Data Warehousing and Data Mining

By: Dr. Hiteshwar Kumar Azad

SCOPE

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 1

 Introduction

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 2

 Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology
for Data Mining

◼ What is a data warehouse?

◼ A multi-dimensional data model

◼ Data warehouse architecture

◼ Data warehouse implementation

◼ Further development of data cube technology

◼ From data warehousing to data mining

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 3

 What is Data Warehouse?

◼ Defined in many different ways, but not rigorously.

◼ A decision support database that is maintained
separately from the organization’s operational
database
◼ Support information processing by providing a solid
platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.
◼ “A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated,
time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support
of management’s decision-making process.”—W. H.
Inmon
◼ Data warehousing:
◼ The process of constructing and using data
warehouses
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 4
 Data Warehouse—Subject-Oriented

◼ Organized around major subjects, such as customer,

product, sales.
◼ Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for
decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction
processing.
◼ Provide a simple and concise view around particular
subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in
the decision support process.

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 5

 Data Warehouse—Integrated
◼ Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous
data sources
◼ relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction
records
◼ Data cleaning and data integration techniques are
applied.
◼ Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding
structures, attribute measures, etc. among different
data sources
◼ E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered, etc.
◼ When data is moved to the warehouse, it is
converted.

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 6

 Data Warehouse—Time Variant

◼ The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly

longer than that of operational systems.
◼ Operational database: current value data.
◼ Data warehouse data: provide information from a
historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)
◼ Every key structure in the data warehouse
◼ Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly
◼ But the key of operational data may or may not
contain “time element”.

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 7

 Data Warehouse—Non-Volatile

◼ A physically separate store of data transformed from the

operational environment.
◼ Operational update of data does not occur in the data
warehouse environment.
◼ Does not require transaction processing, recovery,
and concurrency control mechanisms
◼ Requires only two operations in data accessing:
◼ initial loading of data and access of data.

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 8

 Data Warehouse vs. Heterogeneous DBMS

◼ Traditional heterogeneous DB integration:

◼ Build wrappers/mediators on top of heterogeneous databases
◼ Query driven approach
◼ When a query is posed to a client site, a meta-dictionary is
used to translate the query into queries appropriate for
individual heterogeneous sites involved, and the results are
integrated into a global answer set
◼ Complex information filtering, compete for resources
◼ Data warehouse: update-driven, high performance
◼ Information from heterogeneous sources is integrated in advance
and stored in warehouses for direct query and analysis

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 9

 Data Warehouse vs. Operational DBMS
◼ OLTP (on-line transaction processing)
◼ Major task of traditional relational DBMS
◼ Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking,
manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc.
◼ OLAP (on-line analytical processing)
◼ Major task of data warehouse system
◼ Data analysis and decision making
◼ Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP):
◼ User and system orientation: customer vs. market
◼ Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical, consolidated
◼ Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject
◼ View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated
◼ Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex queries
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 10
 OLTP vs. OLAP
OLTP OLAP
users clerk, IT professional knowledge worker
function day to day operations decision support
DB design application-oriented subject-oriented
data current, up-to-date historical,
detailed, flat relational summarized, multidimensional
isolated integrated, consolidated
usage repetitive ad-hoc
access read/write lots of scans
index/hash on prim. key
unit of work short, simple transaction complex query
# records accessed tens millions
#users thousands hundreds
DB size 100MB-GB 100GB-TB
metric transaction throughput query throughput, response

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 11

 Why Separate Data Warehouse?
◼ High performance for both systems
◼ DBMS— tuned for OLTP: access methods, indexing,
concurrency control, recovery
◼ Warehouse—tuned for OLAP: complex OLAP queries,
multidimensional view, consolidation.
◼ Different functions and different data:
◼ missing data: Decision support requires historical data
which operational DBs do not typically maintain
◼ data consolidation: DS requires consolidation
(aggregation, summarization) of data from
heterogeneous sources
◼ data quality: different sources typically use
inconsistent data representations, codes and formats
which have to be reconciled
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 12
 Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology for
Data Mining

◼ What is a data warehouse?

