, Śakā Tigrakaudā and Śakā
Tyaiy-tara-draya. Despite being victims of the pressing Yüeh-chihs from the North, the Śakas in their
own selves were a menace to the peace of the region.
.
Shakraj Mowes: Credited with establishing 'Shak-dominion' in India whose inscriptions are
Mog and coins are called Mowes and Moa. His political life probably began at the beginning of the
second quarter of the first century BC and his life ended by the middle of that century. However, many
are of the opinion that Mowes-Mog reigned in the early part of the first century AD. This assumption
is probably not correct. From the Tat-i-Bahi text it is known that Pahlavaraja Gondophares ruled the
region of Gandhara in the first part of the first century AD. He was a mighty man. Mowes-Mog also
ruled the region of Gandhara. It is unthinkable that two mighty kings would rule the same region at
the same time. So, one of them must be earlier. Goldophares was a contemporary of Shakira II Ages.
But Mowes predates the Second Ages. After the death of Moes, the king of the land of Shaka
was first Ages I, then Agelis, and finally Ages II. From this it seems that Mouss predates Goldofares
by at least four to five decades.
Almost nothing is known about the genealogy or early history of Moses, the architect of the
Shaka kingdom in India. It seems that when he reached the region of Kapish-Gandhara in Sadla, a
Yavana king named Telephas was ruling there. He defeats Telephus and takes over his kingdom. A
class of copper coins bearing his name bears the face of the god Zeus and an elephant on the obverse.
The secondary surface of the coins bears the figure of Herakles. The coins undoubtedly belong to the
Kapish region. A large number of coins of Mowes have also been found here. A copperplate inscription
of his reign has been discovered at Taxila. The inscription was engraved by Pradeshpal Liak Kusuluk's
son Patik. An ancient Shaka inscription has been found in the Jhelum district of West Punjab. Many
have identified it as a writing by Moses. If this is correct, it must be admitted that Mowes also occupied
West Punjab. Yavanas ruled here in the past.
Agelis: Agelis was a powerful man. During his reign the
size of the Shaka kingdom increased further. Many of his coins
have been found in southern Jammu and Kashmir. Agilis
supremacy was established in at least some parts of Jammu and
Kashmir, if not the whole. Mahakshatrap Patik then took over the
responsibility of Pradeshpal in Taxila. He is the son of former
pradeshpal Liak Kusuluk. The father was Kshatrapa but the son
was Mahakshatrapa.
Another notable event of Agelis's reign was the expansion of the kingdom of Shaka on the
eastern frontier. Then Datta and Mitra kings ruled the Mathura region. After defeating them, Aegilis
established Shaka supremacy in Mathura.
Rajubul or Ranjubul, who took a leading role in the conquest of Mathura, was appointed
Kshatrap there. Rajubul later assumed the title of Mahakshatrapa. None of the coins he struck inscribed
with his name and image as Kshatrapa and Mahakshatrapa bear the name of Egilis or any of his
successors. From this it seems that Rajubul was virtually independent despite holding the title of
Kshatrapa or Mahakshatrapa. Coins of Rajubul have been found over a wide area from East Punjab to
Mathura. These regions were under his rule.
Ages II: Upon the death of Agelis, Second Ages became the overlord
of the kingdom of Shaka. As soon as he ascended the throne, there was turmoil
all over the kingdom. The emergence of a political fortune-teller named
Goldophares in north-west India further complicated the situation. The variety
of subjects which characterized the coins of the earlier Shaka kings is no longer
seen in his coins. The metallurgical and qualitative excellence of the coins of
the second ages is also very low. This coin is a testament to the Shaka that the
financial crisis gripped the kingdom. One by one the kingdoms fell to the Ages. His authority narrowed
and eventually became confined to the Punjab. But not for long. Goldophres soon occupied the Punjab.
Aspavarma was a governor under Age II. Seizing the o pportunity, he joined Goldophres' side. The
kingdom of the Second Ages was destroyed. A new Pahlava kingdom arose on the ruins of the Shaka
kingdom. Gondophares was the architect of this new Pahlavi kingdom.
