GE ELECT 3 – Living in the IT Era | 1st Sem, AY 2022-2023

College of Arts and Sciences | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Unit 1. History, Meaning,

and Roles of Information
and Communication
Technology

EJAY F. BARCINILLA, LPT

College Instructor
Technology
“techne”, which means craft or
art; refers to all the ways people use
their inventions and discoveries to
satisfy their needs and desires.

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Technology
▸ is the application of knowledge for practical ends.
▸ is the sum of the ways in which social groups provide
themselves with the material objects of their civilization.
▸ is defined as consisting of both hardware and software
(the knowledge required to produce and use
technological hardware).

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Technology
Technology concerns itself with understanding how
knowledge is creatively applied to organized tasks involving
people and machines that meet sustainable goals.

▸ Technology is about taking action to meet a human need rather than

merely understanding the workings of the natural world, which is the goal
of science.
▸ It uses much more than scientific knowledge and includes values as much
as facts, practical craft knowledge as much as theoretical knowledge.
▸ It involves organized ways of doing things; it covers the intended and
unintended interactions between products (machines, devices, artifacts),
and the people and the systems who make them, use them, or are affected
by them through various processes.
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Overview of
Information and
Communication
Technology
 Information and Communication

“ Technology
> Involves transfer and use of all kinds of information.
> Is referred to the modern digital technology communication
tools and/or networks to access, manage, integrate, evaluate,
and create information to function in a knowledge society.
> Is the infrastructure and components that enable modern
computing; is generally accepted to mean all devices,
networking components, applications and systems that
combined allow people and organizations to interact in the
digital world.

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 ICT
> Diverse set of technological tools and resources
used to create, transmit, store, share or exchange
information.

+ =
communication of information technology ICT

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Information
Technology
> Encompasses all of the
technology that we use to collect,
process, access, retrieve,
organize, manipulate, protect,
store, and present information.

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ICT Timeline
2500 BCE 1784 1870 1969 Today

Ancient First Industrial Second Industrial Third Industrial Fourth Industrial

Civilization Revolution Revolution Revolution Revolution

Manual and Mechanization, Mass production Electronics and Cyber physical

traditional steam and and electricity IT systems, systems
calculations power automation

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Historical Development of ICT
Ancient Civilization
> First humans communicated > The Babylonians and > The Greeks later adopted
only through speaking and Sumerians were known to the Phoenician alphabet and
picture drawing. devise the “cuneiform”. added vowels.
> During 3100 BC, the > Phoenicians created letter > Romans gave the letters
Egyptians devised a system symbols. Latin names to create the
of picture writing called alphabet we use today.
“hieroglyphics.”

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Historical Development of ICT
Ancient Civilization
> Sumerians’ input technology > The Chinese made paper > The Egyptians kept scrolls
was a stylus that would from rags on which modern- around 600 BC.
scratch marks in a wet clay day papermaking is based. > The Greeks began to fold
about 2600 BC. > Religious leaders in sheets of papyrus vertically
> The Egyptians write on the Mesopotamia kept the earliest into leaves and bind them
papyrus plant around 100 AD. books. together.

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Historical Development of ICT
Ancient Civilization
> The Egyptians devised a > The first numbering systems > Around 875 AD, the concept
special numbering system in similar to those in use today of zero (0) was developed.
which the numbers 1-9 as were invented between 100 > The Chinese abacus,
vertical lines, the number 10 and 200 AD by the Hindus dubbed as the “first
as a U or circle, the number who created a 9-digit calculator”, is considered as
100 as a coiled rope, and the numbering system. one of the very first
number 1,000 as a lotus information processors.
blossom.

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Historical Development of ICT
Ancient Civilization
> In 700 BCE, the Sparta’s > The Antikythera Mechanism, > Julius Caesar’s cipher in the
military devised a secure sometimes referred to as the first century BCE used
communications system, world’s “first computer”, was encryption to scramble military
called “scytale”, involving two designed in 150 BCE to communications.
wooden staffs of identical calculate and predict > The Kama Sutra advised
diameter and a strip of astronomical phenomena, men how to compose and
parchment. seasons, and festivals. read secret messages.

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Historical Development of ICT
Mechanical Age
> Johann Gutenberg invented > Leon Battista Alberti’s cipher > In 1613, Richard
the movable metal-type disk called “formula”, in the Braithwaite became the
printing process in 1450. 1470s, was designed to encrypt first person to use the
> In this era, the development language: it comprises two word “computer” in print –
of book indexes and the concentric copper circles with at least, according to the
widespread use of page the alphabet ringing each in the Oxford English Dictionary.
numbers were evident. proper order.

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Historical Development of ICT
Mechanical Age
> Napier’s Bones, a device > Edmund Gunter created a > The Slide Rule,
developed by John Napier in wooden device, labeled NUM, developed by William
1617, allowed multiplication that resembled a ruler that had Oughtred in 1630s and
and division of multidigit multiple scales which also 1650s, is a mechanical
numbers by any other used to solve logarithmic device in which numbers
number between 2 and 9. problems. that are added are printed
on two logarithmic scales.

