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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

- Quali - region, sex etc


- Quanti nabibilang, measurement, percentage etc.
- Numerical research

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH


Contains measurable variables - AGE, ECONOMICAL STATUS, GRADE
Utilizes standardized measurement - POLL, SURVEY, TEST
Presents numerical data - TABLES, GRAPHS, FIGURES

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH VS. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

RL - Related LIterature RS - Related Studies


STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Reliable - because of the objectivity of the questions.
2. Feasible - because of the short time frame for administering the survey.
3. Effortless to Interpret Data - because of numerical tables and graphs.

WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH


1. No human perception and beliefs - Because of the objectivity of the questions
2. No depth of immersion - Because of the short time frame for administering the survey
3. Less Texts - Because of numerical tables and graphs.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Descriptive - Observational // Variables are not
Controlled // Describes "what is" // hindi patanong parang sa conceptual framework
EX. Hindrances in studying Korean Language as a second language. // Students’ preference on
the “new normal” in education system // An analysis on smart-shaming based on peer-pressure
influences.

2. CORRELATION
- Observes relationship among variables // Variables are not Controlled // You are trying to find
the connection
- CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION A study may prove that the consumption of peanut
butter sandwich and student performance in Mathematics is correlated, but does the
consumption of peanut butter sandwich really affect student performance in Mathematics?
Ex. The cultural relevance of Spanish colonization to Filipino cuisine. // The relationship
between intelligence and self-esteem. // Link between urbanization and economic growth.

3. Quasi- Experimental - Test of causality // Independent Variable is controlled.


EX.

4. Experimental - Test of causality // Dependent and Independent Variables are controlled.


EX. The domino effect between social promotion and quality in education in the Philippines.

SMELL TRENDS
- Having a sharp nose in the existence of certain issues socially, politically, economically,
environmentally and morally is an A-plus.
Example: Satisfaction, Public/Social Survey
Awareness and Satisfaction Level of Filipinos towards the Government's Action in Combating
Pandemic Crisis
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- is presumed as cause // can easily stand // fixed or unchange

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- is presumed as effect // cannot stand alone // changeable

VARIABLES
- characteristics that are being studied

QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
- represent differences in quality, character, or kind but not in amount. // hindi nabibilang
ex: non-numeric variables

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
- are numerical and can be ordered or ranked. // nabibilang // as long na may numbers
ex: age, height, weight, temperature etc.

DISCRETE VARIABLES
- cannot be divided into fraction or decimal // has limited number of distinct values // Finite which
means may clear ending and beggining
ex: sex, blood type, number of children in the family
● NOMINAL
- no quantitative value // does not imply order // the order is not
Important // random data // hindi kailangan ng organization of data
ex: eye color, religion, sex, address

● ORDINAL
- with categories and can be ranked // can be arranged to highest to lowest or vice versa.
ex: salary grade, social classes, satisfaction level, sematic scale, liker scale

CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
- takes infinite number on the value can be divided into fractions or decimal // nabibilang siya but
it will took a lot of time para mabilang lahat kasi nga infinite
ex: age, height, weight, temperature, hours
● INTERVAL
- do not consider the value of zero // pwede siyang mag negative
ex: temperature, age

● RATIO
- has clear definition of zero and has meaning // it has bounderies and its meaning
ex: height, weight, distance
RESEARCH TITLE
- Encapsulates and summarizes the entire study

SUBTITLE - Provides witty context Adds literary substance // optional


WORKING TITLE - temporary or not final
FINAL TITLE - for the result of the trial and error title

A good title should have the following properties:


● It needs to be specific in nature,
● It should tell the naturemof the subject,
● It needs to be attractive and interesting to catch the reader's attention

STANDARDS IN WRITING THE TITLE


- The title must be concise. It contains only the words enough to hint the content of the
research
- The title must be stated in declarative form.

4 PARTS OF GOOD RESEARCH PAPER


● PURPOSE
- We should know what kind of research it is to identify the objective of a research.
● VARIABLES
- This are the characteristics of a research
● RESPONDENTS
- These are the people who will answer the research
● DECLARATIVE
- It must be not pa questions
SOP - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- It is considered as the heart of any research paper. If theres no statement thedre will be no
research paper // ito yung objectives and goals
- It should ask about a relationship between two or more variables.
- It should be stated clearly, unambiguously, and usually in question form.
- It should be possible to collect data to answer the question asked.
- It should not represent a moral or ethical position.
GOOD SOP

The Statement of the Problem should be aligned with the concepual framework and the
Research title.
TITLE - BODY
SOP - HEART
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - BACKBONE

HYPOTHESIS
- conjectural means assumption // The hypothesis is the main argument or idea that study has
endeavored to test.

