Version 10.

00

This Computer program (including software design, programming structure, graphics, manual, and
on-line help) was created and published by STRUCTUREPOINT, formerly the Engineering
Software Group of the Portland Cement Association (PCA), for engineering design and
investigation of reinforced concrete sections subject to axial and flexural loads.

While STRUCTUREPOINT has taken every precaution to utilize the existing state-of-the-art and
to assure the correctness of the analytical solution techniques used in this program, the
responsibilities for modeling the structure, inputting data, applying engineering judgment to
evaluate the output, and implementing engineering drawings remain with the structural engineer
of record. Accordingly, STRUCTUREPOINT does and must disclaim any and all responsibility
for defects or failures of structures in connection with which this program is used.

Neither this manual nor any part of it may be reproduced, edited, or altered by any means electronic
or mechanical or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission
of STRUCTUREPOINT LLC.

All products, corporate names, trademarks, service marks, and trade names referenced in this
material are the property of their respective owners and are used only for identification explanation

without intent to infringe. spColumn® is a registered trademark of STRUCTUREPOINT LLC.

Copyright © 2002 – 2021, STRUCTUREPOINT LLC All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Program Features ............................................................................................................... 7

1.2. Program Capacity .............................................................................................................. 8
1.3. System Installation Requirements ..................................................................................... 9
1.4. Terms & Conventions ..................................................................................................... 10

Chapter 2: SOLUTION METHODS

2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11

2.1.1. Column Systems .................................................................................................. 12
2.1.2. Coordinate Systems ............................................................................................. 17
2.2. Codes and Standards Provisions...................................................................................... 20
2.2.1. Code Checks ........................................................................................................ 20
2.2.2. Geometry Checks ................................................................................................ 20
2.2.3. Definitions and Assumptions .............................................................................. 21
2.3. Analysis Methods ............................................................................................................ 34
2.3.1. Section Investigation Mode ................................................................................. 34
2.3.1.1. Loading Options ................................................................................... 34
2.3.1.2. Interaction Diagram Options ................................................................ 36
2.3.2. Section Design Mode .......................................................................................... 38
2.3.2.1. Design Criteria ..................................................................................... 38
2.3.2.2. Design Procedure ................................................................................. 38
2.3.3. Moment Magnification at Ends of Compression Member .................................. 40
2.3.4. Moment Magnification along Length of Compression Member......................... 45
2.3.5. Moments Magnification Ratio............................................................................. 52
2.4. Design Methods ............................................................................................................... 54
2.4.1. Moment Capacity Method ................................................................................... 54
2.4.2. Critical Capacity Method .................................................................................... 55
2.5. Detailing Provisions ........................................................................................................ 57
2.5.1. Lap Splice Requirements..................................................................................... 58
2.6. Special Topics ................................................................................................................. 61

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 2.6.1. High Strength Reinforcing Bars (HSRB) ............................................................ 61
2.7. References ....................................................................................................................... 66

Chapter 3: PROGRAM INTERFACE

3.1. Start Screen...................................................................................................................... 68

3.2. Main Program Window ................................................................................................... 70
3.3. Tables Window................................................................................................................ 73
3.4. Reporter Window ............................................................................................................ 77
3.5. Print/Export Window ...................................................................................................... 83

Chapter 4: MODELING METHODS

4.1. Model Creation Concepts ................................................................................................ 86

4.1.1. Physical Modeling Terminology ......................................................................... 87
4.1.2. Structural Member ............................................................................................... 88
4.1.3. Section ................................................................................................................. 89
4.1.4. Input Preparation ................................................................................................. 93
4.1.5. Modeling Considerations .................................................................................... 94
4.2. Model Editing Concepts .................................................................................................. 96

Chapter 5: MODEL DEVELOPMENT

5.1. Model Creation .............................................................................................................. 100

5.2. Opening Existing Models .............................................................................................. 102
5.3. Creating New Models .................................................................................................... 103
5.3.1. Project Information............................................................................................ 103
5.3.2. Generating Definitions ...................................................................................... 104
5.3.2.1. Properties ............................................................................................ 105
5.3.2.2. Load Case/Combo .............................................................................. 109
5.3.3. Creating Section ................................................................................................ 110
5.3.4. Generating Loads .............................................................................................. 112
5.3.4.1. Loads .................................................................................................. 112

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 5.3.4.2. Modes (No Loads) .............................................................................. 114
5.3.5. Slenderness ........................................................................................................ 115
5.3.5.1. Design Column (X-Axis and Y-Axis) ................................................ 115
5.3.5.2. Columns Above/Below ...................................................................... 117
5.3.5.3. X – Beams and Y – Beams ................................................................. 118
5.3.5.4. Slenderness Factor .............................................................................. 120
5.4. Modeling with Templates .............................................................................................. 121
5.4.1. Utilizing Templates ........................................................................................... 121
5.5. Utilizing Predefined Examples ...................................................................................... 124
5.6. Importing Model Data ................................................................................................... 125
5.6.1. Importing Section from Text ............................................................................. 126
5.6.2. Importing Section from DXF ............................................................................ 127
5.6.3. Importing Loads from Text ............................................................................... 128
5.6.4. Importing Loads from ETABS .......................................................................... 129
5.7. Exporting Model Data ................................................................................................... 134
5.7.1. Exporting Section Data ..................................................................................... 134
5.7.2. Exporting Loads Data ........................................................................................ 134
5.7.3. Exporting Diagrams .......................................................................................... 135

Chapter 6: MODEL SOLUTION

6.1. Running from program .................................................................................................. 137

6.2. Running with Batch Processor ...................................................................................... 140
6.3. Running from command prompt ................................................................................... 142

Chapter 7: MODEL OUTPUT

7.1. Tabular Output .............................................................................................................. 145

7.1.1. Input................................................................................................................... 145
7.1.2. Results ............................................................................................................... 147
7.2. Graphical Output ........................................................................................................... 148
7.2.1. Diagram Types .................................................................................................. 150

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 7.2.2. Viewing Aids ..................................................................................................... 156
7.3. Output Settings .............................................................................................................. 159
7.3.1. Settings – Tabular Results ................................................................................. 160
7.3.2. Settings – 2D Diagram ...................................................................................... 161
7.3.3. Settings – 3D Diagram ...................................................................................... 164

Chapter: APPENDIX

A.1. Default Load Case and Combination Factors ................................................................ 167

A.2. Import File Formats ....................................................................................................... 172
A.2.1. Service Loads Data ............................................................................................ 173
A.2.2. Factored Loads Data .......................................................................................... 174
A.2.3. Reinforcement Data ........................................................................................... 175
A.2.4. Geometry Data ................................................................................................... 176
A.3. spColumn Text Input (CTI) file format ......................................................................... 178
A.4. Exporting XML Model Data Files from ETABS .......................................................... 203
A.5. Conversion Factors – English to SI ............................................................................... 205
A.6. Conversion Factors – SI to English ............................................................................... 206
A.7. Material Strength Value Limits ..................................................................................... 207
A.8. Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 208

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 CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION
1

spColumn is a structural engineering software program for the design and investigation of
reinforced concrete sections subject to axial and flexural loads. The section can be rectangular,
round or irregular, with any reinforcement layout or pattern. Slenderness effects can be considered.

The program offers investigation of irregularly shaped, reinforced concrete column sections that
may contain openings or boundary elements. Widely used for design of shear walls, elevator shafts,
building cores, bridge piers as well as typical framing elements in buildings, spColumn can
investigate sections that are impossible to find on design charts or do by hand calculations. You can
obtain the P-M interaction diagrams from both uniaxial and biaxial runs, as well as the Mx-My
moment contour plots from biaxial runs for even the most irregular column and shear wall
sections. Slenderness effects producing magnified moments may be included in the section design
or investigation.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Program Features

• Code support for ACI 318-19, ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, ACI 318-08, ACI 318-05, ACI
318-02
• Code support for CSA A23.3-19, CSA A23.3-14, CSA A23.3-04, and CSA A23.3-94
• English and SI units
• Design and investigation run options
• Uniaxial or biaxial flexure combined with axial load
• Rectangular, circular, and irregular section geometry
• Non-slender and sway or nonsway slender columns
• Complete P-M and Mx-My interaction diagrams
• Customizable view of interaction diagrams and failure surfaces in multi viewports
• Superposition of interaction diagram of multiple sections
• Factored, unfactored, axial, and control points loading
• Binary (COLX) and text (CTI) input file formats
• Graphical input for irregular sections
• Imports geometry, reinforcement, and loads from text files
• Imports section shape and reinforcement from DXF files
• Imports loads from ETABS models
• Exports section shape and reinforcement to DXF files
• Tools for creating and modifying irregular sections
• Tools for creating sections with multiple solids and multiple openings
• Tables module for viewing and exporting input and output data
• Reporter module for generating, viewing, exporting and printing results
• Exports graphical reports (screen printouts) to EMF files
• Exports P-M diagrams, Mx-My diagrams, and 3D failure surface to TXT and CSV files
• GUI (Graphical User Interface) and batch mode (command prompt) runs
• Reports neutral axis location and maximum steel strain corresponding to section capacity
• Reports neutral axis location, net tensile steel strain, and strength reduction factors in text
output

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 INTRODUCTION

1.2. Program Capacity

• 10,000 reinforcing bars within a section.

• 10,000 exterior points that define the geometric outline of the cross section.
• 10,000 interior points that define an opening in the cross section.
• 10,000 factored load entries, each consisting of an axial load, a moment about the x-axis,
and a moment about the y-axis.
• 50 service load entries, each consisting of dead, live, wind, earthquake, and snow axial
loads, moments at column top about the x and y axes, and moments at column bottom about
the x and y axes.
• 50 load combinations.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.3. System Installation Requirements

Any computer running Microsoft Windows 10, or Windows 11 operating system with 32 or 64 bit
processing is sufficient to run the spColumn program. For instructions on how to troubleshoot
system specific installation and licensing issues, please refer to support pages on StructurePoint
website at www.StructurePoint.org.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.4. Terms & Conventions

The following terms are used throughout this manual. A brief explanation is given to help
familiarize you with them.

Windows refers to the Microsoft Windows environment as listed in System

Requirements.
[] indicates metric equivalent

Click on means to position the cursor on top of a designated item or

location and press and release the left-mouse button (unless
instructed to use the right-mouse button).

Double-click on means to position the cursor on top of a designated item or

location and press and release the left-mouse button twice in quick
succession.

To help you locate and interpret information easily, the spColumn manual adheres to the following
text format.

Italic indicates a glossary item, or emphasizes a given word or phrase.

Bold indicates the name of a menu or a menu item command such as

File or Save.
Mono-space indicates something you should enter with the keyboard. For
example “c:\*.txt”.

KEY + KEY indicates a key combination. The plus sign indicates that you
should press and hold the first key while pressing the second key,
then release both keys. For example, “ALT + F” indicates that you
should press the “ALT” key and hold it while you press the “F”
key. then release both keys.
SMALL CAPS Indicates the name of an object such as a dialog box or a dialog
box component. For example, the OPEN dialog box or the CANCEL
or MODIFY buttons.

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 CHAPTER

2. SOLUTION METHODS
2

2.1. Introduction

spColumn is widely used for design and investigation of columns, shear walls, bridge piers as well
as typical framing elements in buildings and structures including foundation piles and caissons.
Equipped with the American (ACI 318) and Canadian (CSA A23.3) Concrete codes, spColumn is
developed to design and investigate any reinforced concrete sections subject to combined axial
and flexural loads. In sway and non-sway frames, spColumn can analyze second order (P-Delta)
effects using the moment magnification method when slenderness considerations are required.

Formerly pcaColumn, PCACOL, and IrrCOL, spColumn investigates sections that are
impossible to find on design charts or to do by hand. The section can be rectangular, round or
irregular, with any reinforcement layout or pattern. The program offers investigation of irregularly
shaped, reinforced concrete column sections that may contain one or more solids and openings.
Top selling worldwide, spColumn provides a full featured 3D visualization of the nominal and
factored failure surface. Import/export DXF files, nominal interaction diagrams, and display of
capacities at your load point are just a few of the rich program features.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.1.1. Column Systems

spColumn can be used to model, analyze, and design column systems based on slenderness,
loading, shape, reinforcement layout, confinement type, or application such as building columns,
shear walls, bridges, piers / pilaster, sound walls, architectural columns and beams. Samples of
such systems are illustrated below.

Building Columns

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Shear Walls

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Bridges

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Piers/Pilasters

Sound Walls

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Architectural Columns

Beams

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.1.2. Coordinate Systems

Global Coordinate System

1. Positive axial forces are compressive and negative axial forces are tensile.

2. Looking in plan at the section with z-axis pointing outwards, the positive x-axis points to
the right and the positive y-axis points up. For this section, vectors of positive bending
moments have the same orientation as their corresponding axes x and y. Thus, a positive
bending moment about the x-axis, Mx, produces tension at the top face of the section and
compression at the bottom face. A positive bending moment about the y-axis, My,
produces tension at the left face of the section and compression at the right face.

Figure 2.1 – Positive axial force and bending moments (internal forces)

3. If service loads are input, moment loads at the upper (top) and lower (bottom) ends of
the column are needed. Top and bottom moment loads of opposite signs produce single
curvature bending. Top and bottom moment loads of the same sign produce double
curvature bending.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Positive moment loads at the upper end of the column coincide with positive bending
moments. However, at the lower end, positive moment loads produce effects opposite to
positive bending moments. Therefore, spColumn changes the sign of the service moment
at the lower end to convert it from a moment load to a bending moment.

Axial load is assumed to be constant so it is input only as for the upper end where positive
axial load coincides with positive axial force.

4. If factored loads are input, they are considered to be applied at a section pointing upwards
so that they have the same orientations as positive axial force and positive bending
moments.