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Historical Development of ICT
Mechanical Age
> The Pascaline calculator > Leibniz also worked out > Wolfgang von Kempelen
was developed by Blaise the concept of binary created the “Mechanical
Pascal in 1642. arithmetic, including the Turk” in 1770, an
> The Step Reckoner was a rules for binary addition, elaborate hoax that
calculating machine subtraction, multiplication, alleged to be a “thinking”
developed by Wilhelm and division in 1703. machine.
Gottfried von Leibniz in 1672.

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Historical Development of ICT
Mechanical Age
> The optical telegraph, > Joseph Marie Jacquard > In 1822, Charles
essentially a practical system invented a way to accelerate Babbage developed the
of sending letters over and simplify the time- Difference Engine, an
distance with light, was consuming and complex task automatic mechanical
developed by Claude of weaving fabric called calculator that is designed
Chappe and his younger “Jacquard’s Loom” in 1801. to calculate and tabulate a
brothers in 1791. polynomial function.

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Historical Development of ICT
Mechanical Age
> The Analytical Engine was > Lady Augusta Ada Byron, > Charles Babbage,
designed: a fully-controlled dubbed as the first Father of Modern
general purpose computer programmer, designed an Computing, founded the
which was to be programmed algorithm and detailed British Statistical Society
with punch cards and had a instructions for making and the Royal
separate store where Babbage’s machine compute Astronomical Society.
numbers would be kept. Bernoulli numbers.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electromechanical Age
> In 1833, Michael Faraday > The key invention was John > In 1843, Alexander Bain
discovered that the chemical Daniell’s wet-cell battery in 1836, built an “electric printing
silver sulfide became a better a reliable source of electricity. telegraph” that used a pair
conductor when heated, unlike Samuel Morse is credited with precisely timed pendulums,
metals that lose their conductivity inventing, patenting, and one configured to function
under the same conditions. promoting the first practical like a scanner, the other to
telegraph in the same year. function as a remote printer.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electromechanical Age
> Charles Xavier Thomas de > The first electromagnetic > In 1865, Giovanni Caselli
Colmar invented the spam message was sent in improved Bain’s basic idea
arithmometer in 1844 that could 1864: the message appeared with a more compact device
reliably add and subtract on the swinging needles of called a “pantelegraph”,
numbers up to three digits, and William Fothergill Cooke and which transmitted a message
multiply and divide as well. Charles Wheatstone’s written with insulating ink on
electromagnetic telegraph. a metal plate.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electromechanical Age
> In 1866, Mahlon Loomis > Jean-Maurice Emile Baudot > Karl Ferdinand Braun
successfully demonstrated devised a system for invented the “diodes” or
“wireless telegraphy” wherein he telegraphy in 1874, the “rectifiers” in 1874, the
was able to make a meter Baudot’s Code, which was simplest electronic
connected to one kite cause adopted as the ITA 1, one of components.
another one to move, making the the original international
first instance of wireless aerial telecommunications standards.
communication.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electromechanical Age
> In 1876, the telephone was > Guglielmo Marconi proved > Applications of LEDs
invented by Alexander Graham the feasibility of radio (light-emitting diodes) and
Bell. communication in 1894. other semiconductors
> In 1890, the Pantographic > In 1897, Braun invented including a “light relay
Punch Card developed by the cathode-ray tube which device”, a radio receiver,
Hollerith was used to process would become the basis of and a solid-state amplifier in
and tabulate census data in the television. 1927 by Oleg Losev.
United States.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electromechanical Age
> In 1928, Homer Dudley > Vannevar Bush and his > In 1939, the Hewlett-
developed the “vocoder”, a student Harold Locke Hazen Packard was founded:
process to compress the size of designed and built the David Packard and Bill
human speech into intelligible Differential Analyzer in 1931, Hewlett sold HP 200A
electronic transmissions and allowing complex differential Audio Oscillator, which
create synthetic speech by equations to be analyzed. rapidly became a popular
imitating the sounds of the human piece of test equipment
vocal cord. for engineers.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> In 1941, the Z3 Computer > The Atanasoff-Berry > The MIT built the Project
developed by Konrad Zuse was Computer by John Vincent Whirlwind in 1943, a flight
considered as the world’s first Atanasoff and Clifford Edward simulator to train bomber
working programmable, fully Berry was built in 1942: the crews.
automatic digital computer. ABC was an automatic,
electronic digital desktop
computer.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> The ENIAC (Electronic > The Colossus by Thomas > The Mark I in 1944,
Numerical Integrator and Harold Flowers, Sidney conceived by Howard Aiken
Computer), the first electronic Broadhurst, and W.T. Tutte, was and designed and built by
computer, was built by John the first electronic digital IBM, was a room-sized,
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert computing machine designed relay-based calculator.
in 1943 to perform complex successfully used during WWII
ballistic calculations for the US by the United Kingdom in 1943.
Army.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> John von Neumann wrote the > In 1946, the trackball was one > Howard Aiken completed
first draft of the report on the of the first computer input the Mark II computer in
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete devices to enable freeform 1947. In the same year, the
Variable Automatic Computer) cursor movement by the user, first actual case of bug was
in which he outlined the simultaneously over both the x- found.