◼ A multi-dimensional data model

◼ Data warehouse architecture

◼ Data warehouse implementation

◼ Further development of data cube technology

◼ From data warehousing to data mining

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 13

 From Tables and Spreadsheets
to Data Cubes

◼ A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data model which

views data in the form of a data cube
◼ A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and viewed
in multiple dimensions
◼ Dimension tables, such as item (item_name, brand, type), or
time(day, week, month, quarter, year)
◼ Fact table contains measures (such as dollars_sold) and keys to
each of the related dimension tables
◼ In data warehousing literature, an n-D base cube is called a base
cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the highest-level of
summarization, is called the apex cuboid. The lattice of cuboids
forms a data cube.
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 14
 Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids

all
0-D(apex) cuboid

time item location supplier

1-D cuboids

time,item time,location item,location location,supplier

2-D cuboids
time,supplier item,supplier

time,location,supplier
time,item,location 3-D cuboids
time,item,supplier item,location,supplier

4-D(base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 15
 Conceptual Modeling of
Data Warehouses
◼ Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures
◼ Star schema: A fact table in the middle connected to a
set of dimension tables
◼ Snowflake schema: A refinement of star schema
where some dimensional hierarchy is normalized into a
set of smaller dimension tables, forming a shape
similar to snowflake
◼ Fact constellations: Multiple fact tables share
dimension tables, viewed as a collection of stars,
therefore called galaxy schema or fact constellation
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 16
 Example of Star Schema
time
time_key item
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name
month brand
quarter time_key type
year supplier_type
item_key
branch_key
branch location
location_key
branch_key location_key
branch_name units_sold street
branch_type city
dollars_sold province_or_street
country
avg_sales
Measures

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 17

 Example of Snowflake Schema
time
time_key item
day item_key supplier
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name supplier_key
month brand supplier_type
quarter time_key type
year item_key supplier_key

branch_key
branch location
location_key
location_key
branch_key
units_sold street
branch_name
city_key city
branch_type
dollars_sold
city_key
avg_sales city
province_or_street
Measures country

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 18

 Snowflake

Snowflake enables data storage, processing, and analytic solutions that are faster, easier to
use, and far more flexible than traditional offerings.

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 19

 Example of Fact Constellation
time
time_key item Shipping Fact Table
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name time_key
month brand
quarter time_key type item_key
year supplier_type shipper_key
item_key
branch_key from_location

branch location_key location to_location

branch_key location_key dollars_cost
branch_name
units_sold
street
branch_type dollars_sold city units_shipped
province_or_street
avg_sales country shipper
Measures shipper_key
shipper_name
location_key
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques shipper_type 20
 A Data Mining Query Language,
DMQL: Language Primitives
◼ Cube Definition (Fact Table)
define cube <cube_name> [<dimension_list>]:
<measure_list>
◼ Dimension Definition ( Dimension Table )
define dimension <dimension_name> as
(<attribute_or_subdimension_list>)
◼ Special Case (Shared Dimension Tables)
◼ First time as “cube definition”

◼ define dimension <dimension_name> as

<dimension_name_first_time> in cube
<cube_name_first_time>

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 21

 Defining a Star Schema in DMQL

define cube sales_star [time, item, branch, location]:

dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week,
month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand,
type, supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city,
province_or_state, country)

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 22

 Defining a Snowflake Schema in DMQL

define cube sales_snowflake [time, item, branch, location]:

dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week,
month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type,
supplier(supplier_key, supplier_type))
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name,
branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street,
city(city_key, province_or_state, country))
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 23
 Defining a Fact Constellation in DMQL

define cube sales [time, item, branch, location]:

dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales =
avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week, month, quarter, year)
define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type, supplier_type)
define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name, branch_type)
define dimension location as (location_key, street, city, province_or_state,
country)
define cube shipping [time, item, shipper, from_location, to_location]:
dollar_cost = sum(cost_in_dollars), unit_shipped = count(*)
define dimension time as time in cube sales
define dimension item as item in cube sales
define dimension shipper as (shipper_key, shipper_name, location as location
in cube sales, shipper_type)
define dimension from_location as location in cube sales
define dimension to_location as location in cube sales