Figure 2.2 – Positive moments loads (external forces)

5. The convention for the slenderness input of beam and column dimensions and their
orientation is presented in Figure 2.3. Beams above the columns are shown. Same
convention applies to beam below the column.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.3 – Slenderness Input Convention

Local Coordinate System

There is no local coordinate system requirement in spColumn.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.2. Codes and Standards Provisions

2.2.1. Code Checks

Geometry Considerations

The program does not perform any code checks regarding geometry considerations of the shapes
in the model. End user must ensure the definitions and assumptions detailed in this chapter and in
the applicable codes are in agreement with the intended final modeled section.

Material Considerations

The program does not perform any code checks regarding material considerations. The minimum
and maximum values for material strengths input by the user and corresponding material properties
calculated by the program for standard materials are listed in appendix of this manual.

Loading Considerations

External loads are applied according to the sign convention shown in Figure 2.2. When slenderness
is considered the sign convention of input service loads is critical to the correct calculation of the
magnified moments resulting from second order effects.

2.2.2. Geometry Checks

Input Phase

The program is designed to receive user input consistent with conditions customary to standard
detailing norms for conventional reinforced concrete members. Arrangements with very large
sections, unusual layout of reinforcing bars, or academic and research conditions may receive a
warning and request the user’s attention before continuing to complete a section or solve a mode.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Output Phase

The program does not perform any geometric checks during output phase. However, any warning
pertaining to model adequacy, stability, or exceedance of limits is reported.

2.2.3. Definitions and Assumptions

1. The analysis of the reinforced concrete section performed by spColumn conforms to the
provisions of the Strength Design Method1 and Unified Design Provisions2 and is based
on the following assumptions.

a) All conditions of strength satisfy the applicable conditions of equilibrium and strain
compatibility3

b) Strain in the concrete and in the reinforcement is directly proportional to the distance
from the neutral axis4. In other words, plane sections normal to the axis of bending
are assumed to remain plane after bending.

c) The maximum usable (ultimate) strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber is
assumed equal to 0.003 for ACI codes5 and 0.0035 for CSA codes6 unless otherwise
specified by the user.

1
For CSA A23.3-19 (Ref. [18]) CSA A23.3-14 (Ref. [16]) CSA A23.3-04 (Ref. [8]) and CSA A23.3-94 (Ref.[9])

2
For ACI 318-19 (Ref. [1]), ACI 318-14 (Ref. [2]), ACI 318-11 (Ref. [3]), ACI 318-08 (Ref. [4]), ACI 318-05 (Ref.
[5]) and ACI 318-02 (Ref. [6]); also see notes on ACI 318-08, 8.1.2 in Ref. [11] and notes on ACI 318-11, 8.1.2 in
Ref. [15]
3
ACI 318-19, 4.5.1, 22.2.1.1, 13.2.6.4; ACI 318-14, 4.5.1, 22.2.1.1, 13.2.6.2; ACI 318-11, 10.2.1; ACI 318-08,
10.2.1; ACI 318-05, 10.2.1; ACI 318-02, 10.2.1; CSA A23.3-19, 10.1.1; CSA A23.3-14, 10.1.1; CSA A23.3-04,
10.1.1; CSA A23.3-94, 10.1.1

4
ACI 318-19, 22.1.2, 22.2.1.2; ACI 318-14, 22.1.2, 22.2.1.2; ACI 318-11, 10.2.2; ACI 318-08, 10.2.2; ACI 318-05,
10.2.2; ACI 318-02, 10.2.2; CSA A23.3-19, 10.1.2; CSA A23.3-14, 10.1.2; CSA A23.3-04, 10.1.2; CSA A23.3-94,
10.1.2
5
ACI 318-19, 22.2.2.1; ACI 318-14, 22.2.2.1; ACI 318-11, 10.2.3; ACI 318-08, 10.2.3; ACI 318-05, 10.2.3; ACI
318-02, 10.2.3

6
CSA A23.3-19, 10.1.3; CSA A23.3-14, 10.1.3; CSA A23.3-04, 10.1.3; CSA A23.3-94, 10.1.3

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 SOLUTION METHODS

d) A uniform rectangular concrete stress block is used. For ACI code 7, the maximum
uniform concrete compressive stress, fc, is 0.85 fc' by default and the block depth is
β1c, where c is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
and β1 is described in item 4 below. For CSA8, fc is taken as:

fc = ( 0.85 − 0.0015 fc) fc  0.68 fc , where fc' is in MPa

Both fc and β1 can be modified by the user.

e) Concrete displaced by the reinforcement in compression is deducted from the

compression block9

f) For the reinforcing steel, the elastic-plastic stress-strain distribution is used10. Stress
in the reinforcing steel below the yield strength, fy, is directly proportional to the
strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to the yield strength, the
reinforcement stress remains constant and equal to fy. Reinforcing steel yield
strength must be with in customary ranges.

g) Tensile strength of concrete in axial and flexural calculations is neglected11.

h) Reinforcement bars are located within section outline.

i) Irregular sections must be composed of a closed polygon without any intersecting

sides.

7
ACI 318-19, 22.2.2.3; ACI 318-14, 22.2.2.3; ACI 318-11, 10.2.6; ACI 318-08, 10.2.6, 10.2.7; ACI 318-05, 10.2.6,
10.2.7; ACI 318-02, 10.2.6, 10.2.6

8
CSA A23.3-19, 10.1.1; CSA A23.3-14, 10.1.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.1.1; CSA A23.3-94, 10.1.1

9
For consistency with Eq. 22.4.2.4 in ACI codes (Refs. [1], [2]) and for consistency with Eq. 10-1 and 10-2 in ACI
codes (Refs. [3], [4], [5], [6]) and with Eq. 10-10 in CSA codes (Refs. [8], [9])

10
ACI 318-19, 20.2.2.1; ACI 318-14, 20.2.2.1; ACI 318-11, 10.2.4; ACI 318-08, 10.2.4; ACI 318-05, 10.2.4; ACI
318-02, 10.2.4; CSA A23.3-19, 8.5.3.2; CSA A23.3-14, 8.5.3.2; CSA A23.3-04, 8.5.3.2; CSA A23.3-94, 8.5.3.2

11
ACI 318-19, 22.2.2.2; ACI 318-14, 22.2.2.2; ACI 318-11, 10.2.5; ACI 318-08, 10.2.5; ACI 318-05, 10.2.5; ACI
318-02, 10.2.5; CSA A23.3-19, 10.1.5; CSA A23.3-14, 10.1.5; CSA A23.3-04, 10.1.5; CSA A23.3-94, 10.1.5

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 SOLUTION METHODS

j) Members with very large cross sectional area, multiple solids, multiple openings,
and unusual geometry must be carefully evaluated in light of above assumption for
solution stability and reliability of results.

2. The modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec is computed as follows (unless otherwise

specified by the user):

Ec = 57, 000 f c for the ACI code12 where fc' and Ec are in psi,

Ec = 4, 700 f c , for the ACI code13 where fc' and Ec are in MPa.

For the CSA standard14, Ec = 3,518 f c + 7,355 , where fc' and Ec are in MPa.

3. The modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel15, Es, is taken as 29,000 ksi (200,000 MPa)
unless otherwise specified by the user. For non-standard materials, the compression-
controlled strain limit input by the user cannot exceed 0.005 for ACI 318-14 and prior,
or 0.01 for ACI 318-19.

12
ACI 318-19, 19.2.2.1; ACI 318-14, 19.2.2.1; ACI 318-11, 8.5.1; ACI 318-08, 8.5.1; ACI 318-05, 8.5.1; ACI 318-
02, 8.5.1

13
ACI 318M-19, 19.2.2.1; ACI 318M-14, 19.2.2.1; ACI 318M-11, 8.5.1; ACI 318M-08, 8.5.1; ACI 318M-05, 8.5.1;
ACI 318M-02, 8.5.1

14
CSA A23.3-19, 8.6.2.2, Eq. 8.1, CSA A23.3-14, 8.6.2.2, Eq. 8.1, CSA A23.3-04, 8.6.2.2, Eq. 8.1 and CSA A23.3-
94, 8.6.2.3, Eq. 8-6 (with c = 2400 kg/m3)

15
ACI 318-19, 20.2.2.2; ACI 318-14, 20.2.2.2; ACI 318-11, 8.5.2; ACI 318-08, 8.5.2; ACI 318-05, 8.5.2; ACI 318-
02, 8.5.2; ACI 318M-05, 8.5.2; ACI 318M-02, 8.5.2; CSA A23.3-19, 8.5.4.1; CSA A23.3-14, 8.5.4.1; CSA A23.3-
04, 8.5.4.1; CSA A23.3-94, 8.5.4.1

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.4 – Analysis of Reinforced Section

4. The ratio of the concrete compression block depth to the distance between the extreme
compression fiber and the neutral axis, β1, is computed as follows (unless otherwise
specified by the user):

0.65  1 = 1.05 − 0.05 f c  0.85 , for the ACI code16 where fc' is in ksi,

0.65  1 = (149 − fc) /140  0.85 , for the ACI code17 where fc' is in MPa.

16
ACI 318-19, 22.2.2.4.3; ACI 318-14, 22.2.2.4.3; ACI 318-11, 10.2.7.3; ACI 318-08, 10.2.7.3; ACI 318- 05,
10.2.7.3; ACI 318-02, 10.2.7.3

17
ACI 318M-19, 22.2.2.4.3; ACI 318M-14, 22.2.2.4.3; ACI 318M-11, 10.2.7.3; ACI 318M-08, 10.2.7.3; ACI 318M-
05, 10.2.7.3; ACI 318M-02, 10.2.7.3

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 SOLUTION METHODS

For the CSA standard18, 1 = 0.97 − 0.0025 f c  0.67 , where fc' is in MPa.

5. Stress in the reinforcement is computed based on the strain at the centroid of each
reinforcing bar.

6. All moments are referenced to the geometric centroid of the gross concrete section
(neglecting the reinforcement).

7. For the ACI codes, the nominal (unreduced) capacity of the section is first computed.
Then, the nominal capacity is reduced to the design capacity using the strength reduction
factor, ϕ, the value of which is calculated based on the net tensile steel strain, εt, in the
following way19.

– For columns with spiral reinforcement per ACI 318-19

0.90 if  t   ty + 0.003 (tension controlled section)


 0.15 (  t −  ty )
 = 0.75 + if  ty   t   t + 0.003 (transition section)
 0.003
0.75 if  t   ty (compression controlled section)


Where  ty = f y / Es

– For columns with spiral reinforcement per ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, and ACI 318-
08

0.90 if  t  0.005 (tension controlled section)


 0.15 (  t − f y / Es )
 = 0.75 + if f y / Es   t  0.005 (transition section)
 0.005 − f y / Es
0.75 if  t  f y /Es (compression controlled section)


18
CSA A23.3-19, 10.1.7(c); CSA A23.3-14, 10.1.7(c); CSA A23.3-04, 10.1.7(c); CSA A23.3-94, 10.1.7(c)

19
ACI 318-19, 21.2; ACI 318-14, 21.2; ACI 318-11, 9.3.2, 10.3.3, 10.3.4; ACI 318-08, 9.3.2, 10.3.3, 10.3.4; ACI 318-
05, 9.3.2, 10.3.3, 10.3.4; ACI 318-02, 9.3.2, 10.3.3, 10.3.4

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 SOLUTION METHODS

– For columns with spiral reinforcement per ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-02

0.90 if  t  0.005 (tension controlled section)


 0.20 (  t − f y / Es )
 = 0.70 + if f y / Es   t  0.005 (transition section)
 0.005 − f y / Es
0.70 if  t  f y /Es (compression controlled section)


– For other columns per ACI 318-19

0.90 if  t   ty + 0.003 (tension controlled section)


 0.15 (  t −  ty )
 = 0.65 + if  ty   t   t + 0.003 (transition section)
 0.003
0.65 if  t   ty (compression controlled section)


Where  ty = f y / Es

– For other columns per ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, ACI 318-08, ACI 318-05, and ACI
318-02

0.90 if  t  0.005 (tension controlled section)


 0.25 (  t − f y / Es )
 = 0.65 + if f y / Es   t  0.005 (transition section)
 0.005 − f y / Es
0.65 if  t  f y /Es (compression controlled section)


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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.5 – Reduction factors for Flexural and Axial Capacity per ACI Code

| 27 |
 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.5 illustrates variation of the strength reduction factor with net tensile strain in extreme
tension steel and the impact of the strength reduction factor on the axial and flexural capacity
interaction diagram. It is worth noting that in the transition between compression controlled and
tension controlled zones, the nominal axial capacity, Pn, decreases whereas the value of net tensile
strain increases and so does the strength reduction factor, ϕ. Consequently, the resulting factored
axial capacity (i.e. the product of nominal axial capacity and the strength reduction factor), ϕPn,
may either increase or decrease in the transition zone depending on the rates of axial force decrease
and strength reduction increase for the section under consideration. Typically, the rate of axial
capacity decrease dominates over the rate of strength reduction increase and thus the factored axial
load capacity decreases as well.

For certain classes of sections (e.g. sections having a narrowing in the middle such as hollow core
section, T-shaped, L-shaped, and I-shaped sections), however, the reverse may be true resulting in
the factored axial load capacity increase in the transition zone between compression controlled and
tension controlled zones. This unusual increase in axial load capacity is not illustrated by
interaction diagrams produced by the program and is not considered for design and investigation
of cross-sections. It will be flagged to inform the user, however, when the program is run using
Control Points as the load type.

Where unsymmetrical members (e.g. C-shaped or U-shaped sections) are investigated under
biaxial bending, the Mx-My contour diagram occasionally crosses the X or Y axes more than once.
This presents an unusual situation where a load point may exist outside of the Mx-My contour while
appearing within the P-Mx or P-My contour views. It is suggested the Mx-My contours be
investigated carefully for each factored axial load level.