architecture of a stored- axis and y-axis on a computer
program computer in 1945. screen.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> The first silicon transistor > In 1948, the IBM’s Selective > The Curta calculator,
was ever made and Sequence Electronic Calculator developed by Curt
manufactured by John (SSEC) computed scientific data Herzstark, is the most
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and used for plotting the course of elegant, compact, and
William Shockley in 1947. the 1969 Apollo flight to the functional pocket
moon. mechanical calculator ever
manufactured in 1948.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> In 1950, the Engineering > In 1951, the UNIVAC, was one > Microprogramming was born
Research Associates built the of the first computers in 1951 when Maurice Wilkes
ERA 1101, the first commercially produced and designed the CPU and ALU.
commercially produced perform calculations much faster
computer. It held 1 million bits than humans could enter them:
on its magnetic drum, the UNIVAC used metal tape
earliest magnetic storage technology.
devices.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> The automatic digit > The IBM 650 magnetic drum > The term Artificial
recognition system, also known calculator established itself as Intelligence (AI) was coined in
as Audrey, was developed by one of the first mass-produced 1955 by John McCarthy,
Bell Labs in 1952. computers in 1954. Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel
> In 1953, Jay Forrester Rochester, and Claude
installed magnetic core Shannon.
memory on the Whirlwind
computer.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> A new computer language > The first digital image was > The first interactive
developed by John Warner produced in 1957 by Russell computer game was
Backus in 1957, Fortran Kirsch. developed in 1962.
(Formula Translator), enabled > The Common Business > In 1964, the System/360
a computer to perform a Oriented Language (COBOL) of IBM was considered as
repetitive task from a single set was created in 1960. the first networked
of instructions by using loops. computer.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> The BASIC, an easy-to-learn > In 1969, the Unix Operating > Victor Scheinman’s
programming language created System was developed; it Stanford Arm made a
by Thomas Kurtz and John combined many of the breakthrough as the first
Kemeny in 1964, was the timesharing and file electrically power computer-
forerunner for the advanced management features. controlled robot arm in
programming languages in use 1969.
today.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> In 1971, the first email was > The Pong, the first modern > The Betamax, an analog
sent. Ray Tomlinson, who is video game, was released; it video cassette which
credited with being the one to was created by Al Alcorn in allowed the recording and
decide on the “@” sign for use 1972. playback of video, was
in email, sent his message > In 1975, Bill Gates and Paul developed by Sony and
over a military network called Allen formed a partnership called released in Japan in 1975.
ARPANET. Microsoft.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> In 1976, the Apple was born: > The Atari released the Video > Seagate Technology
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs Computer System (VCS) in created the first hard disk
designed the Apple I, a single- 1977, the first successful video drive for microcomputers in
board computer. game system, selling more than 1980, the ST506.
> The Video Home System 20 million units throughout the
(VHS) was developed in 1976 1980s.
by the JVC Company.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> The MS-DOS was released > Pixar, originally called the > In 1989, Maxis released
in 1981. Special Effects Computer Group, SimCity, the first ever
> The Apple Computer was founded in 1986. simulator game.
launched the Macintosh in > Robert Morris’ worm flooded > The World Wide Web was
1984, the first successful the ARPANET in 1988, the first born in 1990 when Tim
mouse-driven computer with a known computer virus. Berners-Lee developed the
graphical user interface. HTML.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> In 1990, the Microsoft > The first person shooter-style > In 1994, the Yahoo was
launched the Windows 3.0, the game, the Doom, was released founded by Jerry Yang and
first successful version of in 1993. The Mosaic web David Filo; Yahoo originally
Windows which finally offered browser, the first commercial resided in two machines,
good enough performance to software that allowed graphical Akebono and Konishiki, and
satisfy PC users. access to content on the became the internet’s most
internet, was also released. popular search engine then.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> During the Independence > In 1998, Larry Page and > USB flash drive was
Day in 1996 in the US, Sabeer Sergey Brin’s Google was patented in 2000.
Bhatia and Jack Smith successfully launched.
> The Wikipedia, an online
launched the Hotmail. > In 2000, Sony launched the encyclopedia developed by
> In 1998, Microsoft released PlayStation 2 or the PS2, the Jimmy Wales and Larry
the Windows 98. best selling console of all time. Sanger, was launched in
2001.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> The iTunes debuted in 2001; > The CAPTCHA (Completely > In 2004, the Facebook, a
the iTunes Store, a software- Automated Public Turing Test to social networking service,
based online digital media Tell Computer and Humans was successfully launched.
store operated by Apple, was Apart), a test program that
> In 2005, the YouTube
opened in 2003. distinguishes a human from a
was founded by Chad
bot, was developed in 2003.
Hurley, Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> Apple created the first > Microsoft launched Windows 7 > In 2012, George Church,
iPhone in 2007. in 2009, less than three years Yuan Gao, and Sriram
after the release of its Kosuri, announced that they
> Bitcoin, invented by Satoshi
predecessor, Windows Vista. had successfully stored
Nakamoto, was the first digital
currency to gain mainstream 5.27 megabits of digitized
use and demonstrate a information in strands of
practical application for DNA.
blockchain in 2008.