Kshatrapa Bhumaka: A disaster at the hands of the Kushans led to the end of Shaka
supremacy in North-West and North India. But Shakra soon emerged as a formidable political force
in western India. Bhumak is the hero of the Shaka coup in western India
This Shaka hero Kushanraj of Kshaharat dynasty was a contemporary of Kanishka I. How he
gained political power in western India is not known. He may have helped Kanishka to conquer
western India. Later Kanishka may have appointed him Kshatrap of Western India as a reward. It may
be that, taking advantage of the political chaos in western India, Bhumaka formed a kingdom but,
alarmed by Kanishka's reinforcements, he surrendered to the Kushan kings. I have to admit one thing.
Bhumok never declared independence. It is true that he engraved the coins but, in the coins, he
identified himself as Kshatrapa, never described himself as king or Mahakshatrapa.
Kshatrapa Nahapana: Nahapana was anointed as Kshatrapada after Bhumaka. Like Bhumak,
he is also a son of Kshahrat clan. But the relationship between these two people is not known yet.
There is also uncertainty about the duration of Nahapan's reign. Dinesh Chandra Sarkar believes that
Nahapana ruled between 119 and 125 AD. Many have dated Nahapan's reign from the last quarter of
the first century AD to the first quarter of the second century AD. The first is very short, the second is
very long. If Nahapana is assumed to have assumed the office of Kshatrap in 119 AD, then one or two
more Kshatraps must have existed between Bhumaka's death and Nahapana's accession. But no such
Kshatrap is known. As a result, approximately 100 to 124 AD can be considered as the probable period
of Nahapan.
Sitting in Kshatrap's seat, Nahapana focused on expanding his dominion. Opportunity also
appeared in front of him. The first Kanishka died, thereby loosening the control of the central power
over him. Satavahan state was also suffering at that time. On this occasion, Nahapan occupied a vast
territory of the Satavahana kingdom. The lower Indus Valley, Gujarat, Rajasthan and western Madhya
Pradesh belonged to the Kshatrap kingdom from the east. There is no doubt that Nahapan maintained
his authority in these regions. His coins have been found in Ajmer. From an inscription of his time it
is known that the Malavas once besieged a certain Uttambhadraraja. Nahapana's son-in-law
Rishabhadatta defeated the Malavas and freed the afflicted Uttambhadraraja and finally took a holy
bath in Ajmidha lake. Rishabhadatta was not only the son-in-law of
Nahapana, he was also the administrator of a region under Nahapana. This
inscription is the proof that Ajmeed belonged to Nahapan kingdom.
Kardamaka Chasthan: After the sudden misfortune of Nahapan at
the hands of Gautamiputra, the Kushan authorities appointed Chasthan as the
Kshatrap of Western India. He was tasked with countering the growing
influence of Gautamiputra. Like Nahapan, Chasthan is also Shaka but their
lineage is different. Nahapan belongs to Kshahrat family but Chastan belongs
to Kadmak family. Chastan came to West India to undertake the work he
completed in a very short time. His son Kshatrap Jayadama and later his
grandson Kshatrapa Rudradama helped him in this work. Jaydama died
during his father's lifetime.
 Initially appointed as Kshatrapa, Chasthan later assumed the title of Mahakshatrapa. Needless
to say, he holds this title in terms of political success. It cannot be said how long Chastan was in power.
He seems to have died shortly after the inscription of Andhau Lekh in 130 AD. Ptolemy's geography
book written in 140 AD calls Chastan as Ujjainiraj. Therefore, many people think that Chastan was
still alive in 140 AD. But this is probably not true. It is true that Ptolemy mentions Chasthan but he
collected information about Chasthan before he wrote his book.
Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman: After Chasthan's death, his grandson Rudradama was
enthroned as Mahakshatrapa. Valiant, protective and bearer of Indian culture, this foreign ruler is a
memorable figure in ancient Indian history. His Junagadh inscription dated 150 AD records the details
of his reign.