For the CSA standards, the program calculates the factored resistance directly using the factored
compressive concrete strength20, ϕc fc', and the factored forces in reinforcement bars21, ϕs Si. The
material resistance factors are:

20
CSA A23.3-19, 8.4.2, CSA A23.3-14, 8.4.2, 16.1.3; CSA A23.3-04, 8.4.2, 16.1.3; CSA A23.3-94, 8.4.2

21
CSA A23.3-19, 8.4.3; CSA A23.3-14, 8.4.3; CSA A23.3-04, 8.4.3; CSA A23.3-94, 8.4.3

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 SOLUTION METHODS

ϕc = 0.60 for CSA A23.3-94

= 0.65 for CSA A23.3-04/14/19 (cast-in-place)

= 0.70 for CSA A23.3-04/14/19 (precast)

ϕs = 0.85 for CSA A23.3-94/04/14/19

For all ACI and CSA A23.3-94/04 standards, the design axial capacity is capped22 at 0.85 of the
maximum axial capacity for sections with spiral reinforcement or at 0.80 for sections with tie
reinforcement.

Additionally, for CSA A23.3-14 and CSA A23.3-19 the design axial capacity is capped23 at 0.90 of
the maximum axial capacity for sections with spiral reinforcement or at (0.2+0.002h) ≤ 0.80 for
sections with tie reinforcement where h is the wall thickness or the minimum column dimension.

22
ACI 318-19, 22.4.2.1; ACI 318-14, 22.4.2.1; ACI 318-11, 10.3.6; ACI 318-08, 10.3.6; ACI 318-05,10.3.6; ACI 318-
02, 10.3.6; CSA A23.3-14, 10.10.4; CSA A23.3-04, 10.10.4; CSA A23.3-94, 10.10.4

23
CSA A23.3-19, 10.10.4; CSA A23.3-14, 10.10.4

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.6 – Shapes of Factored (Design) P-M interaction diagram for ACI Code

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.7 – Shapes of Factored (Design) P-M interaction diagram for CSA Standard

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 SOLUTION METHODS

8. In the investigation mode the program will calculate capacity for any provided area of
reinforcement. However, if the reinforcement area falls below the code-specified24
minimum of 0.01 times the gross area, Ag, then two options, Architectural or Structural,
are available.

By default, Architectural option is selected for which the capacity of the section is
reduced. For the ACI codes, the reduction results from multiplying the maximum
concrete stress, fc', by the ratio of reinforcement area to 0.01Ag. This produces the same
effect as reducing the effective concrete area25 to achieve ratio of reinforcement area to
gross concrete area equal to 0.01. For the CSA standards26, the factored axial and flexural
resistances aremultiplied by ratio 0.5 (1 + ρt / 0.01) for the 04 edition and ρt / 0.01 for the
94 edition.

For Structural option, the section is treated “as is” without any reductions in capacity. This
option is provided for informational purposes only, since per all codes supported by
spColumn, capacity of compression members with reinforcement area less than 0.01Ag
has to be reduced and areas below 0.005Ag are not allowed.

9. Under the Design option, the reinforcement ratio cannot be less than 1.0% if Structural
column type is selected in design criteria and 0.5% in case of Architectural column type.
For Architectural type, the capacity of the designed column is reduced as described above.
Additionally, User Defined type is provided in the design criteria, which allows designs
with reinforcement ratios not less than 0.1%. No reduction in capacity is applied for User
Defined column type.

24
ACI 318-19, 10.6.1.1; ACI 318-14, 10.6.1.1; ACI 318-11, 10.9.1; ACI 318-08, 10.9.1; ACI 318-05, 10.9.1; ACI
318-02, 10.9.1; CSA A23.3-19, 10.9.1; CSA A23.3-14, 10.9.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.9.1; CSA A23.3-94, 10.9.1
25
ACI 318-19, 10.3.1.2; ACI 318-14, 10.3.1.2; ACI 318-11, 10.8.4; ACI 318-08, 10.8.4; ACI 318-05, 10.8.4; ACI
318-02, 10.8.4

26
CSA A23.3-19, 10.10.5; CSA A23.3-14, 10.10.5; CSA A23.3-04, 10.10.5; CSA A23.3-94, 10.10.5

| 32 |
 SOLUTION METHODS

10. Maximum reinforcement ratio27 for Structural and Architectural options in both
Investigation and Design modes is 8%. For User Defined type in the Design mode the
maximum reinforcement ratio is set to 20%.

11. Reinforcement design strength for standard materials is limited to the value permitted for
design calculations28 by ACI to 80 ksi and CSA to 500 MPa.

27
ACI 318-19, 10.6.1.1; ACI 318-14, 10.6.1.1; ACI 318-11, 10.9.1; ACI 318-08, 10.9.1; ACI 318-05, 10.9.1; ACI
318-02, 10.9.1; CSA A23.3-19, 10.9.2; CSA A23.3-14, 10.9.2; CSA A23.3-04, 10.9.2; CSA A23.3-94, 10.9.2

28
ACI 318-19, Table 20.2.2.4a; ACI 318-14, Table 20.2.2.4a; CSA A23.3-19, 8.5.1; CSA A23.3-14, 8.5.1

| 33 |
 SOLUTION METHODS

2.3. Analysis Methods

2.3.1. Section Investigation Mode

Investigation mode is used when the section shape and reinforcement is known or predetermined
by the user. User can evaluate different modifications to the shape and its geometry and separately
or simultaneously make changes to the reinforcing arrangement. The section strength can be
investigated for as many iterations as required by the user to meet the demand for applied service
or factored loads. Alternatively, investigation can be conducted without loads to evaluate section
strength at various axial load levels or at critical control point on the interaction diagram.

In other words, the investigation mode allows the evaluation of the strength (interaction diagrams
and 3D failure surfaces) and the adequacy of specific section shape and reinforcement. The
adequacy of a section can be checked against factored loads which can be entered directly, or
calculated internally if service loads are defined. The section interaction diagrams and 3D failure
surfaces can be evaluated at specific axial load level, or at specific control point levels.

2.3.1.1. Loading Options

The computations performed when investigating a section depend on the selected load or mode:

a) Factored loads – for each load point, the capacity ratio is computed. For a biaxial run,
the computed Mx and My moment capacities are at the same angle as that produced by the
applied Mx and My moments. The program also reports the depth of neutral axis and
maximum steel strain corresponding to the calculated capacity points. For the ACI code,
the value of strength reduction factor is also reported.

b) Service loads – the program calculates the factored loads using the input load
combinations. If slenderness effects are to be checked and the column is found to be
slender, the applied moments are magnified according to the moment magnification
procedures described in this manual. For each calculated factored load, the same
computations described for factored loads above are performed.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

c) Axial load points – this mode does not require load information. The user can provide a
range of axial loads, for which the program calculates the positive and negative moment
capacities together with the corresponding neutral axis depths and maximum steel strains.
For ACI code, strength reduction factors are also reported.

d) Control points – this mode does not require load information. For several key points
on the interaction diagram, the program calculates axial load and moment capacity
together with the neutral axis depth and maximum steel strain corresponding to the
respective moment capacity. For ACI code, strength reduction factor is also reported. The
following key points are used by the program: maximum compression, allowable
compression, point where steel stress is zero, point where steel stress is 0.5fy, balanced
point, pure bending and maximum tension. For ACI code, an additional control point is
introduced where maximum steel strain is equal to tension control limit.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.3.1.2. Interaction Diagram Options

The program also computes the interaction diagram (uniaxial runs) or the three-dimensional failure
surface (biaxial runs) of the input section. The values of maximum compressive axial load capacity
and maximum tensile load capacity are computed. These two values set the range within which
the moment capacities are computed for a predetermined number of axial load values.

a) For uniaxial runs, positive and negative moment capacities about only the selected axis
(X-Axis or Y-Axis) are computed. Moment capacities about the orthogonal axis are
ignored. To compute the moment capacity at a certain level of axial load, the neutral axis
angle is held constant, parallel to the selected axis. The neutral axis depth is adjusted to
arrive at the desired axial load capacity. This is done for all the predetermined values of
axial load.

b) For biaxial runs, the same predetermined values of axial load are utilized. For each level
of axial load, the section is rotated in 10-degree increments from 0 degrees to 360 degrees
and the Mx and My moment capacities are computed. Thus, for each level of axial load,
an Mx-My contour is developed. Repeating this for the entire range of axial loads, the
three-dimensional failure surface is computed. A three-dimensional visualization of the
resulting entire nominal and factored failure surface is provided to support enhanced
understanding of the section capacity.

Also, for each point on the interaction diagram or on the three-dimensional failure surface, the
program calculates the location of the neutral axis (expressed in terms of depth and angle of the
neutral axis), maximum steel strain, and (for ACI codes only) the strength reduction factor. These
results are reported for the maximum capacity of the section based on the ultimate limit states and
not for the given loading input. The information can however be used to draw conclusions or make
additional calculations for a given loading condition.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.8 – Interaction Surface for Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.3.2. Section Design Mode

Design mode is a very effective mode to determine the optimum section dimensions and
reinforcement pattern for a set of user input applied loads. The program follows a sophisticated
logic for iterative design cycles predicated on user provided criteria for the design. The design
mode is applicable to regular rectangular and circular shapes with commonly encountered
reinforcement arrangements. A trace of the design steps made by the program prior to arriving at
the optimal final design section is made available to the user to review at the end of a run.

2.3.2.1. Design Criteria

Design options available to control the design iterations are as follows:

1. Column Type: Selecting column type allows the modification of limiting minimum and
maximum reinforcement ratios.

2. Reinforcement Bars: the user can control reinforcement bars layout based on minimum
number of bars, or minimum area of steel. The user also has control over the minimum
clear spacing between bars.

3. Capacity Ratio: the user can control the level of safety required in the design process
using the allowable capacity ratio.

2.3.2.2. Design Procedure

The program follows the steps below to conduct a design run for regular sections.

1. Based on the specified minimum, maximum and increment specified for the section and
the reinforcing bars, the program selects the smallest section with the least amount of
reinforcement for which the capacity exceeds the applied loads. If service loads are input,
they are factored using the input load combinations. Depending on the design criteria the
user selects, the program searches for the least amount of reinforcement based on either
the smallest number of bars or the smallest steel area.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2. The program starts the design by trying the smallest section (minimum dimensions) and
the least amount of reinforcing bars. The program verifies that the ratio of provided
reinforcement is always within the specified minimum and maximum ratios.
Furthermore, unless otherwise specified by the user29, the bar spacing is always kept
greater than or equal to the larger of 1.5 times the bar diameter or 1.5 in. [40 mm] for
ACI30 and 1.4 times the bar diameter or 1.2 in [30 mm] for CSA31.

3. A section fails the design if, for any load point the capacity ratio exceeds 1.0 (unless
otherwise specified in the Design Criteria dialog box).

4. Once a section passes the design, its capacity is computed and the calculations explained
in the procedure for section investigation are performed.

5. For members with large cross-sectional area spColumn sometimes warns the user with the
following message “Cannot achieve desired accuracy”. This results when the program
cannot meet the predefined convergence criteria and the corresponding point on the
interaction diagram may be slightly off. The convergence criteria is more stringent than
required in engineering practice, however, the shape of the interaction diagram should be
verified to be relatively smooth and free of unexpected discontinuity.

29
The user may select spacing greater than the default value to take into account tolerances for reinforce ment
placement (see ACI 117-06, Ref [7]) and other project specific considerations.

30
ACI 318-19, 25.2.3; ACI 318-14, 25.2.3; ACI 318-11, 7.6.3; ACI 318-08, 7.6.3; ACI 318-05, 7.6.3; ACI 318-02,
7.6.3

31
CSA A23.3-19, Annex A, 6.6.5.2; CSA A23.3-14, Annex A, 6.6.5.2; CSA A23.3-04, Annex A, 6.6.5.2; CSA A23.3-
94, Annex A, A12.5.2

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.3.3. Moment Magnification at Ends of Compression Member

This procedure accounts for moment magnification due to second-order effects at ends of columns
in sway frames32.

1. If properties of framing members are input, spColumn computes the effective length
factor, ks, for sway condition using the following equation33:

 ( / ks )2  A B     + B  
 − 1 tan −  A  =0
 36  ks  6  ks

where ψ is the ratio of ∑(EI/ℓc) of columns to ∑(EI/ℓ) of beams in a plane at one end of
the column, ψA and ψB are the values of ψ at the upper end and the lower end of the
column. For a hinged end, ψ is very large. This happens in the case where ∑(EI/ℓ) of
beams is very small (or zero) relative to the ∑(EI/ℓc) of columns at that end. In this case,
the program outputs 999.9 for the value of ψ. The moment of inertia used in computing ψ
is the gross moment of inertia multiplied by the cracked section coefficients 34 (specified
in the Slenderness Factors dialog box).

2. For the ACI code35, slenderness effects will be considered if k  lu / r  22.0 . For the

CSA standards, all sway columns are designed for slenderness effects.

32
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.6.1; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.6.1; ACI 318-11, 10.10.7; ACI 318-08, 10.10.7; ACI 318-05, 10.13; ACI
318-02, 10.13; CSA A23.3-19, 10.16; CSA A23.3-14, 10.16; CSA A23.3-04, 10.16; CSA A23.3-94, 10.16

33
Exact formula derived in Ref. [14] pp. 851 for Jackson and Moreland alignment chart

34
ACI 318-19, 6.6.3.1.1, 6.6.4.2, 6.7.1.3, 6.8.1.4; ACI 318-14, 6.6.3.1.1, 6.6.4.2, 6.7.1.3, 6.8.1.4; ACI 318-11,
10.10.4.1; ACI 318-08, 10.10.4.1; ACI 318-05, 10.11.1, 10.13.1; ACI 318-02, 10.11.1, 10.13.1; CSA A23.3-14,
10.14.1.2, 10.16.1; CSA A23.3-19, 10.14.1.2, 10.16.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.14.1.2, 10.16.1; CSA A23.3-94, 10.14.1,
10.16.1

35
ACI 318-19, 6.2.5; ACI 318-14, 6.2.5; ACI 318-11, 10.10.1; ACI 318-08, 10.10.1; ACI 318-05, 10.13.2; ACI 318-
02, 10.13.2

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 SOLUTION METHODS

3. If the ratio k  lu / r exceeds 100, slenderness effects cannot be accounted for using

moment magnification procedure36. A more exact method must be used. In this case, the
program issues a warning message and aborts design or investigation procedure except
for calculations per ACI 318-19, ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, and ACI 318-08 where limit
of k  lu / r  100 does not explicitly apply and the program continues calculations after

showing the warning message.