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Historical Development of ICT
Electronic Age
> In 2013, subscription > In 2014, data breaches > Pokemon GO was a
software were imposed; Adobe touched individuals on a scale watershed event for the
stopped selling copies of its not seen before, in terms of both computer game industry
tremendously popular the amount and the sensitivity of and for augmented reality.
Photoshop and Illustrator data that was stolen. AR was successfully
programs and instead started launched in the mainstream
to rent them. in 2016.

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Roles and Impacts
of Information and
Communication
Technology
 ▸ Education
▸ Sports and Entertainment
▸ Advertising, Trade and Industry
▸ Healthcare and Medicine
▸ Science and Engineering
▸ Government and Politics
▸ Communication and Transportation
▸ Job Opportunities
▸ Culture and the Arts
▸ Home

Roles of Information and Communication Technology

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 ▸ Access to information: Increase in access to
information and services that has accompanied the
growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects
of this increased access are better, and often
cheaper, communications, such as VoIP phone and
Instant Messaging.
▸ Improved access to education: e.g. distance
learning and online tutorials. Students can access
teaching materials from all over the world.
▸ New ways of learning: e.g. interactive multimedia
and virtual reality.

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology

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 ▸ New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to
new tools that did not previously exist such as digital
cameras, photo-editing software and high quality
printers, screen magnification or screen reading
software enables partially sighted or blind people to
work with ordinary text rather than Braille.
▸ Communication: Cost savings by using VoIP
instead of normal telephone, email/messaging
instead of post, video conferencing instead of
traveling to meetings, e-commerce web sites instead
of sales catalogues. Access to larger, even
worldwide, markets.

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology

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 ▸ Information management: Data mining of customer
information to produce lists for targeted advertising.
Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage,
better cash flow, etc.
▸ Security: ICT solves or reduces some security
problems, e.g. Encryption methods can keep data
safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being
stored or while it is being sent electronically.
▸ ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even
worldwide, society.

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology

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 ▸ ICT facilitates the ability to perform impossible
experiments by using simulations.
▸ Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples
would be systems analysts, programmers and
software engineers, as well as help desk operators
and trainers.

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology

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 ▸ Job loss: Manual operations being replaced by
automation, e.g. robots replacing people on an
assembly line. Data processing work being sent to
other countries where operating costs are lower.
Multiple workers being replaced by a smaller number
who are able to do the same amount of work.
▸ Reduced personal interaction: Most people need
some form of social interaction in their daily lives and
if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with
other people they may feel isolated and unhappy.

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology

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 ▸ Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health
problems such as obesity, heart disease, and
diabetes.
▸ Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is
expensive, both to purchase and to maintain. An ICT
system usually requires specialist staff to run it and
there is also the challenge of keeping up with ever-
changing technology.

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology

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 ▸ Competition: This is usually thought of as being a
good thing, but for some organizations being
exposed to greater competition can be a problem. If
the organization is competing for customers,
donations, or other means of funding nationally or
even internationally, they may lose out to other
organizations that can offer the same service for less
money.

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology

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Review on
Computer
Fundamentals
Computer
> Is an electronic device which is capable of
receiving information (data) in a particular form
and of performing a sequence of operations in
accordance with a predetermined but variable
set of procedural instructions (program) to
produce a result in the form of information or
signals.

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Computer Information
Processing Cycle
The computer The computer processes the data The computer produces a
accepts data by following set of instructions meaningful information

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

The computer saves the

data/information to its memory
for future use

STORAGE
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Data Information
▪ Data can be defined as a ▪ Information is organized or
representation of facts, classified data so that it has
concepts or instruction in a some meaningful values to the
formalized manner which receiver; it is the processed
should be suitable for data on which decisions and
communication, interpretation or actions are based.
processing by human or
electronic machine.

Data versus Information

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 Data vis-à-vis Information
Raw, unorganized Sorted Arranged

Presented visually Explained with a story Useful (Actionable)

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The Computer System
Role of people in the
development or use of
computer hardware or
software.

The physical parts or

components of a computer.

Instruction that directs a

computer's processor to
perform specific operations.
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Computer Hardware
▸ The collection of physical pieces, or components,
that make up a computer.
▸ Computer working principle:

Input System Output

Devices Unit Devices
Data are entered Data are then Data are finally
into a computer processed and stored displayed or produced
via input device. in a system unit. by the output device.

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Computer Hardware
▸ Hardware can be inside or outside the computer:
▪ The memory (CPU) and the internal hard drive are inside the computer.
▪ The keyboard, monitor, speakers, and printer are outside the computer
and are connected by cables or thru wireless connection.

Input Output Storage

Devices Devices Devices
• Keyboard • Monitor • Hard drive
• Mouse • Printer • Floppy disk
• Scanner • Speakers • CD/DVD/BD
• Webcam • Projector • Flash drive
• Joystick
• Microphone

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How is information stored?
▸ When user saves a file, the information is moved from RAM to a
storage device. The type of storage device depends on how
much space is needed. Music and video files require more
storage space than text.

Technology in Your Life 57

ROM vs RAM
▸ When a user uses a computer to perform any type of task,
he/she is using two types of memory.

Type of Memory What Does It Do? When Is It Used?