Confusion has arisen over some of Rudradama's sayings in the Junagadh writings. In this
writing, he claimed that the post of Mahakshatrapa was self-earned. Again, he said, regardless of caste,
everyone accepted him as king. The contrast between the two statements is obvious. The position
which he declares as his own, then he accepts it as the gift of others. Moreover, he inherited the post
of Mahakshatrapa as the grandson of Chasthan, not by his own hands. But does Rudradama express
his active help to his grandfather Chastana in restoring Kshatrapa supremacy in western India? Maybe
that's right. Perhaps there is a hint of public support in his demand for a general election.
However, many think that Gautamiputra's opponent was not Gautamiputra Satakarni,
Gautamiputra's son Vasishthiputra Pulumabi was the
opponent. They also think that Vasishthiputra Satakarni
mentioned in Kanheri's writings is actually Pulumabi.
There are a few other views about Rudradama's Satavahana
counterpart but they are not plausible.
Rudradama is not only a skilled politician, he is also
a highly educated, erudite, humane administrator. In the
first year of his reign, the dam of Sudarshan lake near
Junagadh burst due to heavy rains. Rudradama had a watchful eye for the welfare of the subjects.
Throughout his life, he has made tireless efforts to stop the outbreak of disease, the outbreak of thieves
and robbers and the menace of wild animals in the state.
Shaka Kshatrapas-Mahakshatrapas of the Northern Parva: After the death of Rudradama, his
descendants ruled Western India for more than two centuries. During their rule, the political
importance of the Shakas gradually declined. Of course, there was a reason for this. There was lack of
proper leadership. Infighting in the royal family was associated with it. Immediately after the death of
Rudradama's son Damas
Infighting begins. Grandfather-brother succession was introduced instead of father-son
succession in order to avoid domestic disputes. But even that did not solve the problem. The Shaka
kingdom, ailing under weak leadership and mired in civil strife, crumbled under the onslaught of
powerful neighboring states. At the end of the second century AD, Avira king Ishwardatta occupied
the kingdom of Shaka. Rudrasingha I', the youngest son of Rudradama, somehow managed the
situation. But Satavahanaraja Yajnashri Satakarni could not be resisted by anything. He took
possession of the kingdom of Kshatrapa by force. Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh fell to the Kadmak
Shakas in the mid-3rd century AD. Shaka Sridharavarma established the independent states of Malbara
in Rajasthan and western Madhya Pradesh and eastern Madhya Pradesh. Many believe that
Sridharavarma appeared in the early fourth century, not the middle of the third century AD. Apart from
Malab, some other independent states such as Jaudheya, Arjunayana, Sankanika, Prajuna, Kaka,
Kharparik etc. gradually emerged in different regions of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
Decline of Western Kshatrapa Supremacy: The last Mahakshatrapa of Gujarat was
Rudrasingha III. His last dated coins have two digits 3 and 1 in the century and decade cells
respectively. But the number of units is absent. Any number between zero and 9 can be here. Then his
latest coins are not earlier than 310th century or 388 AD. Again, the coins are not even of the northern
phase of 397 AD. After Rudrasingha III, the king whose silver coins have been discovered in Gujarat
is the Gupta king Chandragupta Vikramaditya II. The earliest coins of Chandragupta II found in
Gujarat are dated in two numbers. Ten places have 9 but units place is missing. The possible number
can be any number between zero and 9. Sometime between 414 AD and 416 AD, Chandragupta II
migrated. That is why the unit cell number in the coin can be 6 or any number below but never more
than 6. That is, the coins of this class of Chandragupta II are neither earlier than 90 Gupta or 410 AD
nor later than 419 AD. A comparative discussion of Rudrasingha III and Chandragupta II silver coins
reveals two things:
Firstly, the defeat of Rudrasingha III at the hands of Chandragupta II ended the Shaka rule in
Gujarat. Secondly, sometime between 388 and 416 AD, Gupta supremacy was established in Gujarat.
India's last Shaka state also collapsed'.
Administrative system: In the Shaka kingdom, the king was the
head of the administration. He sometimes appointed an assistant
administrator to help in administration. This associate also had royal titles.