4. Factored moments, Mns,top and Mns,bot , due to dead, live, and snow loads assumed to cause
no appreciable sidesway37, are calculated at the top and bottom ends of the column.

5. Factored moments, Ms,top and Ms,bot, due to lateral loads (wind and earthquake) assumed
to cause appreciable sidesway38, are calculated at the top and bottom ends of the column.

36
ACI 318-05, 10.11.5; ACI 318-02, 10.11.5; CSA A23.3-19, 10.13.2; CSA A23.3-14, 10.13.2; CSA A23.3-04,
10.13.2; CSA A23.3-94, 10.13.2

37
ACI 318-19, 2.1; ACI 318-14, 2.1; ACI 318-11, 2.1; ACI 318-08, 2.1; ACI 318-05, 2.1; ACI 318-02, 10.0; CSA
A23.3-19, 3.2; CSA A23.3-14, 3.2; CSA A23.3-04, 2.3; CSA A23.3-94, 10.0

38
ACI 318-14, 2.1; ACI 318-11, 2.1; ACI 318-08, 2.1; ACI 318-05, 2.1; ACI 318-02, 10.0; CSA A23.3-04, 2.3; CSA
A23.3-94, 10.0

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 SOLUTION METHODS

6. Flexural stiffness EI is calculated as39:

0.2 Ec I g + Es I se
EI =
1 +  ds

where Ec is the modulus of elasticity of concrete, Es is the modulus elasticity of steel, Ig is

the gross moment of inertia of the concrete section, Ise is the moment of inertia of
reinforcement. Assuming that shear due to lateral loads is not sustained in most frames40,
the βds is taken as zero (with the exception of strength and stability of the structure as a
whole under factored gravity loads described in Step 11).

7. The critical buckling load, Pc, is computed as41.

 2 EI
Pc =
( k  lu )
2

39
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4b; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4b; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-14; ACI
318-08, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-14; ACI 318-05, 10.12.3 Eq. 10-11; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3. Eq. 10-10; CSA A23.3-14/19,
10.16.3.2, 10.15.3 Eq. 10-19; CSA A23.3-04, 10.16.3.2, 10.15.3 Eq. 10-18; CSA A23.3-94, 10.16.3.2, 10.15.3.1
Eq. 10-18

40
ACI 318-19, R6.6.4.6.2(b); ACI 318-14, R6.6.4.6.2(b); ACI 318-11, R10.10.7.4; ACI 318-08, R10.10.7.4; ACI 318-
05, R10.13.4.1, R10.13.4.3; ACI 318-02, R10.13.4.1, R10.13.4.3; Ref. [10] pp 586 (first paragraph from the
bottom)

41
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.2, Eq. 6.6.4.4.2; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.2, Eq. 6.6.4.4.2; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-13; ACI
318-08, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-13; ACI 318-05, 10.12.3 Eq. 10-10; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3 Eq. 10-10; CSA A23.3-19,
10.16.3.2, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-18; CSA A23.3-14, 10.16.3.2, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-18; CSA A23.3-04, 10.16.3.2, 10.15.3.1
Eq. 10-17; CSA A23.3-94, 10.16.3.2, 10.15.3 Eq. 10-17

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 SOLUTION METHODS

8. The sway moment magnification factor, s, is computed as42:

1.0
s =  1.0
1− 
P u

 P
k u

where the stiffness reduction factor, ϕK, is equal to 0.75.

ΣPu is taken as the factored axial load for the load combination under consideration times
the ratio ΣPu/Pu, i.e.43 ΣPu = Pu (ΣPu/Pu).

ΣPc is taken as the critical buckling load for the load combination under consideration
times the ratio ΣPc/Pc, i.e. ΣPc = Pc (ΣPc/Pc).

ϕK and the ratios ΣPu/Pu and ΣPc/Pc may be modified using the Slenderness Factors input
box.

9. The magnified moments at the top and bottom ends of the compression member are
computed as44:

M top = M ns ,top +  s M s ,top

M bot = M ns ,bot +  s M s ,bot

42
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.6.2, Eq. 6.6.4.6.2b; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.6.2, Eq. 6.6.4.6.2b; ACI 318-11, 10.10.7.4 Eq. 10-21; ACI
318-08, 10.10.7.4 Eq. 10-21; ACI 318-05, 10.13.4.3 Eq. 10-18; ACI 318-02, 10.13.4.3 Eq. 10-18; CSA A23.3-19,
10.16.3.2 Eq. 10-24; CSA A23.3-14, 10.16.3.2 Eq. 10-24; CSA A23.3-04, 10.16.3.2 Eq. 10-23; CSA A23.3-94,
10.16.3.2 Eq. 10-23

43
To minimize required input, the program uses one value of ratio Pu / Pu for all load combinations. However, the
ratio can vary depending on the combination under consideration. In this case, it will be conservative to use the
highest value of the ratio.
44
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.6.1; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.6.1; ACI 318-11, 10.10.7; ACI 318-08, 10.10.7; ACI 318-05, 10.13.3;
ACI 318-02, 10.13.3; CSA A23.3-19, 10.16.2; CSA A23.3-14, 10.16.2; CSA A23.3-04, 10.16.2; CSA A23.3-94,
10.16.2

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 SOLUTION METHODS

10. The smaller and the larger factored end moments are then determined based on absolute
values of magnified top and bottom end moments

 M bot if M top  M bot ,

M1 = 
 M top if M top  M bot ,

 M top if M top  M bot ,

M2 = 
 M bot if M top  M bot ,

While design codes define moment M2 as always positive and the sign of moment M1
depending on single or double curvature bending45, spColumn retains actual signs of
moments M1 and M2. This revision ensures proper comparison against negative and
positive moment capacities of unsymmetrical sections (see Figure 2.9).

11. Strength and stability of the structure as a whole under factored gravity loads46 is ensured
by checking that the value of the moment magnification factor, s. is positive and does not
exceed 2.5.

The program performs this check for all load combinations that include only gravity loads
with the exception of the ACI 318-19/14/11/08 codes for which the check is not performed
and CSA A23.3-94 where the check is performed only for the load combination of 1.25
dead load plus 1.5 live load plus (1.5 snow or 0.0 snow), if this combination is present
(default). The βd factor for the load combination under consideration is equal to the
maximum sustained factored axial load to the maximum factored axial load.

45
ACI 318-14, 2.1; ACI 318-11, 2.1; ACI 318-08, 2.1; ACI 318-05, 2.1; ACI 318-02, 10.0; CSA A23.3-19, 3.2; CSA
A23.3-14, 3.2; CSA A23.3-04, 2.3; CSA A23.3-94, 10.0

46
ACI 318-05, 10.13.6; ACI 318-02, 10.13.6; CSA A23.3-19, 10.16.5; CSA A23.3-14, 10.16.5; CSA A23.3-04,
10.16.5; CSA A23.3-94, 10.16.5

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.3.4. Moment Magnification along Length of Compression Member

This procedure accounts for moment magnification due to second-order effect along the length of
compression members that are part of either nonsway47 or sway frames48. In nonsway frames,
moment magnification along length is neglected by the program if the condition in Step 3 is
satisfied.

In sway frames designed per ACI 318-02/05 and CSA A23.3-94/04/14/19, the magnification along
the length is neglected if49:

lu 35

r Pu
f cAg

By rearranging and introducing, k  = Pu / ( f cAg ) this condition can be succinctly expressed as

k   lu / r  35 . For columns designed per ACI 318-19, ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, and ACI 318-08
codes, moment magnification along length is to be considered for all slender compression
members, i.e. columns in either nonsway or sway frames regardless of the k   lu / r ratio. Since

various published examples of columns designed per ACI 318-19, ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, and
ACI 318-08 do not combine moment magnification at ends and along length of columns in sway
frames50, spColumn optionally allows not considering moment magnification along the length of a
column in a sway frame based on engineering judgment of the user.

47
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.2, 6.6.4.5.1, 6.6.4.5.2; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.2, 6.6.4.5.1, 6.6.4.5.2; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6; ACI
318-08, 10.10.6; ACI 318-05, 10.12; ACI 318-02, 10.12; CSA A23.3-19, 10.15; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15; CSA A23.3-
04, 10.15; CSA A23.3-94, 10.15

48
ACI 318-19, 6.6.1.1; ACI 318-14, 6.6.1.1; ACI 318-11, 10.10.2.2; ACI 318-08, 10.10.2.2; ACI 318-05, 10.13.5;
ACI 318-02, 10.13.5; CSA A23.3-19, 10.16.4; CSA A23.3-14, 10.16.4; CSA A23.3-04, 10.16.4; CSA A23.3-94,
10.16.4
49
ACI 318-05, Eq. 10-19; ACI 318-02, Eq. 10-19; CSA A23.3-04, Eq. 10-26; CSA A23.3-04, Eq. 10-25; CSA A23.3-
94, Eq. 10-25

50
See Example 11.2 in Ref. [11], Example 12.4 in Ref. [13], and Example 12.3 in Ref. [12]

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 SOLUTION METHODS

When moment magnification along the length of a compression member is considered, the
following procedure is followed:

1. The effective length factor, k, is either entered by the user or calculated by the program.
The value of k must be between 0.5 and 1.0 for moment magnification along length and
the recommended51 value is 1.0. Smaller values can be used if justified by analysis. If
properties of framing members are input, spColumn computes the effective length factor,
k, for nonsway condition from the following equation52:

 A B   2    A + B    /k  2 
 2 +  1 −  + tan =1
4 k   2   tan ( / k )   / k 2k

Where ψ is the ratio of ∑(EI/ℓc) of columns to ∑(EI/ℓ) of beams in a plane at one end of
the column, ψA and ψB are the values of ψ at the upper end and the lower end of the
column, respectively. Moments of inertia used in computing ψ factors are gross moments
of inertia multiplied by the cracked section coefficients53 (specified in the Slenderness
Factors dialog box).

2. Moments at column ends, M1 and M2, are calculated, where M1 is the moment with the
smaller absolute value and M2 is the moment with the larger absolute value. For columns
in nonsway frames, the end moments will be equal to the factored applied first order
moment. For columns in sway frames, the end moments will be the moments M1 and M2
calculated in the procedure for moment magnification at ends of compression member.

51
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.3, R6.6.4.4.3; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.3, R6.6.4.4.3; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.3, R10.10.6.3; ACI 318-
08, 10.10.6.3, R10.10.6.3; ACI 318-05, 10.12.1; ACI 318-02, 10.12.1; CSA A23.3- 19, 10.15.1; CSA A23.3-14,
10.15.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.1; CSA A23.3-94, 10.15.1

52
Exact formula derived in Ref. [14] pp. 848 for Jackson and Moreland alignment chart.
53
ACI 318-19, 6.6.3.1.1, 6.6.4.2, 6.7.1.3, 6.8.1.4; ACI 318-14, 6.6.3.1.1, 6.6.4.2, 6.7.1.3, 6.8.1.4; ACI 318-11,
10.10.4.1; ACI 318-08, 10.10.4.1; ACI 318-05, 10.11.1, 10.12.1; ACI 318-02, 10.11.1, 10.12.1; CSA A23.3-19,
10.14.1.2, CSA A23.3-14, 10.14.1.2, 10.15.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.14.1.2, 10.15.1; CSA A23.3-94, 10.14.1, 10.15.1

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 SOLUTION METHODS

While design codes define moment M2 as always positive and the sign of moment M1
depending on single or double curvature bending54, spColumn retains actual signs of
moments M1 and M2 to ensure proper comparison of resulting magnified moments against
negative and positive moment capacities of unsymmetrical sections (see Figure 2.9).

This revised interpretation does not affect results of the moment magnification along
length procedure because the procedure relies on the M1/M2 ratio. spColumn follows the
code definition which assumes the ratio to be positive if the member is bent in single
curvature and negative if bent in double curvature. If both moments are equal to zero, the
program conservatively assumes the ratio of M1/M2 = 1.0.

3. Second-order effects along length for columns in nonsway frames can be ignored if:

k  lu M
 34 − 12 1  40 for ACI codes55,
r M2
and

k  lu 25 − 10 ( M 1 / M 2 )
 , for the CSA standards56,
r Pf / ( f cAg )

where ℓu is the unsupported column length, r = I g / A is the radius of gyration, and the

ratio M1/M2 is always taken as greater than or equal to –0.5. (For CSA A23.3-19, if M2
isless than M2,min the M1/M2 ratio shall be taken as equal to 1.0)

54
ACI 318-14, 2.1; ACI 318-11, 2.1; ACI 318-08, 2.1; ACI 318-05, 2.1; ACI 318-02, 10.0; CSA A23.3-19, 3.2; CSA
A23.3-14, 3.2; CSA A23.3-04, 2.3; CSA A23.3-94, 10.0
55
ACI 318-19, 6.2.5.1; ACI 318-14, 6.2.5; ACI 318-11, 10.10.1; ACI 318-08, 10.10.1; ACI 318-05, 10.12.2; ACI 318-
02, 10.12.2

56
CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.2; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.2; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.2; CSA A23.3-94, 10.15.2

| 47 |
 SOLUTION METHODS

4. If the ratio k  lu / r exceeds 100, slenderness effects cannot be accounted for using

moment magnification procedure57. A more exact method must be used. In this case, the
program issues a warning message and aborts design or investigation procedure except
for calculations per ACI 318-19, ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, and ACI 318-08 where limit
of k  lu / r  100 does not explicitly apply and the program continues calculations after

showing the warning message.