Read-only Stores permanent When you turn a

memory (ROM) information like telling computer on or off
the computer how to
start up
Random-access Stores temporary When you start and
memory (RAM) information when you use software
are working in a file

Technology in Your Life

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Computer Software
▸ Software is a set of instructions, also called a program or
application, that tells a computer how to perform tasks.

Operating Application Utility

System Software Software
• Makes the • Lets the users • Helps
computer run do the maintain the
and work. different tasks computer and
on the keeps it in
computer. good running
condition.

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Computer Software
▸ Operating System (OS) Software
▪ Microsoft Windows, MAC OS, Linux, handheld operating systems
▸ Application Software
▪ Office productivity tools, communication tools, video-making app
▸ Utility Software
▪ Antivirus and disk cleanup tools, compression tools, file
management systems, disk management tools, network manager,
disk defragmenters, recovery software, etc.

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Computer Software

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Generations of Computers
First Generation Computers (1940-1958)
> They used vacuum tubes.
> They used punch cards for input and output of data.
> They calculated data in milliseconds.
> They were very large in size but had small storage capacity.
> They were very slow in speed.
> They consumed a large amount of energy.

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Generations of Computers
Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)
> They were smaller in size than the first generation computers.
> They used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
> They used punch cards and magnetic tapes for input and output of data.
> They were faster, cheaper, and more efficient.
> They could calculate data in microseconds.
> They were costly and could be used only for specific purposes.

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Generations of Computers
Third Generation Computers (1964-1970)
> They used integrated circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
> They used keyboard for input of data and monitor for the output.
> They were smaller, faster, cheaper, and more efficient than the early
computers.
> They were made available to the general public.

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Generations of Computers
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present)
> They are more powerful and reliable than the previous generations of
computers.
> They use microprocessors.
> They use keyboard, mouse, scanner and so on of data; and monitor,
printer, speakers and so on for the output.
> They have high storage capacity.
> They are smaller, faster, and the cheapest among all the
generations.

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Generations of Computers
Fifth Generation Computers (Present-future)
> Use of super large-scale integrated chips.
> Use the concept and application of artificial intelligence (AI).
> Have the ability to recognize image and voice.
> Have the ability to solve complex problems including decision-making
and logical reasoning.

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Classifications of Computers
A. Based on Infrastructure

1. Analog Computers
> They are used to process continuous data, thus
they are computers that use an analog quantity and
produce analog values as output.
> They represent variables by physical quantities.
> They are very much speedy as they produce their
calculation results very fast; their results are
approximately correct.
> They are special purpose computers.

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Classifications of Computers
A. Based on Infrastructure

2. Digital Computers
> They represent physical quantities with the help
of digits or numbers; these numbers are used to
perform arithmetic calculations and make logical
decision to reach a conclusion, depending on the
data they receive from the user.

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Classifications of Computers
A. Based on Infrastructure

3. Hybrid Computers
> They posses both digital and analog characteristics
to work as a system; their system provides a good
precision that can be attained with analog computers
and the greater control that is possible with digital
computers.
> They are used extensively in process control
system where it is necessary to have a close
representation with the physical world.

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Classifications of Computers
B. Based on Performance and Capacity

1. Supercomputers
> They have the best processing speed and are
also the most expensive.
> They are considered to be the most powerful
computers.
> They are used for weather forecasting, nuclear
energy research, earthquake studies, space
research and so on.

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Classifications of Computers
B. Based on Performance and Capacity

2. Mainframe Computers
> Can process data at a very high speed.
> They are quite expensive.
> They can be used by more than hundred users at
a time.

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Classifications of Computers
B. Based on Performance and Capacity

3. Minicomputers
> Less advanced as compared to the mainframe
computers in terms of speed and storage capacity.
> They are also less expensive than the mainframe
computers.
> They are used by small businesses and firms.

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Classifications of Computers
B. Based on Performance and Capacity

4. Microcomputers
> Small in size and less expensive.
> They are also called as personal computers as they
are designed for personal use.
> They are specially designed for general use like
entertainment, education, and office work.

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Classifications of Computers
Number of
Type of Typical
User at One Size
Computer User/Purpose
Time
Used by individuals
Microcomputer/ Fits on a desk, for organizing
Personal One on a lap, or in information, creating
computer a hand products, and
entertainment
Used by small to
Several to Occupies part medium-sized
Minicomputer
hundreds of a room organizations, such
as schools
Mainframe Used by large
computer and Thousands Room-sized corporations and
supercomputer government agencies
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Characteristics of a
Computer
Accuracy Speed Diligence
It never gives wrong result if the It can perform huge calculations It does not get tired or bored like
input and instructions are very quickly. humans; it can work for hours
correct. doing the same job.

High Storage Versatility Multitasking

It can store a large amount of It can perform different tasks, so It can do multiple things at the
data and information for future it is used at different places for same time.
use which can be retrieved different kinds of work.
easily.

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Limitations of a
Computer
▸ It does not work on its own but requires a set of instructions.
▸ It needs to be instructed about each and every step it has to perform.
▸ It cannot take decisions on its own.
▸ It has no emotions.
▸ Portable devices such as laptops, PDAs and mobile phones are limited by their
battery life.
▸ Some portable devices are heavy while smaller devices have very small screens
and keyboards which can cause difficulties for some people.
▸ Large files or data will take a long time to transfer due to low bandwidth.