Usually, the prince or the king's brother was appointed associate
administrator. Perhaps the first was the real authority, the second his
assistant. Both the chief and assistant kings jointly minted coins. The name
of the chief king was always written in Greek and Greek script on the main
face of the coin, while the names and epithets of the assistants were written
in Prakrit and Kharosthi alphabet. Spoliris of the First Ages, Aegilis of the First Ages, and Aegis of
the Second Aegis were co-administrators.
Many of the Shaka kings were highly educated. A shining example of this is Rudradama. He
studied grammar, music, logic and other subjects. He had outstanding etymology in Sanskrit literature.
He had literary fame. The Junagadh inscription mentions his prowess in driving elephants, horses and
chariots.
For the convenience of administration, the Shaka kings divided their kingdom into provinces
or regions. The administration of a province or region was usually vested in a Mahakshatrapa.
Sometimes one Kshatrapa would help the Mahakshatrapa in governance. Sometimes Kshatrapas were
also appointed as pradesh palas. A son or vassal of a Mahakshatrapa was usually appointed to the
Kshatrapada. It was the Mahakshatrapa who probably nominated his subordinate Kshatrapas.
A province was probably divided into several districts. Maues, no district name known from
the time of the Ages. But the names of two ahars or districts are found in Rishabhadatta's writings as
Govardhana and Mamal. The first was located at Nashik and the second at Karle. The administration
of the two districts was vested in Rishabhadatta.
Rudradama's Junagadh inscription reveals the benevolent aspect of Western Kshatrapa rule. In
this article it is said that the welfare of the townspeople and townships is the main goal of the state.
 Oppressive taxes like love and rain were not imposed on the subjects.
The state had a watchful eye on the safety and health of its citizens.
But it is not right to think that the great ideals of Prajapalan expressed
in the Junagadh writings were always followed.
Social life: In Shaka-Lekhmalas, in connection with
donations, the donor is often mentioned along with his relatives. This
is an indirect proof of the popularity of joint family in Shaka-Pahlava
society. Polygamy in Pahlavi male society is mentioned by the 3rd-
4th century AD writer Bardesanes. He praised the chastity of Pahlavi women. The Shaka women were
more modest than the Pahlavas. There was no particular reform in the Shaka society about marriage.
Herodotus mentions a Shaka king whose widow married a son after his death. The Kamasutra describes
the freedom with which Abhisarikas traveled from the towns and villages of Gujarat, sometimes alone
or in groups, to the Shaka palace of Ujjain. It was customary for Shaka aristocratic families to keep
foreign slaves. Not only slaves but also slaves were imported from abroad. Slaves were employed in
various industrial and government jobs.
Bhas's 'Charudatta' and Shudrak's 'Mrichchakatikas' have descriptions of a character called
Shakar. His job is to make himself laugh in front of the audience. The term Shakara is probably used
in the sense of Shakaputra. It seems that the dramatists imagined the character of Shaka out of hatred
for foreign Shakas.

But let's not forget, sugar didn't destroy Indian society and culture, they enriched it. Over time,
they adopted the language, religion, customs and even the Indian name of this country and became
truly Indian. It is like the voluntary surrender of the conqueror to the conquered. They have participated
in various charitable works mainly for the benefit of Buddhist monks and sometimes other
communities. Inscriptions found at Karla, Nasik and Junnar describe the Dandhyana of the Shakas in
detail. Not only the noble families, but also the Sakras of the common house participated in the work
of Dandhyanadi regardless of male or female. Many of the Shakas have adopted Indian names,
regardless of whether they are male or female. In this context, Nahapana's daughter Dakshamitra,
Nahapana's son-in-law Rishabhadatta, Mahakshatrapa Rudradama, Shakramani Vishnudatta, a
contemporary of Avira Raja Ishwarsena, and Jayadama, Jivadama and Rudrasingha, descendants of
Chasthan, easily come to mind.
Matrimonial ties with Indian families paved the way for Shakas to enter Indian society.