5. The factor Cm is computed as58:

M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
M2

and for codes other than ACI 318-19, ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, and ACI 318-08, Cm is
taken as not less than 0.4.

If M1 = M2 = 0, the program assumes Cm to be equal to 1.059. This is consistent with the

assumption made above (in Step 2).

For CSA A23.3-19, if M2,min exceeds M2, Cm shall be taken as equal to 1.060.

57
ACI 318-05, 10.11.5; ACI 318-02, 10.11.5; CSA A23.3-14, 10.13.2; CSA A23.3-04, 10.13.2; CSA A23.3-94,
10.13.2

58
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.5.3; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.5.3; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.4; ACI 318-08, 10.10.6.4; ACI 318-05,
10.12.3.1; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3.1; CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.2; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.2; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.2;
CSA A23.3-94, 10.15.3.1
59
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.5.4; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.5.4; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.5; ACI 318-08, 10.10.6.5; ACI 318-05,
10.12.3.2; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3.2

60
CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.1

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 SOLUTION METHODS

6. The sustained load factor βdns (βd for ACI 318-05/02 and CSA A23.3-14/04/94) is
computed as the ratio of maximum factored axial sustained load to the maximum factored
axial load for the load combination under consideration for compression members either
in nonsway61 or sway62 frames. The value of βdns is not taken greater than 1.0.

7. Flexural stiffness EI is computed as63:

0.2 Ec I g + Es I se
EI =
1 +  dns

where Ec is the modulus of elasticity of concrete, Es is the modulus of elasticity of steel,

Ig is the gross moment of inertia of the concrete section, and Ise is the moment of inertia
of reinforcement.

8. The critical buckling load, Pc is computed as64:

 2 EI
Pc =
( k  lu )
2

61
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.4; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.4; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.2; ACI 318-08, 10.10.6.2; ACI 318-05, 10.11.1;
ACI 318-02, 10.0; CSA A23.3-19, 3.2; CSA A23.3-14, 3.2; CSA A23.3-04, 2.3; CSA A23.3-94, 10.0

62
ACI 318-19, 6.6.1.1; ACI 318-14, 6.6.1.1; ACI 318-11, 10.10.2.2, 10.10.6.2; ACI 318-08, 10.10.2.2, 10.10.6.2; ACI
318-05, 10.13.5; ACI 318-02, 10.13.5; CSA A23.3-19, 10.14.1.3(a), 10.16.4; CSA A23.3-14, 10.14.1.3(a), 10.16.4;
CSA A23.3-04, 10.14.1.3(a), 10.16.4; CSA A23.3-94, d definition (a)in 10.0, 10.16.4

63
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4b; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4b; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.1, Eq. 10-14;
ACI 318-08, 10.10.6.1 Eq. 10-14; ACI 318-05, 10.12.3 Eq. 10-11; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3. Eq. 10-10; CSA A23.3-19,
10.15.3 Eq. 10-19; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-19; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-18; CSA A23.3-94,
10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-18.

64
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.2, Eq. 6.6.4.4.2; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.2, Eq. 6.6.4.4.2; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-13; ACI
318-08, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-13; ACI 318-05, 10.12.3 Eq. 10-10; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3 Eq. 10-10; CSA A23.3-19,
10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-18; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-18; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-17; CSA A23.3-94,
10.15.3 Eq. 10-17

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 SOLUTION METHODS

9. The magnification factor for moment along length, δ, is computed as65:

Cm
=
P
1− u
k  Pc

where the stiffness reduction factor, ϕK, is equal to 0.75 (may be modified using the
Slenderness Factors input box) and Pu is the factored axial load for the load combination
under consideration.

10. The moment due to minimum eccentricity, emin is computed as66:

M min = Pu  emin , where

emin = 0.6 + 0.03h , with h in inches,

emin = 15 + 0.03h , with h in mm,

and h is the section dimension (diameter for circular sections) in the direction being
considered.

65
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.5.2 Eq. 6.6.4.5.2; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.5.2 Eq. 6.6.4.5.2; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-12; ACI 318-
08, 10.10.6 Eq. 10-12; ACI 318-05, 10.12.3 Eq. 10.9; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3 Eq. 10.9; CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.1 Eq.
10-17; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-17; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1 Eq. 10-16; CSA A23.3-94, 10.15.3 Eq. 10-
16.
66
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.5.4; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.5.4; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.5; ACI 318-08, 10.10.6.5; ACI 318-05,
10.12.3.2; ACI 318M-05, 10.12.3.2; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3.2; ACI 318M-02 10.12.3.2; CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.1;
CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1; CSA A23.3-94, 10.15.3.

| 50 |
 SOLUTION METHODS

11. The factored magnified moment along the length of a compression member, Mc, is the
larger67 of δM2 and δMmin. The program also calculates moment Mc based on the smaller
end moment, M1, to account for scenario when M1 and M2 are of different sign (double
curvature bending). For an unsymmetrical section, the smaller moment, M1, may govern
the design when the moment capacity on the negative side of the interaction diagram is
smaller than the moment capacity on the positive side (see Figure 2.9).

Figure 2.9 – Case of unsymmetrical section bent in double curvature (M1 and M2 of different
sign) with the smaller end moment, M1, governing the design

67
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.5.4; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.5.4; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.5; ACI 318-08, 10.10.6.5; ACI 318-05,
10.12.3.2; ACI 318-02, 10.12.3.2; CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.1; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1;
CSA A23.3-94, 10.15.3

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.3.5. Moments Magnification Ratio

For calculations in accordance with ACI 318-19/14/11/08, the value of total magnified moment
including second-order effects (combined magnification at ends and along length of compression
member) cannot exceed 1.4 times the corresponding moment due to first order effects68. Columns
with second-order moment to first-order moment ratios exceeding 1.4 do not meet requirements of
ACI 318-19/14/11/08.

The ratio of second-order moment, M2nd, to first-order moment M1st is calculated for both values
(i = 1,2) of magnified moment along length, Mci, i.e. based on M1 and M2:

 M ci
 if M ui  M min
M 2 ndi  M ui
=
M1sti  M ci
M if M ui  M min
 min

Cut off value of Mmin is applied to Mui in order to avoid unduly large ratios in cases where Mui
moments are smaller than Mmin.

68
ACI 318-19, 6.2.5.3; ACI 318-14, 6.2.6; ACI 318-11, 10.10.2.1; ACI 318-08, 10.10.2.1

| 52 |
 SOLUTION METHODS

If only magnification at ends is considered (i.e. when user chooses to bypass provision 10.10.2.2
of ACI 318-11/08 and provision 6.6.4.6.4 of ACI 318-19/14 and ignores second order effects along
the length of a compression member in a sway frame), the ratio of second-order moment, M2nd, to
first-order moment, M1st, is calculated at both ends (i =1, 2) as:

M 2 ndi M i M ins +  s M is
= =
M1sti M ui M ins + M is

where Mi are the magnified end moments M1 and M2, and Mui are the corresponding factored
applied moment composed of the part that causes no appreciable sidesway, Mins, and the part that
causes appreciable sidesway, Mis. If both M2ndi and M1sti moments are equal to zero, the
program will report the ratio equal to 1.0. If only M1sti moment is equal to zero, the program will
report the ratio as a large value.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.4. Design Methods

For any modeled section solved using design or investigation mode, the program computes a
Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR), sometimes also referred to as design capacity ratio, for all load
points. For biaxial run option the demand capacity ratio for any load point is always computed at
the same angles as that produced by the applied Mx and My moments of that load point.

The DCR in spColumn is computed using one of two methods available for the user to choose
from when selecting the project general design criteria. Each method is described in this section
to explain the benefits of each to the evaluation by the user of the suitability of section capacity to
the intended loading demands.

2.4.1. Moment Capacity Method

In the Moment Capacity Method, the program calculates the DCR for a load point considering a
factored axial value and compare the moments as follows:

Mu
Capacity Ratio =
Mn

Sometimes the value of ϕMn cannot be obtained. In such cases the program reports a Capacity
ratio of “< 1” for load points inside the failure surface and a Capacity ratio of “> 1” for load points
outside the failure surface.

In the moment capacity method, the reported capacity ratio can be interpreted as follows:

Capacity ratio < 1 : internal load-point (capacity is adequate)

Capacity ratio = 1 : load point on diagram

Capacity ratio > 1 : external load point (capacity is exceeded)

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.10 – DCR Biaxial Bending Mx-My Diagram and P-M Interaction Diagrams

2.4.2. Critical Capacity Method

Introduced by StructurePoint starting with Version 6.50, the critical capacity method is an alternate
or secondary method to evaluate section strength. The capacity ratio calculated using this method
can be viewed as a “Vulnerability Index” that examines often unseen or hard to visualize
conditions leading to a much lower margin of safety for a particular modeled section.

The capacity ratio calculation is based on the closest distance (d) of a load-point from the
interaction diagram. But because the horizontal axis (M) & vertical axis (P) of P-M diagrams have
different units and scales, spColumn uses a normalized diagram for the calculation of closest
distance (d).

The normalized diagram is created by:

Dividing all “P” components of diagram-points and load-points by Pmax

Dividing all “M” components of diagram-points and load-points by Mmax

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.11 – Critical Capacity Method – P-M Diagram vs Normalized P-M Diagram

And the Critical capacity ratio of a load-point is:

Capacity ratio = 1 - d : internal load-point (capacity is adequate)

Capacity ratio = 1 : load point on diagram

Capacity ratio = 1 + d : external load point (capacity is exceeded)

The closest distance (d) can alternatively be calculated by finding the corresponding capacity
point (ϕPn, ϕMn) on the diagram which minimizes the following equation:

2 2
  P − P   Mn − Mu 
d =  n u  + 
 Pmax   M max 

Additional discussion concerning DCR determination is provided in this article:

Column Section Demand-Capacity Ratio Determination

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.5. Detailing Provisions

It is imperative to ensure the final design section is detailed to reflect all the assumptions and inputs
used in the structural section model to ensure the calculated capacity can be achieved. Direct
detailing requirement of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in a structural section is not
provided by spColumn. The program input and output must be utilized to complete the detailing
of final design section.

Confinement choices selected by the user dictate the reduction factors for tied, spiral, and user
defined types. User must ensure the final designed section is detailed correctly on design drawings
in accordance with the corresponding provisions for confinement in the selected code to match the
assumptions made in the model.

Concrete cover to longitudinal and transverse reinforcement used in the model should be reflected
in the structural drawings based on the input to reflect the calculated design capacity.

Where slenderness is considered in a model and theoretical end conditions are used, special care
must be used to ensure the structural drawings details reflect the assumed end condition used to
arrive at the model results and corresponding strength and demand capacity ratios.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.5.1. Lap Splice Requirements

Frequently, the basic gravity load combination will govern the design of the column itself, but a
load combination including lateral effects may induce greater tension in some column bars. Each
bar splice should be designed for the maximum calculated bar tensile force69.

Lap splices are permitted in column reinforcing bars subject to compression or tension. The type
of lap splice to be used depends on the bar stress at the splice location, compression or tension,
and magnitude if tension, due to all factored load combinations considered in the design of the
column. Lap splice type to be used will be governed by the load combination producing the greatest
amount of tension in the reinforcing bars being spliced. The design requirements for lap splices in
column bars can be illustrated by a typical column interaction diagram as shown in the following
figure.

69
ACI 318-19, R10.7.5.1.2;

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Figure 2.12 – Special Splice Requirements for Columns per Bar Stress

Bar stress at various locations along the column interaction diagram define segments of the
strength curve where the different types of lap splices may be used. For factored load combinations
along the interaction diagram, bar stress can be readily calculated to determine the type of lap
splice required. However, a design dilemma exists for load combinations that do not fall exactly
on the interaction diagram (inside the interaction diagram) as there is no simple exact method to
calculate bar stress for this condition.

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 SOLUTION METHODS

A seemingly rational approach is to consider factored load combinations inside the interaction
diagram as producing bar stress of the same type, compression or tension, and of the same
approximate magnitude as that produced along the segment of the interaction diagram intersected
by radial lines (lines of equal eccentricity) through the load combination point70. This assumption
becomes more exact as the factored load combinations being investigated fall nearer to the actual
strength interaction diagram of the column. Using this approach, zones of “bar stress” can be
established as shown in the Figure above.

For factored load combinations in Zone 1, all column bars are considered to be in compression 71.
For load combinations in Zone 2 of the figure, bar stress on the tension face of the column is
considered to vary from zero to 0.5fy in tension72. For load combinations in Zone 3, bar stress on
the tension face is considered to be greater than 0.5fy in tension73. Type of lap splice to be used
will then depend on which zone, or zones, all factored load combinations considered in the design
of the column are located. The designer need only locate the factored load combinations on the
interaction diagram for the column and bars selected in the design to determine type of lap splice
required. Use of the interaction diagram in this manner will greatly facilitate the design of column
bar splices.

70
ACI 318-19, 10.7.5; ACI 318-14, 10.7.5; ACI 318-11, 12.17; CSA A23.3-19, 12.17; CSA A23.3-14, 12.17; CSA
A23.3-04, 12.17

71
ACI 318-19, 10.7.5.2.1; ACI 318-14, 10.7.5.2.1; ACI 318-11, 12.17.2.1; CSA A23.3-19, 12.17.3.1; CSA A23.3-14,
12.17.3.1; CSA A23.3-04, 12.17.3.1

72
ACI 318-19, 10.7.5.2.2; ACI 318-14, 10.7.5.2.2; ACI 318-11, 12.17.2.2; CSA A23.3-19, 12.17.3.2; CSA A23.3-14,
12.17.3.2; CSA A23.3-04, 12.17.3.2

73
ACI 318-19, 10.7.5.2.2; ACI 318-14, 10.7.5.2.2; ACI 318-11, 12.17.2.3; CSA A23.3-19, 12.17.3.3; CSA A23.3-14,
12.17.3.3; CSA A23.3-04, 12.17.3.3

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.6. Special Topics

2.6.1. High Strength Reinforcing Bars (HSRB)

High Strength Reinforcing Bars (HSRB) are permitted in spColumn with steel tension capacity up
to 80 ksi. Steel bars with higher capacity than 80 ksi and up to 100 ksi are permissible in some
design standards and will be supported in future versions of spColumn. The user is urged to
exercise special care if non standard material properties are used in the input to ensure results are
suitably compliant with building code provisions as little or no guidance is adopted for reinforcing
steel strength above 100 ksi.