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 24

 Measures: Three Categories
◼ distributive: if the result derived by applying the function
to n aggregate values is the same as that derived by
applying the function on all the data without partitioning.
◼ E.g., count(), sum(), min(), max().
◼ algebraic: if it can be computed by an algebraic function
with M arguments (where M is a bounded integer), each
of which is obtained by applying a distributive aggregate
function.
◼ E.g., avg(), min_N(), standard_deviation().
◼ holistic: if there is no constant bound on the storage size
needed to describe a subaggregate.
◼ E.g., median(), mode(), rank().
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 25
 A Concept Hierarchy: Dimension (location)

all all

region Europe ... North_America

country Germany ... Spain Canada ... Mexico

city Frankfurt ... Vancouver ... Toronto

office L. Chan ... M. Wind

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 26

 View of Warehouses and Hierarchies

Specification of hierarchies
◼ Schema hierarchy
day < {month <
quarter; week} < year
◼ Set_grouping hierarchy
{1..10} < inexpensive

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 27

 Multidimensional Data
◼ Sales volume as a function of product, month,
and region
Dimensions: Product, Location, Time
Hierarchical summarization paths

Industry Region Year

Category Country Quarter

Product

Product City Month Week

Office Day

Month
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 28
 A Sample Data Cube
Total annual sales
Date of TV in U.S.A.
1Qtr 2Qtr 3Qtr 4Qtr sum
TV
PC U.S.A
VCR

Country
sum
Canada

Mexico

sum

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 29

 Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube

all
0-D(apex) cuboid
product date country
1-D cuboids

product,date product,country date, country

2-D cuboids

3-D(base) cuboid
product, date, country

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 30

 Typical OLAP Operations

◼ Roll up (drill-up): summarize data

◼ by climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction
◼ Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
◼ from higher level summary to lower level summary or detailed
data, or introducing new dimensions
◼ Slice and dice:
◼ project and select
◼ Pivot (rotate):
◼ reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D planes.
◼ Other operations
◼ drill across: involving (across) more than one fact table
◼ drill through: through the bottom level of the cube to its back-
end relational tables (using SQL)
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 31
 A Star-Net Query Model
Customer Orders
Shipping Method
Customer
CONTRACTS
AIR-EXPRESS

ORDER
TRUCK
PRODUCT LINE
Time Product
ANNUALY QTRLY DAILY PRODUCT ITEM PRODUCT GROUP
CITY
SALES PERSON
COUNTRY
DISTRICT
REGION
DIVISION
Location Each circle is
called a footprint Promotion Organization
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 32
 Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining

◼ What is a data warehouse?

◼ A multi-dimensional data model

◼ Data warehouse architecture

◼ Data warehouse implementation

◼ Further development of data cube technology

◼ From data warehousing to data mining

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 33

 Design of a Data Warehouse: A
Business Analysis Framework
◼ Four views regarding the design of a data warehouse
◼ Top-down view
◼ allows selection of the relevant information necessary for the
data warehouse
◼ Data source view
◼ exposes the information being captured, stored, and
managed by operational systems
◼ Data warehouse view
◼ consists of fact tables and dimension tables
◼ Business query view
◼ sees the perspectives of data in the warehouse from the view
of end-user
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 34
 Data Warehouse Design Process

◼ Top-down, bottom-up approaches or a combination of both

◼ Top-down: Starts with overall design and planning (mature)

◼ Bottom-up: Starts with experiments and prototypes (rapid)

◼ From software engineering point of view

◼ Waterfall: structured and systematic analysis at each step before

proceeding to the next

◼ Spiral: rapid generation of increasingly functional systems, short

turn around time, quick turn around

◼ Typical data warehouse design process
◼ Choose a business process to model, e.g., orders, invoices, etc.