Rudradama married one of his daughters to a son of Satavahanaraja Gautamiputra Satakarni. The
Ikshbaku royal family of Andhra Pradesh had matrimonial ties with the Western Kshatrapas.
Rudrabhattarika, a buffalo of Ikshbakuraj Virpurushdatta. She is probably the daughter of
Mahakshatrapa II Rudrasena.
Economic Status: From the Periplus library it is known that northwest and western India was
rich in agricultural and natural resources. Gujarat produced large quantities of paddy, barley, sorghum
and sesame. Due to the large number of cattle, a lot of dairy products were produced here. During this
time, the massive production of coconut fruit started in the coastal region of Maharashtra. There are
mentions of 32 hundred coconut roots and coconut saplings being planted at Nasiklekh in Nahapan.
Northwest India was rich in forest resources. Forest resources were used for cosmetics and medicine.
A lot of cotton was grown in Gujarat. The cotton cloth made here was sold in domestic and foreign
markets. Dasharna town in Madhya Pradesh was famous for ivory work. Ivory combs, dice, butts of
swords and other useful and fancy items were made here. Pearls were found on the sea coast of western
India. However, pearl production was high in the coastal areas of South India.
Udakayantri is mentioned in a Nasik inscription engraved during the reign of Avira Raja
Ishwarsena. From this it is known about a type of water machine with the help of which water could
be drawn from wells, ponds, canals and rivers. The instrument was probably not the same as the
Arahattaghatika described in the present Gathasaptasati.
The two ports of the western Kshatrap kingdom play an important role in maritime trade. One
of them is Barbaricum, the other Barygaza or Bhrigukach. The former is situated at the Indus estuary,
the latter on the coast of Gujarat. As cargo-laden Arab and Roman merchant ships frequented these
two ports, Indian merchants also regularly sailed from here to the Persian Gulf region, the South
Arabian coast and the Red Sea countries. The Milindapanho text mentions sea-going ships. Each ship
had hundreds of box loads of cargo. Ships were steered with masts, oars and sails and anchored with
anchors. The port was connected by two land routes to Togar, Ujjain, Mathura, Krishna-Godavari
delta, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Persia and Syria.
Several things were also imported from abroad. Bloody corals were brought from the
Mediterranean and inferior pearls from the Persian Gulf. Other imported goods included dates
(Arabia), wine (Italy and Arabia), incense, cosmetics (West Asia), herbs (West Asia), textiles (West
Asia and Egypt), glassware, thrones, beeswax, harital, gold. (Persian Gulf region), silver, copper
(Arabia), tin (Spain), lead, topaz (Red Sea Islands), silk and woolen cloth (China) and male and female
slaves (Persian Gulf region).
Revenue System: Subjects were not oppressed by heavy taxation. Generally, three types of
taxes were levied namely bolii, duty and share. Call the tributes of the subjects payable to the king or
the state. Bhaga means the king's or state's share of the produce. This share is sometimes one-fourth,
sometimes one-sixth and sometimes even less. A royalty is a duty levied on merchantable, commercial
goods. Sometimes taxes, bishti and love were imposed on the subjects. But these events were rare.
Without share, the state imposed additional tax burden on the citizens in case of emergency or special
cases. This irregular and excessive revenue tax. Bishti in the sense of unemployed labor. Pranay refers
to an emergency tax levied on the subjects or a donation by the subjects for the developmental works
of the state under the direction of the government. Taxes were probably paid both in kind and in cash.
Culture During the Shaka Era: Arts:
➢ The speciality of the Shaka was of comparable styles as other Iranian people groups of the
steppes, which is alluded to altogether as Scythian craftsmanship. In 2001, the disclosure of an
undisturbed imperial Scythian internment cart delineated Scythian creature style gold that
comes up short on the immediate impact of Greek styles. 44 pounds of gold burdened the regal
couple in this entombment, found close to Kyzyl, capital of the Siberian republic of Tuva.
➢ Antiquated impacts from Central Asia got recognizable in China following contacts of
metropolitan China with itinerant western and northwestern line domains from the eighth
century BC. The Chinese received the Scythian-style creature craft of the steppes (portrayals
of creatures secured in battle), especially the rectangular belt-plaques made of gold or bronze,
and made their renditions in jade and steatite.