The following technical articles provide some background for HSRB and special considerations
for using HSRB in structural members with combined axial and bending. Special observations are
outlined in each article highlighting the impact of new ACI 318-19 provisions are by utilizing a
simple design example.

Column Design Capacity Comparison with High Strength Reinforcing Bars per ACI 318-14 and
ACI 318-19

Column Design with High-Strength Reinforcing Bars per ACI 318-19

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Effective Flexural Stiffness

A primary concern in calculating the critical axial buckling load Pc is the choice of the stiffness
that reasonably approximates the variation in stiffness due to cracking, creep, and concrete
nonlinearity. (EI)eff is used in the process of determining the moment magnification at column ends
and along the column length in sway and nonsway frames. (EI)eff can be calculated as74:

 0.4 Ec I g 
(a) 
 1 +  dns 
 0.2 Ec I g + Es I se 
( EI )eff = (b) 
 1 +  dns 
 Ec I 
(c) 
 1 +  dns 

The designer may utilize any of the three options for (EI)eff given the available input data at a given
design stage and the desired level of accuracy. spColumn Program utilizes Equation (b)75 which is
more accurate than Equation (a)76 and less accurate (but less complex) than Equation (c)77. The
designer may choose between Equations (a) and (b) to optimize the required moment
magnification and finalize column size and reinforcement. More information about this topic can
be found in the following technical article:

Effective Flexural Stiffness for Critical Buckling Load of Concrete Columns

74
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.4; ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.4; ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.1; CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.1; CSA A23.3-14,
10.15.3.1; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1

75
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4(b); ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4(b); ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.1, Eq. 10-
14; CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.1, Eq. 10-19; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.1, Eq. 10-19; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1, Eq. 10-
18
76
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4(a); ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4(a); ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.1, Eq. 10-15;
CSA A23.3-19, 10.15.3.1, Eq. 10-20; CSA A23.3-14, 10.15.3.1, Eq. 10-20; CSA A23.3-04, 10.15.3.1, Eq. 10-19

77
ACI 318-19, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4(c); ACI 318-14, 6.6.4.4.4, Eq. 6.6.4.4.4(c); ACI 318-11, 10.10.6.1

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 SOLUTION METHODS

CSA Minimum Moment Provisions

CSA provisions for minimum moment, M2,min, effects on slenderness calculations for non-sway
columns per CSA A23.3 has gone through significant changes in the 2004, 2014, and 2019 code
cycles. The 2019 edition of CSA A23.3 introduced significant conservatism to non-sway column
designs in both slenderness consideration and the moment magnification phases. This article
outlines and discusses the evolution of CSA A23.3 in slenderness calculations for non-sway
columns where the largest first-order moment, M2, is less than the minimum moment, M2,min. More
information about this topic can be found in the following technical article:

Effects of M2,min on Slenderness Calculations for Non-Sway Column per CSA A23.3

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 SOLUTION METHODS

Bundled Reinforcement Bars

Bundled bars used in large cross sections are frequently encountered in design. In spColumn,
bundled bar configurations are treated as irregular reinforcement patterns which can only be run
in Investigation mode. However, the program allows the user to define a fictitious bar size under
User-defined Bar Set in the define menu instead of using irregular reinforcement pattern. This
option also allows the user to utilize the “Design” mode to arrive at the optimal bundled bar
configuration.

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SOLUTION METHODS

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 SOLUTION METHODS

2.7. References

[1] Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI
318R-19), American Concrete Institute, 2019

[2] Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI
318R-14), American Concrete Institute, 2014

[3] Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary (ACI
318R-11), American Concrete Institute, 2011

[4] Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary (ACI
318R-08), American Concrete Institute, 2008

[5] Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (ACI
318R-05), American Concrete Institute, 2005

[6] Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and Commentary (ACI
318R-02), American Concrete Institute, 2002

[7] Specification for Tolerances for Concrete and Materials and Commentary, An ACI
Standard (ACI 117-06), American Concrete Institute, 2006

[8] CSA23.3-04, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards Association, 2004

[9] CSA23.3-94, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards Association, 1994

(Reaffirmed 2000)

[10] National Building Code of Canada 2005, Volume 1, Canadian Commission on Buildings
and Fire Codes, National Research Council of Canada, 2005

[11] Notes on ACI 318-08 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design
Applications, Edited by Mahmoud E. Kamara, Lawrence C. Novak and Basile G. Rabbat,
Portland Cement Association, 2008

[12] Wight J.K. and MacGregor J.G., Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and Design, Fifth
Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009

[13] Hassoun M.N. and Al-Manaseer A., Structural Concrete Theory and Design, Fourth
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009

[14] Salomon C.G. and Johnson J.E., Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, 2nd Edition,
Harper & Row Publishers, 1980

[15] Notes on ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design
Applications, Edited by Mahmoud E. Kamara, and Lawrence C. Novak, Portland Cement
Association, 2013

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 SOLUTION METHODS

[16] CSA23.3-14, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards Association, 2014

[17] National Building Code of Canada 2010, Volume 1, Canadian Commission on Buildings
and Fire Codes, National Research Council of Canada, 2010

[18] CSA23.3-19, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards Association, 2019

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 CHAPTER

3. PROGRAM INTERFACE
3
3.1. Start Screen

When the Program is launched, a start screen appears as shown below. The Start Screen consists
of options to start New Project, Open existing Project, open Examples folder, links to available
program Resources and a list of Recent files. The program name and copyright information are
located in the bottom right of the start screen.

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PROGRAM INTERFACE

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

3.2. Main Program Window

The Main Program Window shown above consists of the following:

Quick Access Toolbar

The Quick Access Toolbar includes New, Open, Save and Undo and Redo commands.

Title Bar

The Title Bar displays the name of the program, along with the filename of the current data file in
use. If the file is new and has not yet been saved, the word “Untitled” is displayed in the Title Bar.
It also displays “(Modified)” if the file has been changed and not saved yet.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Ribbon

The Ribbon consists File and Home tabs.

File Tab consists of commands to go Back to Home Tab, create New file, Open an existing file,
Save a file, Save as, Import, Export and Exit. In addition, the entire Start Screen is present
under the File Tab.

Home Tab gives quick access to commands which are needed to complete the task of creating a
model, executing it and analyzing solutions. These commands are:

Project – enables to enter GENERAL, MATERIALS, RUN OPTIONS, and PROJECT DESCRIPTION.

Define – enables to define PROPERTIES, and LOAD CASE/COMBO.

Section – enables to create/modify regular and irregular sections and reinforcements.

Slenderness – enables to specify various properties related to slenderness.

Loads – enables to select load type and assign loads to be used in model.

Tools – enables DESIGN TRACE, SUPERIMPOSE, and BATCH PROCESSOR tools.

Solve – runs the SOLVER.

Diagrams – enables to view PM, MM, 3D-PM, and 3D-MM diagrams.

Tables – enables to open Tables Module to view tabular input and output.

Reporter – enables to open Reporter Module to view the Report.

Display – enables to toggle on/off model items.

Viewports – enables to select from a predefined viewport configuration.

Settings – enables to modify various Program settings.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Left Panel

The properties of active commands under Home Tab or the properties of items selected in the
Viewport are displayed in the Left Panel which can then be used to execute the commands or edit
the selected items. After execution Left Panel displays solutions and also various tools which can
be used to explore the graphical results in the Viewport.

Left Panel Toolbar

The Left Panel Toolbar contains commands that can be used to edit various items in the
Viewport.

Viewport

The Viewport covers the majority of the main program window. It the Section scope it is the space
where sections can be defined, created and edited. In the Diagrams scope graphical results can be
viewed in the viewport. When viewing graphical results of biaxial runs up to 6 viewports can be used
at once.

View Controls

The View Controls contains various commands which can be used to adjust the views of
Viewport both during modeling or viewing the graphical results.

Drafting Aids

The Drafting Aids provides access to various Viewport and Grid parameters and commands
which can facilitate in drafting a model.

Status Bar

The Status Bar displays important information such as the design code being used, run options,
loads option, cursor position and current units. It also houses the drafting aid commands.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

3.3. Tables Window

The Tables Module interface shown above enables the user to view program inputs and outputs in
tables and export them in different formats.

The Tables Module is accessed from within the Main Program Window by clicking the Tables
button from the Ribbon. Alternatively, Tables Module can also be accessed by pressing the F6
key. If the model has not been executed yet, then the Tables Module will only contain a list of
input data tables. When a model has been successfully executed, the Tables Module will also
display the output data tables.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Toolbar

The Toolbar contains commands which can be used to navigate through various Tables

Previous table

Displays the previous table.

Next table

Displays the next table.

Table number box

Displays the table with the table number entered in the box.

Auto fit column width to view area

When toggled on always fits the width of table to the Preview Area width.

Maintain maximum column width

Restores all table columns to their default maximum width.

Export current table

Exports the table being viewed in the selected format.

Explorer

Shows or hides the Explorer Panel.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Settings

Contains settings for the Tables and Explorer Panel.

Tables settings

• HIGHLIGHT CRITICAL ITEMS: Enables highlighting of critical items in the “Loads and
Capacities” table.

• HIGHLIGHTING COLOR: Provides color options for highlighting critical items.

Explorer settings

• LOCATION: Displays explorer panel on the left or right side of screen depending on
selection.

• HIDE INACTIVE ITEMS: Hides unused tables from the explorer view.

• KEEP EXPLORER CONFIGURATION: Saves the explorer configuration i.e., information

about selected tables and opened/closed sections so that it is available next time user
opens the tables module.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Explorer Panel

The Explorer Panel consists of all the available items of the inputs and results classified into
sections and arranged hierarchically. Any item in the Explorer Panel can be clicked on to display
the corresponding table in the Preview Area.

Expand all

Expands item list.

Collapse all

Collapses item list.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

3.4. Reporter Window

The Reporter Module interface shown above enables the user to view, customize, print and export
reports in different formats.

The Reporter Module is accessed from within the Main Program Window by clicking the
Reporter button from the Ribbon. Alternatively, Reporter Module can also be accessed by
pressing the F7 key. If the model has not been solved then the Reporter Module will only contain
a list of input data reports. When a model has been successfully executed, the Reporter Module
will also display the output data reports. Immediately after opening the Reporter Module, you
can export and/or print the default report by pressing Export/Print button. Various options to
customize the report before printing and/or exporting it are also provided. Once the work in
Reporter Module is complete click the close button in the top right corner to exit Reporter
window.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Toolbar

Previous page

Displays the previous page of the report.

Next page

Displays the next page of the report.

Page number box

Displays the page with the page number entered in the box.

Zoom in

Zooms in on the report (Ctrl + Mouse wheel up).

Zoom out

Zooms out on the report (Ctrl + Mouse wheel down).

Zoom box

Zooms on the report preview to the extent typed in the box or selected from the dropdown list.

Fit to window width and enable scrolling

Fits the width of report to the preview space width and enables scrolling.

Fit one full page to window

Fits one full page in the preview space.

Pan

When toggled on and report if bigger than preview window, enables panning the report.

Text selection

When toggled on enables selecting text in the report.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Explorer

Shows or hides the Explorer Panel.

Settings

Modifies settings for Report and Explorer Panel.

Report settings

• FONT SIZE: Provides the options to use small, medium or large font sizes in the report.

• REGENERATE AUTOMATICALLY: Enables automatic regeneration of report when content

selection is modified by the user.

• SPLIT LONG TABLES: Displays table headings in all pages when tables are split along
several pages.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Explorer settings

• LOCATION: Displays Explorer Panel on the left or right side of screen depending on
selection.

• HIDE INACTIVE ITEMS: Hides unused tables from the explorer view.

• KEEP EXPLORER CONFIGURATION: Saves the explorer configuration i.e. information

aboutselected tables and opened/closed sections so that it is available the next time user
opens Reporter.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Export / Print panel

Export

Exports the report in the selected format.

Print

Prints the report in the selected format when the option is available.

Type

Provides 5 format options to print and/or export the reports

• WORD: produces a Microsoft Word file with .docx extension.

• PDF: produces an Adobe Acrobat file with .pdf extension.

• TEXT: produces a Text file with .txt extension.

• EXCEL: produces a Microsoft Excel file with .xlsx extension.

• CSV: produces a Comma Separated file with .csv extension.

Printer

Provides the option to select available printers and change printer properties.

Settings

Provides the options to modify print settings.

• PAPER: Provides the options to select from available paper sizes.

• ORIENTATION: Provides the options to select between landscape or portrait paper

orientation.

• MARGINS: Provides the options to use narrow, normal, wide or custom margins to the
report

• PRINT RANGE: Provides the options to select the pages to print and/or export.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Explorer Panel

The Explorer Panel consists of all the available report items classified into sections and arranged
hierarchically. Each item listed in the Explorer Panel is preceded by a checkbox. The user can
check/uncheck the checkbox to include or exclude from the report, the items or sections.

Expand all

Expands item list.

Collapse all

Collapses item list

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

3.5. Print/Export Window

Print/Export Module interface shown above enables the user to view, customize, print and export
diagrams in different formats.

The Print/Export Module is accessed from within the Main Program Window by using the
Right Click Menu in the Diagrams scope or from the Reporter Submenu in the Ribbon.

Print/Export Module is only available in the diagrams scope.

Alternatively pressing the “CTRL + P” also opens the Print/Export Module. Once the module is
open the rest of the program is locked until the Print/Export Module is closed.