◼ Choose the grain (atomic level of data) of the business process

◼ Choose the dimensions that will apply to each fact table record

◼ Choose the measure that will populate each fact table record

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 35

 Multi-Tiered Architecture

Monitor
& OLAP Server
other Metadata
sources Integrator

Analysis
Operational Extract Query
Transform Data Serve Reports
DBs
Load
Refresh
Warehouse Data mining

Data Marts

Data Sources Data Storage OLAP Engine Front-End Tools

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 36
 Three Data Warehouse Models
◼ Enterprise warehouse
◼ collects all of the information about subjects spanning

the entire organization

◼ Data Mart
◼ a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to a

specific groups of users. Its scope is confined to

specific, selected groups, such as marketing data mart
◼ Independent vs. dependent (directly from warehouse) data mart
◼ Virtual warehouse
◼ A set of views over operational databases

◼ Only some of the possible summary views may be

materialized
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 37
 Data Warehouse Development:
A Recommended Approach
Multi-Tier Data
Warehouse
Distributed
Data Marts

Enterprise
Data Data
Mart Mart Data
Warehouse

Model refinement Model refinement

Define a high-level corporate data model

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 38
 OLAP Server Architectures
◼ Relational OLAP (ROLAP)
◼ Use relational or extended-relational DBMS to store and manage

warehouse data and OLAP middle ware to support missing pieces

◼ Include optimization of DBMS backend, implementation of

aggregation navigation logic, and additional tools and services

◼ greater scalability

◼ Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)

◼ Array-based multidimensional storage engine (sparse matrix

techniques)
◼ fast indexing to pre-computed summarized data

◼ Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)

◼ User flexibility, e.g., low level: relational, high-level: array

◼ Specialized SQL servers

◼ specialized support for SQL queries over star/snowflake schemas

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 39

 Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining

◼ What is a data warehouse?

◼ A multi-dimensional data model

◼ Data warehouse architecture

◼ Data warehouse implementation

◼ Further development of data cube technology

◼ From data warehousing to data mining

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 40

 Efficient Data Cube Computation
◼ Data cube can be viewed as a lattice of cuboids
◼ The bottom-most cuboid is the base cuboid
◼ The top-most cuboid (apex) contains only one cell
◼ How many cuboids in an n-dimensional cube with L
levels? n
T =  ( Li +1)
i =1

◼ Materialization of data cube

◼ Materialize every (cuboid) (full materialization), none
(no materialization), or some (partial materialization)
◼ Selection of which cuboids to materialize
◼ Based on size, sharing, access frequency, etc.
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 41
 Cube Operation

◼ Cube definition and computation in DMQL

define cube sales[item, city, year]: sum(sales_in_dollars)
compute cube sales
◼ Transform it into a SQL-like language (with a new operator cube by,
introduced by Gray et al.’96)
()
SELECT item, city, year, SUM (amount)
FROM SALES
(city) (item) (year)
CUBE BY item, city, year
◼ Need compute the following Group-Bys
(date, product, customer),
(city, item) (city, year) (item, year)
(date,product),(date, customer), (product, customer),
(date), (product), (customer)
() (city, item, year)
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 42
 Cube Computation: ROLAP-Based Method

◼ Efficient cube computation methods

◼ ROLAP-based cubing algorithms (Agarwal et al’96)
◼ Array-based cubing algorithm (Zhao et al’97)
◼ Bottom-up computation method (Bayer & Ramarkrishnan’99)
◼ ROLAP-based cubing algorithms
◼ Sorting, hashing, and grouping operations are applied to the
dimension attributes in order to reorder and cluster related
tuples
◼ Grouping is performed on some subaggregates as a “partial
grouping step”
◼ Aggregates may be computed from previously computed
aggregates, rather than from the base fact table

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 43

 Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube
Computation
◼ Partition arrays into chunks (a small subcube which fits in memory).
◼ Compressed sparse array addressing: (chunk_id, offset)
◼ Compute aggregates in “multiway” by visiting cube cells in the order
which minimizes the # of times to visit each cell, and reduces
memory access and storage cost.
C c3 61
c2 45
62 63 64
46 47 48
c1 29 30 31 32 What is the best
c0
b3 B13 14 15 16 60 traversing order
44
9
28 56 to do multi-way
b2
B 40
24 52 aggregation?
b1 5 36
20
b0 1 2 3 4
a0 a1 a2 a3
August 18, 2022 A Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 44
 Multi-way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation

C c3 61
c2 45
62 63 64
46 47 48
c1 29 30 31 32
c0
B13 14 15 16 60
b3 44
B 28 56
b2 9
40
24 52
b1 5
36
20
b0 1 2 3 4
a0 a1 a2 a3
A

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 45

 Multi-way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation

C c3 61
c2 45
62 63 64
46 47 48
c1 29 30 31 32
c0
B13 14 15 16 60
b3 44
B 28 56
b2 9
40
24 52
b1 5
36
20
b0 1 2 3 4
a0 a1 a2 a3
A

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 46

 Multi-Way Array Aggregation for
Cube Computation (Cont.)

◼ Method: the planes should be sorted and computed

according to their size in ascending order.
◼ See the details of Example 2.12 (pp. 75-78)

◼ Idea: keep the smallest plane in the main memory,

fetch and compute only one chunk at a time for the

largest plane
◼ Limitation of the method: computing well only for a
small number of dimensions
◼ If there are a large number of dimensions, “bottom-

up computation” and iceberg cube computation

methods can be explored

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 47

 Indexing OLAP Data: Bitmap Index
◼ Index on a particular column
◼ Each value in the column has a bit vector: bit-op is fast
◼ The length of the bit vector: # of records in the base table
◼ The i-th bit is set if the i-th row of the base table has the value
for the indexed column
◼ not suitable for high cardinality domains

Base table Index on Region Index on Type

Cust Region Type RecIDAsia Europe America RecID Retail Dealer
C1 Asia Retail 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
C2 Europe Dealer 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
C3 Asia Dealer 3 1 0 0 3 0 1
C4 America Retail 4 0 0 1 4 1 0
C5 Europe Dealer 5 0 1 0 5 0 1
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 48
 Indexing OLAP Data: Join Indices
◼ Join index: JI(R-id, S-id) where R (R-id, …)  S
(S-id, …)
◼ Traditional indices map the values to a list of
record ids
◼ It materializes relational join in JI file and
speeds up relational join — a rather costly
operation
◼ In data warehouses, join index relates the values
of the dimensions of a star schema to rows in the
fact table.
◼ E.g. fact table: Sales and two dimensions city
and product
◼ A join index on city maintains for each

distinct city a list of R-IDs of the tuples

recording the Sales in the city
◼ Join indices can span multiple dimensions

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 49

 Efficient Processing OLAP Queries

◼ Determine which operations should be performed on the

available cuboids:
◼ transform drill, roll, etc. into corresponding SQL and/or
OLAP operations, e.g, dice = selection + projection
◼ Determine to which materialized cuboid(s) the relevant
operations should be applied.
◼ Exploring indexing structures and compressed vs. dense
array structures in MOLAP

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 50

 Metadata Repository
◼ Meta data is the data defining warehouse objects. It has the following
kinds
◼ Description of the structure of the warehouse

◼ schema, view, dimensions, hierarchies, derived data defn, data mart

locations and contents
◼ Operational meta-data
◼ data lineage (history of migrated data and transformation path),
currency of data (active, archived, or purged), monitoring information
(warehouse usage statistics, error reports, audit trails)
◼ The algorithms used for summarization
◼ The mapping from operational environment to the data warehouse
◼ Data related to system performance
◼ warehouse schema, view and derived data definitions
◼ Business data
◼ business terms and definitions, ownership of data, charging policies
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 51
 Data Warehouse Back-End Tools and
Utilities
◼ Data extraction:
◼ get data from multiple, heterogeneous, and external
sources
◼ Data cleaning:
◼ detect errors in the data and rectify them when
possible
◼ Data transformation:
◼ convert data from legacy or host format to warehouse
format
◼ Load:
◼ sort, summarize, consolidate, compute views, check
integrity, and build indicies and partitions
◼ Refresh
◼ propagate the updates from the data sources to the
warehouse
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 52
 Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining

◼ What is a data warehouse?