76
Powers of Computers
The following list describes some of the applications of computers:
▸ In offices and homes for preparing documents and to perform other data
processing jobs.
▸ To prepare salary slips and salary cheques in office and factories.
▸ To maintain accounts and transfer funds in banks.
▸ To store and retrieve large amount of information.
▸ To send and receive messages through electronic mail or fax.
▸ To search and retrieve information from other computers.
▸ To reserve tickets in the transportation sectors, e.g. airlines, railways, etc.

77
Powers of Computers
▸ To regulate traffic lights on roads and to control machines and robots in the
factories.
▸ To design automobiles, buildings and other infrastructures.
▸ To forecast weather and other natural phenomena.
▸ To create animation/cartoon movies, and compose music.

78
Computer Number
Systems and Data
Interpretation
How does the computer work?
The “brain” of a computer is the central processing unit. When the CPU
receives and carries out an instruction, it has completed one cycle.

Computer’s speed = number of cycles completed in one second

Cycles are measured in:

▪ Megahertz (MHz) = millions of cycles per second
▪ Gigahertz (GHz) = billions of cycles per second
Computer Number System
Digital Representation
▸ Within a computer, information is represented and stored in a
digital binary format.
▸ The term bit is an abbreviation of “binary digit” and represents the
smallest part of data.
▸ A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a zero
digit (0).

81
Computer Number System
Digital Representation
▸ Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters,
numbers and special characters with bits.
▸ A commonly used code is the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII).
▪ With ASCII, each character is represented by a string of bits.
Capital letter A …… 01000001
Number 9 …… 00001001
Special Character # …… 00100011

82
Computer Number System
Digital Representation
▸ Each group of eight (8) bits, such as the representations of letters
and numbers, is known as a byte.
▸ Codes can be used to represent almost any type of information
digitally such as computer data, graphics, photos, voice, video,
music, etc.

83
Bits, Bytes and Nibbles
Bits and bytes are small pieces of computerized data that communicate
commands to a computer’s CPU:
▪ A bit is either a 1 or a 0 (binary digits).
▪ A byte contains eight bits.

Bit is the smallest unit of computerized data. While byte is the building
block of all information that flows through a computer.

▪ Each letter in the English language is represented by one byte.

▪ A group of four (4) bits is called nibble.
▪ A word is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit which
varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer.
Bits, Bytes and Nibbles

Bits (b) …... 10010110

Most Least
significant bit significant bit

Byte

Bytes (B) and Nibbles (N) …... 10010110

Nibble

CBEF9AD7
Most significant Least significant
byte byte
Computer Number System
Data Storage Calculation
▸ While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic
unit of digital storage is the byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest
unit of measure (UOM) used to represent data storage capacity.
▸ When referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes (B),
kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB),
and so on.
▸ One kilobyte (1KB) is a little more than one thousand bytes,
specifically 1,024.

86
How big is a terabyte?
Common storage units:
▪ Kilobyte (KB) = 1,000 bytes (1,024)
▪ Megabyte (MB) = 1,000 KB or 1 million bytes (1,048,576)
▪ Gigabyte (GB) = 1,000 MB or 1 billion bytes (1,073,741,824)
▪ Terabyte (TB) = 1,000 GB or 1 trillion bytes (1,099,511,627,776)

▪ Kilobit (Kb) = 1,000 bits

▪ Megabit (Mb) = 1,000 Kb or 1 million bits
▪ Gigabit (Gb) = 1,000 Mb or 1 billion bits
▪ Terabit (Tb) = 1,000 Gb or 1 trillion bits
Computer Number System
Data Storage Calculation
▸ In general, when something is represented digitally, the greater the
detail, the greater the number of bits needed to represent it.
▸ Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes are typically used to
measure the size or storage capacity of a device.

88
Sample Problems
1. If a 25KB file is stored in a 1MB folder, approximately how many
files can be stored in that folder?
2. How many 90KB mpeg files can be stored on a 1TB folder in your
external hard drive?
3. Digong bought a new USB flash drive with a storage capacity of
8GB. How many 250MB avi files can be stored on it?
4. Leni wanted to transfer her favorite playlist to her 4GB thumb drive.
How many 6MB mp3 files can be stored on it?
5. How many 12,675MB document files can be stored in a 50GB dual-
layer BD?

89
Problem No. 1
If a 25KB file is stored in a 1MB folder, approximately how many
folders can be stored in that folder?

Solution: A file is 25KB in size

1KB = 1,024B 25 x 1,024B = 25,600B
1MB = 1,048,576 bytes in space

1,048,576B / 25,600B = 40.96

Answer: ~41 files can be stored in that folder

90
Problem No. 2
How many 90KB mpeg files can be stored on a 1TB folder in your
external hard drive?

Solution: 1KB = 1,024B 90 x 1,024B = 92,160B

1TB = 1,099,511,627,776B

1,099,511,627,776B / 92,160B = 11,930,464.71

Answer: ~11,930,465 mpeg files

91
Problem No. 3
Digong bought a new USB flash drive with a storage capacity of 8GB.
How many 250MB avi files can be stored on it?