Immediately after opening the Print/Export Module, you can export and/or print the generated
diagram by pressing Export/Print button. Options to customize the diagram orientation, paper

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

size and margins are provided. Once the work in Print/Export Module is complete click the close
button in the top right corner to exit the module.

Toolbar

Zoom in

Zooms in on the report (Ctrl + Mouse wheel up).

Zoom out

Zooms out on the report (Ctrl + Mouse wheel down).

Zoom box

Zooms on the report preview to the extent typed in the box or selected from the dropdown list.

Fit one full page to window

Fits one full page in the preview space.

Pan

When toggled on and report if bigger than preview window, enables panning the report.

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 PROGRAM INTERFACE

Export / Print panel

Export

Exports the report in the selected format.

Print

Prints the displayed diagram.

Type

Provides 4 format options to export the reports

• EMF produces a file with .emf extension

• BMP produces a file with .bmp extension

• TO REPORT adds the diagram to the report

• TO CLIPBOARD copies the diagram to clipboard to be pasted elsewhere

Printer

Provides the option to select available printers and change printer properties.

Settings

Provides the options to modify print settings.

• PAPER: Provides the options to select from available paper sizes.

• ORIENTATION: Provides the options to select between landscape or portrait paper

orientation.

• MARGINS: Provides the options to use narrow, normal, wide or custom margins to the report.

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 CHAPTER

4. MODELING METHODS
4
4.1. Model Creation Concepts

The key to successful implementation of spColumn in a project is to understand the unique and
powerful approach the program takes in modeling, analyzing, designing, and investigating a
structural member subjected to combined axial and flexural loads. This chapter provides an
overview of assumptions and considerations the design professional must take into account while
utilizing spColumn.

As a general rule, the geometry of the analytical model shall correspond to that of the physical
member as closely as possible.

The user shall ensure the project criteria aligns correctly with applicable design code and standard
provisions on subjects such as load type, load factors, load combinations, material properties and
bar sets to name a few.

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 MODELING METHODS

4.1.1. Physical Modeling Terminology

A complete model for a structural member requires detailed knowledge of the target structural
member and the adjacent framing elements such as:

1. The design column, pier, wall, or beam

2. Structural element above and below the design member

3. Beams and/or slabs framing at the ends of the member in both orthogonal directions

4. Any other constraints at member ends

Refer to Figure 2.3 for additional details of input convention and designations.

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 MODELING METHODS

4.1.2. Structural Member

spColumn allows for designing a new structural member or investigating an existing structural
member subject to axial loads with uniaxial or biaxial bending conditions. The components required
for successful modeling of structural member is dependent on its slenderness consideration, as
follows:

• Slenderness not considered: member can be sufficiently modeled with just the section
SHAPE geometry, longitudinal BAR arrangement and their material properties.

• Slenderness considered: member requires, in addition, the height of design member

together with the geometric and material properties of columns and beams/slabs at the
top and bottom of the design column. This information is essential for slenderness
consideration and is key for the determination of magnified moments and their effects on
the structural member.

Slenderness can be considered in spColumn by utilizing the Moment Magnification Method

(MMM). When slenderness effects are incorporated elsewhere, the Program can be run by selecting
NO for CONSIDER SLENDERNESS run option.

When slenderness effects are considered, the height of the design column is considered in addition
to the section dimensions. spColumn allows the effective length factor, k, either be inputted by the
user or computed based on the end conditions. End conditions options enable the user to enter the
member properties at the joint or simply assign it to be predefined pin or fixed conditions.

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 MODELING METHODS

4.1.3. Section

The section of the target structural member shall be composed of two essential objects, namely:
the SHAPE and the REBAR. The modeling objects available to define the section are:

• SHAPE is used to model concrete solids or openings.

• BAR is used to model longitudinal reinforcing bars.

In spColumn, the section can be classified as regular or irregular based on the ability of spColumn
to perform design based on user specified limits of shape dimensions and commonly used reinforcing
bar patterns. Design of regular sections is an iterative process using an advanced algorithm intended
to result in an optimal section with adequate strength for the applied loads. Sections that do not
qualify as regular are classified as irregular and can be investigated with many variations of shape
and bar arrangements as required by the user.

Regular section is defined as single solid object with standard shape and regular bar arrangement.
Regular sections available in the Program with design options are:

• Rectangular is a rectangular solid with rectangular or circular bar layout arranged with
all sides equal, equal spacing or sides different.

• Circular is a circular solid with rectangular or circular bar layouts arranged with equal
spacing.

Design of regular sections is accompanied with a design trace feature allowing the user to
follow the progression of design iteration leading to the final proposed design section.

Irregular section refers to any representation of single solid or multi-solid section that does not fit
the description of a regular section. In other words, it cannot be designed using the standard shapes
and bar patterns in the design option. Some of the more common irregular sections are shown as
follows:

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 MODELING METHODS

• Regular solid shape with irregular bar arrangement.

• Irregular solid shape or multiple shapes with regular bar arrangement.

• Irregular solid shape or multiple shapes with irregular bar arrangement.

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 MODELING METHODS

• Solid shape with an interior opening

• Solid shape with an exterior opening

• Section created by advance modeling in spColumn or imported via text or DXF input

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 MODELING METHODS

• Sections created using spColumn pre-selected templates

It is the user responsibility to ensure that the program assumptions and relevant code provisions
hold true when modeling any irregular sections.

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 MODELING METHODS

4.1.4. Input Preparation

It is extremely important that all the concepts, assumptions and definitions are understood in order
for the analytical model to achieve compliance with supporting provisions permitted by the
applicable codes and standards used. It is also essential for the proper interpretation of design and
analysis results.

In each model the run option of design or investigation depending is selected by the user based on
project needs. The STRENGTH properties of concrete and reinforcing steel are input by the user for
modeling the structural member and other members at end conditions. Other material properties
are normally calculated per the code standard unless the user elects non-standard manual input.

The BAR SET can be selected as pre-defined sets per American and Canadian standards or the user
can create user-defined set for other international design standards or to mimic the area of a
bundled bar.

Model input requires a choice of run axis. The BIAXIAL bending consideration constitutes the most
comprehensive state that enables the creation of the 3D failure surface and therefore, may be
utilized by the user as a default condition in any model. The Uniaxial run option concerns either
with ABOUT X-AXIS or ABOUT Y-AXIS runs. If a section does not undergo biaxial bending, the
utilization of uniaxial option results in simpler output and fewer input requirements.

The axial load only condition may occur if the bending is negligible. A common case of this is
interior column where unbalanced bending moments are negligible. Edge columns may be
modeled for axial load with uniaxial bending. Corner columns often require to be modeled for
axial load with biaxial bending.

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 MODELING METHODS

4.1.5. Modeling Considerations

The following set of conditions need to be met for spColumn to proceed with a model solution,
otherwise, the program shall provide an error message and the user shall resolve them:

- Each opening shape shall be entirely within a solid shape.

- Solid shapes should not overlap.

- Opening shapes should not overlap.

For the following second set of conditions, if any is not met spColumn shall provide a warning
message and require user’s permission to proceed:

- The rebar shall need to be placed inside the section.

- The rebar shall not overlap with another rebar.

- Reinforcement ratio shall need to be in between the accepted range for columns 1% - 8%.
Where reinforcement ration falls below 1% the program will provide the user with a choice
between Architectural and Structural column. An article outlines the background of this
choice Columns with Low Reinforcement – Architectural Columns

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 MODELING METHODS

Models not meeting these conditions may be for academic and research purposes to investigate
transformed cracked sections and other theoretical circumstances. StructurePoint does not support
the utilization of spColumn and its results for these models, due to numerical instabilities during
analysis run.

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 MODELING METHODS

4.2. Model Editing Concepts

A model file will normally contain base sections for regular rectangular and circular sections to
represent a model starting point. Any regular section or template can also be sent to irregular for
custom editing and modifications of non-regular (irregular) shapes and reinforcing arrangements.
The model file will retain any regular and irregular cross sections created in the spColumn model.
These various sections typically will coexist and are hosted in the same model file and may be
solved individually using the project criteria and definitions created within one model file. Once a
model is solved however for any of these section, the resulting tabular and graphical output is reset
for that section that is active. To manage model sections effectively, it is important to note the
following

• The user has the added flexibility of retaining three sections in a model file.

• Only one section type can be active at a time and is then available for review and editing.

• The user must review the active section thoroughly before solving to ensure the desired
configuration

• Switching between section types allows the user to evaluate options for cross sectional
shape and reinforcing arrangement in regular sections before sending to irregular for
additional custom editing options.

• New regular cross sections sent to irregular for custom editing will cause previously created
irregular sections to be discarded

• Once the solver is engaged, the active cross section (regular or irregular) will be solved
and the output files will reflect the results and diagrams for the active cross section.

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 MODELING METHODS

During the course of creating a model, it may be necessary to edit the model. This can be done by
going back to Section. The options available per section type are:

• Regular: In regular sections the size, bar arrangement, reinforcement properties and cover
type can be edited automatically by changing any of the parameters in the Left Panel. The
properties section on the bottom of the Left Panel interactively reflects the changes made by
the user.

• Template (will be available in spColumn v11.00): In template sections the geometric

dimensions, reinforcement and other template specific options can be edited automatically
by changing any of the parameters in the Left Panel. The bars arrangement and template
shape can also be changed.

• Irregular: In irregular sections any object that is present on the active Viewport can be
selected and its properties can be modified in Left Panel. When multiple different object
types are selected, all applicable parameters will be populated at the Left Panel. The
objects can also be edited by the tools available within the Left Panel Toolbar. These
editing tools can also be invoked by right-clicking the mouse button in the active viewport
to facilitate additional options for the user to edit.

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 MODELING METHODS

A convenient method for modeling and editing complex sections is to draw base shapes that
overlap to create the desired final shape. The MERGE tool can be used to combine the component
shapes and avoid any geometric errors.

Starting with Version 10.00 of spColumn, a model can be made with multiple solid shapes each
capable of containing multiple openings. Models with multi solids can be solved by spColumn to
design and determine the strength of member cross sections encountered in buildings, bridges, and
numerous other structures. In multi solid models the user has a choice to merge the shapes into
one final combined model or keep the shapes separated without merging them. Shapes can be kept
separate to facilitate modification to the geometry of the shape and the reinforcing bar
arrangement.

The spColumn solver requires merging of multi solid shapes only when they are overlapped. The
MERGE tool can be used to combine overlapping solids and prepare the model for solving. It is
always feasible to use the SPLIT tool to separate a single solid back to original solid components or
new solid components to support further model editing and development. The following figure
describes possible scenarios discussed above. Additionally, a video providing a description of this
feature showing conceptual models for building and bridge applications is available here. It
illustrates editing techniques and examples for merging multiple solids or keeping them separated
when they do not overlap.

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MODELING METHODS

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 CHAPTER

5. MODEL DEVELOPMENT
5
5.1. Model Creation

In spColumn, models can be started by utilizing one of four methods under Projects within Start
Screen. These are namely; Open Project, New Project, Templates and Examples. Each of these
methods can be used to create a new model from scratch, edit a model developed previously for
an earlier project, start with pre-defined template, or use an existing example file from the provide
library. Each of the methods are described in detail in this chapter.

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MODEL DEVELOPMENT

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 MODEL DEVELOPMENT

5.2. Opening Existing Models

In the Start Screen under Projects select the OPEN PROJECT option and browse to the folder that
contains an existing spColumn input file. The input files created in spColumn Version 7.00 and
prior (.col) and in spColumn Version 10.00 can be opened. There is no backward compatibility in
spColumn which means the input files for newer versions of the Program cannot be opened by a
previous version.

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 MODEL DEVELOPMENT

5.3. Creating New Models

In the Start Screen under Projects select the NEW PROJECT option. The model development
process may require general input regarding a specific project. Project Information, Materials and
Run Options are entered through the Project command button.

5.3.1. Project Information

The project information regarding DESIGN CODE, UNIT SYSTEM, BAR SET, CONFINEMENT, SECTION

CAPACITY, CONCRETE STRENGTH, REINFORCING STEEL STRENGTH, RUN OPTIONS, RUN AXIS,

SLENDERNESS, PROJECT, COLUMN, and ENGINEER can be entered into the model through the
PROJECT Left Panel. The Program supports American (ACI 318) and Canadian (CSA A23.3)
Design Codes, and English and Metric unit systems.

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5.3.2. Generating Definitions

The DEFINE dialog box contains two categories: PROPERTIES and LOAD CASES/COMBINATIONS.

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5.3.2.1. Properties

The PROPERTIES that can be defined are: CONCRETE, REINFORCING STEEL, REDUCTION FACTORS,

DESIGN CRITERIA and BAR SET.

Concrete

The concrete compressive STRENGTH, fc', is entered by the user. Other concrete properties
including:

• Modulus of ELASTICITY, Ec

• MAX STRESS, fc, the constant stress intensity at the maximum usable strain used to calculate

the force on concrete.

• β1, the factor used to determine the depth of the stress block.

• ULTIMATE STRAIN, εu, maximum usable strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber.

are automatically computed and displayed when STANDARD option is selected. The user can
manually modify any of the values by deselecting the option. The user is cautioned when
using non standard user defined material properties to observe the corresponding required
code provisions.

Reinforcing Steel

The reinforcing steel yield STRENGTH, fy, is entered by the user. when STANDARD option is
selected, other reinforcing steel properties:

• Steel ELASTICITY, Es, and

• Compression-controlled strain limit, εty

are automatically computed (based on the code selected) and displayed. if STANDARD option
is deselected, the user needs to input Es and εty manually. The εty input can be calculated as fy
/ Es and shall be smaller than 0.005 for ACI 318-14 and prior, or 0.01 for ACI 318-19.

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Reduction Factors

The CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTORS, ϕ, are based on the CONFINEMENT type: TIED, SPIRAL or
OTHER. When TIED or SPIRAL are selected, the program will automatically adjust the factors
based on the design code and selection. However, if the confinement type selected is OTHER,
the user has to enter and modify the values manually.