◼ A multi-dimensional data model

◼ Data warehouse architecture

◼ Data warehouse implementation

◼ Further development of data cube technology

◼ From data warehousing to data mining

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 53

 Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data
Cubes

◼ Hypothesis-driven: exploration by user, huge search space

◼ Discovery-driven (Sarawagi et al.’98)
◼ pre-compute measures indicating exceptions, guide user in the
data analysis, at all levels of aggregation
◼ Exception: significantly different from the value anticipated,
based on a statistical model
◼ Visual cues such as background color are used to reflect the
degree of exception of each cell
◼ Computation of exception indicator (modeling fitting and
computing SelfExp, InExp, and PathExp values) can be
overlapped with cube construction
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 54
 Examples: Discovery-Driven Data Cubes

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 55

 Complex Aggregation at Multiple
Granularities: Multi-Feature Cubes

◼ Multi-feature cubes (Ross, et al. 1998): Compute complex queries

involving multiple dependent aggregates at multiple granularities
◼ Ex. Grouping by all subsets of {item, region, month}, find the
maximum price in 1997 for each group, and the total sales among all
maximum price tuples
select item, region, month, max(price), sum(R.sales)
from purchases
where year = 1997
cube by item, region, month: R
such that R.price = max(price)
◼ Continuing the last example, among the max price tuples, find the
min and max shelf life, and find the fraction of the total sales due to
tuple that have min shelf life within the set of all max price tuples
August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 56
 Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and
OLAP Technology for Data Mining

◼ What is a data warehouse?

◼ A multi-dimensional data model

◼ Data warehouse architecture

◼ Data warehouse implementation

◼ Further development of data cube technology

◼ From data warehousing to data mining

August 18, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 57

 Data Warehouse Usage
◼ Three kinds of data warehouse applications
◼ Information processing
◼ supports querying, basic statistical analysis, and reporting
using crosstabs, tables, charts and graphs
◼ Analytical processing
◼ multidimensional analysis of data warehouse data
◼ supports basic OLAP operations, slice-dice, drilling, pivoting
◼ Data mining
◼ knowledge discovery from hidden patterns
◼ supports associations, constructing analytical models,
performing classification and prediction, and presenting the
mining results using visualization tools.
◼ Differences among the three tasks
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 From On-Line Analytical Processing
to On Line Analytical Mining (OLAM)

◼ Why online analytical mining?

◼ High quality of data in data warehouses
◼ DW contains integrated, consistent, cleaned data

◼ Available information processing structure surrounding data

warehouses
◼ ODBC, OLEDB, Web accessing, service facilities, reporting

and OLAP tools

◼ OLAP-based exploratory data analysis
◼ mining with drilling, dicing, pivoting, etc.

◼ On-line selection of data mining functions

◼ integration and swapping of multiple mining functions,

algorithms, and tasks.

◼ Architecture of OLAM
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 An OLAM Architecture
Mining query Mining result Layer4
User Interface
User GUI API
Layer3
OLAM OLAP
Engine Engine OLAP/OLAM

Data Cube API

Layer2
MDDB
MDDB
Meta Data

Filtering&Integration Database API Filtering

Layer1
Data cleaning Data
Databases Data
Data integration Warehouse Repository
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 Summary
◼ Data warehouse
◼ A subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of
data in support of management’s decision-making process
◼ A multi-dimensional model of a data warehouse
◼ Star schema, snowflake schema, fact constellations
◼ A data cube consists of dimensions & measures
◼ OLAP operations: drilling, rolling, slicing, dicing and pivoting
◼ OLAP servers: ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP
◼ Efficient computation of data cubes
◼ Partial vs. full vs. no materialization
◼ Multiway array aggregation
◼ Bitmap index and join index implementations
◼ Further development of data cube technology
◼ Discovery-drive and multi-feature cubes
◼ From OLAP to OLAM (on-line analytical mining)

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