Solution: 1MB = 1,048,576B

250MB x 1,048,576B = 262,144,000B
1GB = 1,073,741,824B 8 x 1,073,741,824B = 8,589,934,592B

8,589,934,592B / 262,144,000B = 32.77

Answer: ~33 avi files

92
Computer Number System
▸ Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the
computer system architecture.
▸ Every value that you are saving or getting into/from computer
memory has a defined number system.
▸ Computer architecture supports following number systems.
▪ Binary number system
▪ Decimal number system
▪ Octal number system
▪ Hexadecimal number system

93
Computer Number System
▸ Binary Number System
▪ Has only two digits that are 0 and 1, hence, every number (value)
represents with 0 and 1.
▪ The base is 2 since it has only two digits.

94
Binary Number System

1101.01

1 1 0 1 . 0
Byte 1

Most Bit Binary Least

significant point significant
bit bit
First 15 Binary Numbers
Table of Values for the

The key advantage of the use

of binary notation is in digital
computers, where a binary
digit may be implemented by
an “on-off switch”.

96
Computer Number System
▸ Octal Number System
▪ Has only eight digits from 0 to 7, hence, every number (value)
represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
▪ The base is 8 since it has only eight digits.

97
Computer Number System
▸ Decimal Number System
▪ Has only 10 digits from 0 to 9, hence, every number (value)
represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
▪ The base is 10 since it has only 10 digits.

98
Decimal Number Quantity
(Positional Number)

6994
6 9 9 4
0
4 x 10 = 4
1
9 x 10 = 90
2
9 x 10 = 900
3
6 x 10 = 6000

6000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 6994

Computer Number System
▸ Hexadecimal Number System
▪ Has 16 alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F.
▪ Every number (value) represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,
C, D, E, and F.
▪ The base is 16 because it has 16 alphanumeric values.
▪ Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14, and F is 15.

100
Computer Number System
Used Digits
Number System Base (Radix) Example
(Values)

Binary 2 0, 1 111010012

Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 6948

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Decimal 10 8, 9
2010

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
Hexadecimal 16 9, A, B, C, D, E, F F016

101
 Table of Comparison
Computer Number System

102
Number System Conversion
A. Binary to Octal
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
110010002 = 11 001 100 Group binary digits into sets of 3,
starting with the least significant.
011 001 100 Pad the most significant digits
with zero/s if necessary to
complete a group of three.
B 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0110011002 = 3148

103
Convert!
Binary to Octal

1.1110112
2.10011102
3.1101010012

104
Number System Conversion
B. Binary to Decimal

1 0 1 0
0
0x2 = 0x1=0
1
1x2 = 1x2=2
2
0x2 = 0x4=0
3
1x2 = 1x8=8
2 + 8 = 1010
105
Convert!
Binary to Decimal

1.110012
2.1001112
3.110110012

106
Number System Conversion
C. Binary to Hexadecimal
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
110010012 = 1100 1001 Group binary digits into sets of 4,
starting with the least significant.
B 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Note: Pad the most significant
digits with zero/s if necessary to
H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 complete a group of four.
B 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

H 8 9 A B C D E F 110010012 = C916

107
Convert!
Binary to Hexadecimal

1.100102
2.1110011011112
3.1001010000010112

108
Number System Conversion
D. Decimal to Binary
The decimal number is 2810. ▸ Divide the decimal number by the
base of binary system.
Base
Decimal
Result Remainder ▸ Write the remainder from the first
Number
step as a least significant bit to
2 28 14 0 LSB the last step as a most significant
2 14 7 0 bit.

2 7 3 1 ▸ To get the converted answer, the

generated remainders have to be
2 3 1 1 rearranged in the reverse order.
2 1 0 1 MSB
2810 = 111002
109
Convert!
Decimal to Binary

1.1510
2.47310
3.9069410

110
Number System Conversion
E. Decimal to Octal
The decimal number is 35010. ▸ Divide the decimal number by the
base of octal system.
Base
Decimal
Result Remainder ▸ Get the integer quotient for the next
Number
iteration. Get the remainder for the
8 350 43 6 octal digit.
8 43 5 3 ▸ Repeat the steps until the quotient is
5 equal to 0.

35010 = 5368
111
Number System Conversion
E. Decimal to Octal
The decimal number is 2807510.
Decimal
Base Result Remainder
Number

8 28075 3509 3
8 3509 438 5
8 438 54 6
8 54 6 6
6 6 2807510 = 666538

112
Number System Conversion
E. Decimal to Octal (Long Method)
The decimal number is 6910.
Decimal ▸ Convert the decimal number to
Base Result Remainder
Number another system, i.e. binary or
2 69 34 1 LSB hexadecimal.
2 34 17 0 ▸ Finally convert it to octal.
2 17 8 1
2 8 4 0
2 4 2 0 6910 = 10001012
2 2 1 0
2 1 0 1 MSB
113
Number System Conversion
E. Decimal to Octal (Long Method)
The decimal number is 6910.