➢ Following their removal by the Yuezhi, some Shaka may likewise have moved to the region of
Yunnan in southern China. Shaka fighters could likewise have filled in as hired soldiers for the
different realms of antiquated China. Unearthings of the ancient specialty of the Dian
 civilization of Yunnan have uncovered chasing scenes of Caucasoid horsemen in Central Asian
clothing.
➢ Shaka impacts have been distinguished similar to Korea and Japan. Different Korean
antiquities, for example, the imperial crowns of the realm of Silla, are supposed to be of
"Scythian" design. Similar crowns, carried through contact with the mainland, can likewise be
found in Kofun period Japan.
Culture During the Shaka Era: Clothing:
➢ Like other eastern Iranian people groups spoke to on the reliefs of the Apadāna at Persepolis,
Shakas are portrayed as wearing long pants, which cover the uppers of their boots. Over their
shoulders, they trail a kind of long mantle, with one askew edge toward the rear. One specific
clan of Shakas (the Shaka tigraxaudā) wore pointed covers. Herodotus in his depiction of the
Persian armed force specifies the Shakas as wearing pants and tall pointed caps.
➢ Herodotus says Shakas had "high covers tightening to a point and solidly upstanding." Asian
Shaka headgear is unmistakably noticeable on the Persepolis Apadana flight of stairs help –
high pointed cap with folds over ears and the scruff of the neck. From China to the Danube
delta, men appeared to have worn an assortment of delicate headgear – either cones like the
one depicted by Herodotus, or rounder, more like a Phrygian cap.
➢ Shaka ladies wear a lot of similar designs as men. One Pazyryk internment, found during the
1990s, contained the skeletons of a man and a lady, each with weapons, pointed stones, and a
hatchet. Herodotus referenced that Shakas had "high covers and … wore pants." Clothing was
sewn from plain-weave fleece, hemp material, silk textures, felt, calfskin, and covers up.
➢ Pazyryk discoveries give the most number of completely saved pieces of clothing constantly
worn by the Scythian/Shaka people groups. Antiquated Persian bas-reliefs, engravings from
Apadana and Behistun and archaeological discoveries give visual portrayals of these pieces of
clothing.
➢ Given the Pazyryk discoveries (can be seen likewise in the south Siberian, Uralic, and
Kazakhstan rock drawings) a few covers were finished off with zoomorphic wooden figures
immovably appended to a cap and framing a basic piece of the headgear, like the enduring
migrant caps from northern China. Men and hero ladies wore tunics, regularly weaved,
decorated with felt applique work, or metal (brilliant) plaques.
The Decline of the Shakas: The Shakas were a powerful dynasty during their time, but they
eventually fell to the Sasanians. The reason for their decline is not completely clear, but it is thought
that internal strife and civil war played a role. The Shakas also had to contend with external enemies,
such as the Kushans and the Sasanians. In the end, the Shakas were unable to hold onto their empire,
and it collapsed.
Despite their decline, the Shakas left a lasting legacy. They were responsible for the spread of
Buddhism in Central Asia and India. They also introduced new technologies and ideas to the region,
such as coinage and urban planning. The Shakas were a significant force in their time and their
influence can still be felt today.
Conclusion: The Shaka nation has made an unforgettable contribution to the development of
Indian civilization and culture. They came home as victors and patronized the civilization and culture
of the conquered. In the history of Indian civilization and culture, the Shaka era was an era of harmony
and prosperity. There was harmony between India and abroad, East and West. According to many, the
addition of cumin, pomegranate and onion to the Indian diet is the work of the Shakas. The Shaka
nation has made an unforgettable contribution to the development of Indian civilization and culture.
They came home as victors and patronized the civilization and culture of the conquered. In the history
of Indian civilization and culture, the Shaka era was an era of harmony and prosperity. There was
harmony between India and abroad, East and West. According to many, the addition of cumin,
pomegranate and onion to the Indian diet is the work of the Shakas.