NULL HYPOTHESIS
- negative in nature or no correlation // known as the hypothesis of no correlation // it's purpose
is to be rejected

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
- It agree with the research. Its purpose is it was trying to tell us that there is an effect

CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- kind of theory that we use to support our research
- The theoretical framework underpins the present study with a cognitive structure that the study
intends to verify or support.
- can be explained using the SEC approach: State the theory, Explain the theory, and
Contextualize the theory to the problem of the present study.
- is only available for qualitative research and mixed methods, since these methods of inquiry
serve to verify a present theoretical construct.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- Visual illustration of our study
- a conceptual framework is the visualized construct of the present study. It describes the
relationships that the present study seeks to establish.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

IPO MODEL
- you are aiming for a result and outcome
- The input consists the profile of the respondents and the factors connected with the
dependent and independent variables of the research.
- The process involves the questionnaires used, observations conducted, the data gathering
procedures, and the statistical treatment of data.
- The output refers to the action taken after interpreting the results of the study.

IV-DV MODEL
- We are illustrating the interaction between the variables
- If we want to test the interaction between variables, we need to identify the independent
variable/s and the dependent variable/s.
- If terms such as impact, effect,influence, etc. are used, we are therefore looking for causality.
This requires the use of Regression Analysis. The IV-DV framework in this case uses the
single-headed arrow pointing to the dependent variable/s.
- When the term relationship is used, we are simply looking for association. This requires the
use of Correlation. The IV-DV framework in this case uses the double-headed arrow that points
toward both the IV/s and the DV/s.

Introduction of a Research Paper


- An introduction is the initial part of a research paper and the part that a reader is likely
to read first (at least when focusing deeply and reading it in detail). Hence, definitions,
notions, and other information required for understanding the paper are presented/listed
here.

TECHNIQUES IN WRITING THE INTRODUCTION


SMART SHAMING - ex. “Ikaw na ang matalino!” “Wow, deep!”

ETYMOLOGY - discussion of an origin


COMPARE AND CONTRAST

HISTORICAL NARRATIVE

DATA RESULT
DEFINITION

AUTHORITY

DROPPING OF VARIABLES - ex. SOCIAL NETWORK AND VOCABULARY

THE TIOC PATTERN


- T.I.O.C. stands for Trends, Issues, Objectives and Contribution. This is where you
are free to put the background for your study to highlight the TRENDS in the field,
unsolved ISSUES within the topic, OBJECTIVES you’d like to achieve, and
CONTRIBUTION you would like to make as you finish the investigation.

1. TRENDS - These are the topics that are relevant to our current time line
- Geographic- trends within a group that is defined by their geographic location ex.
inflation
- Temporal - trends over a specific period of time. Ex climate change
- Intuitive - trends based on demographic and behavioral patterns
Ex. As the world adjusted to the so called ‘ new normal’ which consists of lockdown,
social distancing, and other health protocols, educational institutions migrated to the
readily-available technology. Schools adopted synchronous and asynchronous platforms
done through computer and Internet hard wares and soft wares.

2. ISSUES - deals on difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that you will aim to
address in your research through RL and RS.
Ex. The transition to online learning, where learners, teachers, and even academic
institutions were caught unprepared, caused emotional anxiety and mental anguish.
Online learning is ideal to pursue education, however the continuous lockdown and
quarantine since 2020, which run for more than a year already, bore effects on the
lifestyles and mental health of people of varying ages.

3. OBJECTIVE AND CONTRIBUTION - bridging the gap of the existing problem to the
research topic and the essence or importance in writing the study
Ex. Hence, this study hoped to determine the effect of online learning on the mental
health of SHS Learners.

DO'S AND DON'TS IN WRITING

SIGNIFICANCE IF THE STUDY


- In other words we will explain the research questions // don’t write the future researchers
- This explains why your study is needed.
- This also justifies the importance of your work and the impact it may have on the field that you
are studying.
- Further stresses the importance of the study by emphasizing the specific sectors of society
that would benefit from the present study.

WHAT SHOULD WE INCLUDE IN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY?


- We need to state the reason or the people who can benefit from the research
1. Aim of your research
2. The beneficiary or the people
DEFINITION OF TERMS
- provide clarification of technical terms used in the present study.
- We will defining or including the jardon
- This component is only used for quantitative researches and mixed method researches when
needed

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE WORDS USED IN A RESEARCH


STUDY?
- to avoid confusion to the readers.

2 WAYS
CONCEPTUAL
- This refer to the definition that can be taken to the dictionaries and other written materials
- What the term is definedwith in the research literature

OPERATIONAL
- Assigning meaning to a construct or variable by specifying the. activities or ' operations'
necessary to measure it.
- About the action and activity tajen from your term

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION


- The function is to narrow down about it subject research
- These are choices made and set by the researchers.
- These are the extent to which an idea will be explored that explains the parameters on how the
research will be operating.

DELIMITATION
- We are stating the boundaries or limit of the study
- It was placed in chapter 1.
- What is the general purpose of the study? // Who will be the respondents? // When will the
investigation start and end? // Where is the locale of the study?
- Limitations must be declared for all variables present in the study.

LIMITATION
- The challenges that you experience doing your research.
- identifies the potential weaknesses of the study
- these are the shortcomings or conditions that the researcher cannot control
- mentioned in the Chapter 5

HOW WILL YOU BE ABLE TO AVOID HAVING AN IRRELEVANT RESEARCH PAPER?


- You should always keep the society in mind
- Irrelevant or unimportant in other words this research has no direction

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