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 001 000 101

B 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

6910 = 1058
O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

114
Convert!
Decimal to Octal

1.2310
2.64710
3.1008610

115
Number System Conversion
F. Decimal to Hexadecimal
▸ Divide the decimal number by the base
The decimal number is 362110. of hexadecimal system.
▸ Get the integer quotient for the next
Decimal
Base
Number
Result Remainder iteration. Get the remainder for the
hexadecimal digit.
16 3621 226 5
▸ Repeat the steps until the quotient is
16 226 14 2 equal to 0.
14 E D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14 = E H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
362110 = E2516 H 8 9 A B C D E F
116
Number System Conversion
F. Decimal to Hexadecimal
▸ Divide the decimal number by the base
The decimal number is 72510. of hexadecimal system.
▸ Get the integer quotient for the next
Decimal
Base
Number
Result Remainder iteration. Get the remainder for the
hexadecimal digit.
16 725 45 5
▸ Repeat the steps until the quotient is
16 45 2 13 equal to 0.
2 0 2 D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
13 = D H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
72510 = 2D516 H 8 9 A B C D E F
117
Number System Conversion
F. Decimal to Hexadecimal (Long Method)
The decimal number is 1310.
Decimal ▸ Convert the decimal number to
Base Result Remainder
Number another system, i.e. binary or
2 13 6 1 LSB hexadecimal.
2 6 3 0 ▸ Finally convert it to octal.
2 3 1 1
2 1 0 1 MSB
1310 = 11012

118
Number System Conversion
F. Decimal to Hexadecimal (Long Method)
The decimal number is 1310.

1 1 0 1 1101

B 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1310 = D16

B 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

H 8 9 A B C D E F
119
Convert!
Decimal to Hexadecimal

1.77710
2.109310
3.422110

120
Number System Conversion
G. Octal to Binary
The octal number is 320648.
▸ Simply look up each octal digit
B 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
to obtain the equivalent group
O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 of three binary digits.

320648 = 0110100001101002

121
Convert!
Octal to Binary

1.748
2.15248
3.36201108

122
Number System Conversion
H. Octal to Hexadecimal
The octal number is 2618.
▸ When converting from octal to
B 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
hexadecimal, it is often easier
O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to first convert the octal number
into binary, and then from
binary into hexadecimal.
2618 = 0101100012

123
Number System Conversion
H. Octal to Hexadecimal
The octal number is 2618 = 0101100012. ▸ Drop any leading zeros or pad
with leading to get groups of four
0101100012. 1011 0001 binary digits (bits).
▸ Look up the groups in the table to
B 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
convert to hexadecimal digits.
H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

2618 = B116
H 8 9 A B C D E F

124
Convert!
Octal to Hexadecimal

1.4568
2.1068
3.24238

125
Number System Conversion
I. Octal to Decimal (Conventional Method)
The octal number is 1028.
▸ The conversion can be performed in the conventional mathematical way by
showing each digit place as an increasing power of 8.

2 1 0
1028 = (1 x 8 ) + (0 x 8 ) + (2 x 8 )
1028 = (1 x 64) + (0 x 8) + (2 x 1)
1028 = 64 + 0 + 2
1028 = 6610

126
Number System Conversion
I. Octal to Decimal (Short-cut method)
The octal number is 5258.

Decimal Decimal
▸ Start the decimal result at 0.
Operation Operation
Result Result
▸ Remove the most significant
5 8 40 octal digit and add it to the result.
2 42 8 336 ▸ Stop if all octal digits have been
removed, otherwise, multiply the
5 341 Done!
result by 8.
▸ Go to second step.
5258 = 34110

127
Convert!
Octal to Decimal

1.728
2.13448
3.621058

128
Number System Conversion
J. Hexadecimal to Binary
B48EA16 B = 1011, 4 = 0100 ▸ Simply look up each hexadecimal
8 = 1000, E = 1110 digit to obtain the equivalent
A = 1010. group of four binary digits.

00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11
B 00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 B 00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11

H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H 8 9 A B C D E F

B48EA16 = 101101001000111010102

129
Convert!
Hexadecimal to Binary

1.9B316
2.DF1C16
3.5E60A16

130
Number System Conversion
K. Hexadecimal to Decimal
2BF16 B = 11, F = 15 ▸ The conversion can be
performed by showing each
2 1
2BF16 = (2 x 16 ) + (11 x 16 ) + (15 x 16 )
0 digit place as an increasing
power of 16.
2BF16 = (2 x 256) + (11 x 16) + (15 x 1)
2BF16 = 512 + 176 + 15
2BF16 = 70310

131
Convert!
Hexadecimal to Decimal

1.304B16
2.DC28A16
3.F1DEE516

132
Number System Conversion
L. Hexadecimal to Octal
The hexadecimal number is 6F16. ▸ Two-process conversion may
be followed by converting the
hexadecimal values to its
B 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
equivalent binary digits, and
H 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 then from binary digits into
octal values.
B 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

H 8 9 A B C D E F

6F16 = 011011112
133
Number System Conversion
L. Hexadecimal to Octal
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
011011112 = 01 101 111 Group binary digits into sets of 3,
starting with the least significant.
001 101 111 Pad the most significant digits
with zero/s if necessary to
complete a group of three.
B 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0011011112 = 1578
O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6F16 = 0011011112 = 1578

134
Convert!
Hexadecimal to Octal

1.F6916
2.1AA116
3.DC73C16

135