• The CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTORS available for ACI code:

• ϕ (a), the reduction factor for allowable compression,

• ϕ (b), the reduction factor for tension-controlled failure,

• ϕ (c), the reduction factor for compression-controlled failure.

• The MATERIAL RESISTANCE FACTORS available for CSA code:

• ϕ (a) is the reduction factor for allowable compression,

• ϕ (s) is the material resistance factor for steel,

• ϕ (c) is the material resistance factor for concrete.

Note that two important items require attention when using CSA A23.3-19/14:

1. The reduction factor AXIAL COMPRESSION, (a), is variable and its value is shown as VAR.

2. The minimum section dimension, h, must also be specified for Irregular sections.

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Design Criteria

The DESIGN CRITERIA is available with the DESIGN RUN OPTION only. The user can specify the
criteria based on COLUMN TYPE, REINFORCEMENT RATIO, REINFORCEMENT BARS, and CAPACITY
RATIO.

• The MINIMUM and MAXIMUM reinforcement ratios change depending on the selection of
column type: STRUCTURAL or ARCHITECTURAL. USER-DEFINED option allows the user to
modify the limiting reinforcement ratios, MINIMUM and MAXIMUM.

• The bars layout criteria are based on MINIMUM NUMBER OF BARS or on MINIMUM AREA OF
STEEL, and the MINIMUM CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN BARS.

• The ALLOWABLE CAPACITY RATIO that indicates the level of safety for the design is also
required. Ratio that is less than 1.0 indicates the section is safe.

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Bar Set

The BAR SET can be selected from pre-defined standard sets or can be USER-DEFINED. For a
new USER-DEFINED set entry, the SIZE, DIAMETER, AREA and WEIGHT of the bar are required.
USER-DEFINED set can also be imported or exported.

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5.3.2.2. Load Case/Combo

The LOAD CASE/COMBO that can be defined are: LOAD CASES and LOAD COMBINATIONS.

Load Cases

The LOAD CASES definition consists of the CASE, TYPE, and SUSTAINED LOAD (%). SUSTAINED
LOAD (%) of load cases can only be edited when slenderness is considered in the model. Load
type DEAD is sustained at 100% by default.

Load Combinations

The LOAD COMBINATIONS definition consists of the load combination name, COMBO, LOAD

CASE TYPE, and LOAD FACTORS. Default load combinations can also be generated
automatically based on the design code in the model.

spColumn allows the user to specify up to 50 load combinations. The service load cases (DEAD,
LIVE, WIND, EARTHQUAKE (EQ), and SNOW) are combined based on these combinations. A
minimum of one combination must be input.

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5.3.3. Creating Section

Section

A new section can be created from the Section scope in the Ribbon.

In DESIGN MODE, you can create a REGULAR section using the options available in the Left Panel.
You can simply select the SECTION, RECTANGULAR or CIRCULAR, and enter the SIZE, BAR

ARRANGEMENT, REINFORCEMENT and COVER TYPE data in the Left Panel. The section will
automatically change according to the data entered.

In INVESTIGATION MODE, in addition to REGULAR sections, TEMPLATES and IRREGULAR sections

can also be created.

IRREGULAR section option enables the user to investigate irregularly shaped reinforced concrete
sections subject to a combination of loadings. Irregular sections may contain multi-solids and
multi-openings with reinforcement bars.

The SECTIONS geometry may then be defined by utilizing the drawing tools and options available
at the left panel. Drawing tools are available for drawing SHAPES and BARS.

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A SHAPE can be created as a solid or an opening by selecting the suitable drawing tool and entering
its coordinates and dimensions. This can be done either by clicking on the workspace or by using
the dynamic input feature. Other shape properties can be assigned in the left panel. The Shape-
drawing tools available in the program are:

• Rectangle - Creates rectangular shape.

• Circle - Creates circular shape in one of the three methods: by radius, by diameter, by
tangent points.

• Arc - Creates arc shape.

• Polygon - Creates polygon shape by specifying its vertices.

BARS can be laid out in different patterns by quantity (number) or spacing guided by the selected
concrete cover. Multiple bars are created based on the active bar layout and specified bar number
and spacing. The bar properties can be selected in the left panel. Bars can be created directly on
the workspace by clicking on the required points by using the dynamic input feature to enter the
precise. The bar-drawing tools available in the program are:

• Single – Add single reinforcement bar

• Linear – Add bars in linear pattern

• Rectangular – Add bars in rectangular pattern

• Circular – Add bars in circular pattern

• Grid - Add bars in grid pattern

• Arc - Add bars in arc pattern

Irregular section and its components can also be edited and modified using Editing Tools available.
These tools are added to help ease and speed up drawing complex shapes. The Editing tools
available in the program are: MEASURE, DELETE, MOVE, ROTATE, MIRROR, DUPLICATE, ALIGN

VERTICAL, ALIGN HORIZONTAL, MERGE, OFFSET AND SPLIT.

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5.3.4. Generating Loads

The LOAD dialog box contains two categories: LOADS and MODES (NO LOADS).

5.3.4.1. Loads

Factored Loads

When designing or investigating a non-slender column, factored loads consisting of applied

axial loads and moments about the active axis may be input. This type of loads is not available
for slender columns.

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Service Loads

When designing or investigating a non-slender or slender column, service level loads

consisting of dead, live, lateral (wind and earthquake), and snow axial loads and moments at
both column ends about the active axis may be input. These loads are then factored and
combined based on the load combinations.

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5.3.4.2. Modes (No Loads)

Axial Load Points

When investigating a non-slender column under uniaxial load, grouped factored applied axial
loads may be input. The corresponding moment capacity under each axial load is computed
and output. This command is not available for biaxial runs, slender columns nor under the
DESIGN option.

Control Points

A non-slender column may be investigated without inputting any loads. The capacity of the
section is computed along with other section capacity parameters. This command is not
available for slender columns or under the DESIGN option.

In the output file, key points (e.g., balanced point and pure bending) on the interaction diagram
are listed. For each point, the axial load and bending moment capacities, along with the
corresponding neutral axis depth, distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
extreme layer of longitudinal tension steel, net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal
tension steel at nominal strength, and strength reduction factor (ACI only) are listed. For a
biaxial run, these points are listed for bending about positive and negative X and Y axes.

For ACI code, the program flags the unusual increase in axial load capacity in transition zone
between the balanced point and the tension control point.

For uniaxial runs, the bar splice requirements for columns1 are indicated on the interaction
diagram as discussed in the method of solution chapter.

1
ACI 318-14, Fig. R10.7.5.2; ACI 318-11, Fig. R12.17; ACI 318-08, Fig. R12.17; ACI 318-05, Fig. R12.17; ACI
318-02, Fig. R12.17; CSA A23.3-14, 12.17.3; CSA A23.3-04, 12.17.3; CSA A23.3-94,12.17.3

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5.3.5. Slenderness

The Slenderness dialog and commands are active only when slenderness is considered in the
model. The Slenderness dialog contains three categories: COLUMNS, BEAMS and PROPERTIES.

Columns

5.3.5.1. Design Column (X-Axis and Y-Axis)

Properties of the design column related to its SWAY CRITERIA and EFFECTIVE LENGTH in both X-

AXIS and Y-AXIS can be assigned in this section. The user should input the DESIGN COLUMN CLEAR
HEIGHT, lx, and specify whether the model is laterally braced against sidesway or not.

For sway columns, the following two ratios are required:

• The sum of the critical load of all story columns to the critical load of the column under
consideration, (ΣPc)/Pc.

• The sum of the factored axial load of all story columns to the factored axial load of the
column under consideration, (ΣPu)/Pu.

The 2ND ORDER EFFECTS ALONG LENGTH can also be considered. This option is available for ACI
318-19, ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, and ACI 318-08 codes only.

The EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS can be computed by the program based on the selected END

CONDITIONS, or by manually inputting the values for nonsway and sway conditions, k(ns) and k(s),

respectively.

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5.3.5.2. Columns Above/Below

This command is available for slender columns only for which the COMPUTE K FACTORS option is
selected in the DESIGN COLUMN-X AXIS or DESIGN COLUMN-Y AXIS Menus.

Specify whether or not a column above or below the design column exists, by selecting other than
the “NONE” option. If the columns above or below exist, then their section shape and properties
are required. The columns can have similar properties to the design column. Further, if the column
above and the column below are the same, the properties of one can be copied to the other.

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Beams

5.3.5.3. X – Beams and Y – Beams

Beams defined using these commands span perpendicular to the x-axis and y-axis, respectively.
These two commands are available for slender columns only for which the COMPUTE K FACTORS

option is selected in the DESIGN COLUMN-X AXIS or DESIGN COLUMN-Y AXIS Menus and RUN AXIS
is either BIAXIAL or UNIAXIAL ABOUT X-AXIS or UNIAXIAL ABOUT Y-AXIS.

For any selected beam, specify whether or not it exists by selecting other than the “NONE” option.
Beams can be RIGID or RECTANGULAR. For RECTANGULAR beams, enter the center-to-center span
length, the geometric section dimensions and concrete strength. Material and section properties
can be automatically computed by the program or modified manually by the user. Further, the
properties of any of the four beams can be copied to one or multiple adjacent beams on the same
axis. All the properties of X-Beams and Y-Beams can be copied as well.

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5.3.5.4. Slenderness Factor

The STIFFNESS REDUCTION FACTOR and CRACKED SECTION COEFFICIENTS can be defined in this
section. The factors can be default by the design code or manually defined by the user.

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5.4. Modeling with Templates

This modeling option is currently provided in spColumn v11.00 - Beta and is only available
currently to the StructurePoint advanced users group. It will be available for all users when public
release is announced by StructurePoint. Contact StructurePoint to evaluate modeling with
templates in advance of public release.

5.4.1. Utilizing Templates

TEMPLATES can be accessed from SECTION or from the Start Screen under Projects.

Utilizing TEMPLATES is a quick and simple option for creating new models in spColumn. Templates
can be used in a similar way to REGULAR sections. The user can select from a set of pre-defined
templates and edit their properties for simple and quick model generation. Each template focuses
on a particular structural shape with specific reinforcement pattern consistent with the shape. The
user can edit the geometric dimensions of the shape and the bars properties. Other shape specific
options may also be available for some templates.

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5.5. Utilizing Predefined Examples

In the Start Screen under Projects select the EXAMPLES option. This will take you to the Examples
folder under the spColumn installation directory. If the user is directed to another location on the
computer, the user can navigate manually to the Examples file folder located at: C:\Program Files
(x86)\StructurePoint\spColumn\Examples

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5.6. Importing Model Data

spColumn provides multiple options to import SECTION and LOADS data bypassing the standard
user interface.

SECTION data can be imported from a:

• Delimited Text File (TXT)

• Drawing Exchange Format file (DXF)

LOADS data can be imported from a

• Delimited Text File (TXT)

• ETABS model - ETABS Exchange Database (EDB)

• Extensible Markup Language (XML)

Import options can be obtained from File | Import. Importing a data set will completely replace
any existing data of that particular set.

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5.6.1. Importing Section from Text

Apart from File | Import, section data import options are also available in the three-dot overflow
menu (…) in the top right of the Section left panel. When importing section data from Delimited
Text Files (TXT), spColumn provides the options to import the complete SECTION, ONLY

GEOMETRY or ONLY REINFORCEMENT. For details on the import file formats please refer to the
Appendix.

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5.6.2. Importing Section from DXF

When importing section data from Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) files spColumn only imports
the Section, Openings or Reinforcements from the layers selected for each. If the DXF file being
imported has the layers SOLIDS, OPENINGS and BARS then the import module automatically selects
these layers for Solid shapes(s), Opening shape(s) and Bar(s) respectively. In case of absence of
SOLIDS, OPENINGS and BARS layers it is up to the user to select the layers from which to import the
various section components. During import, the interpretations of section components are based
on the entities available in the selected layers.

• From the layers selected for Solid shapes(s) and/or Opening shapes(s) only Closed
POLYLINE, LWPOLYLINE and CIRCLE entities will be interpreted as the section or opening
outline. If multiple closed polylines or circles are present then they will be interpreted as
multiple sections or openings.

• From the layers selected for Bars(s) only Closed CIRCLE entities will be interpreted as bars.

• Dimensions of imported entities will be automatically converted to current project units

based on DXF header variable $INSUNITS. If the option USE UNIT FROM DXF FILE is
unchecked, the DXF file will be assigned the user defined length units and unit system
which will then be converted to the current project units.

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5.6.3. Importing Loads from Text

From Delimited Text File (TXT)

Apart from File | Import, loads data import options are also available in three-dot overflow menu
(…) in the top right of the selected load left panel in LOADS dialog box. spColumn provides the
options to import both FACTORED and SERVICE loads. For details on the import file formats please
refer to the Appendix.

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5.6.4. Importing Loads from ETABS

From ETABS

spColumn supports two file formats, EDB and XML, to import Factored Loads from ETABS
models. The loads can be imported by accessing IMPORT FROM ETABS dialog box from the File |
Import menu or from the three-dot overflow menu (…) in the top right of the Factored Loads
dialog box.

If an EDB file is loaded, the program will launch an instance of the latest available version of
ETABS application to import the data; once the data is imported the instance will close. To avoid
running an ETABS instance at a later time, click SAVE AS XML button to retrieve the required model
data. For details on exporting XML files directly from ETABS please refer to the Appendix.

After loading the model, the Members tab will open:

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• In the LABEL/SECTION group, select the column or pier that you want to import its loads. Columns
can be selected by their assigned labels or sections, but piers can be selected by their assigned
labels only.

• In the STORIES group, select if you want to import the member loads for a SINGLE STORY or
multiple stories. Then use the drop-down list to select the story number or range of stories to be
imported. Note that members are associated with the story level directly above them.

• In the STATIONS group, select the locations you want to import forces from. The forces are output
at the TOP, bottom (BOT.), or TOP & BOT. of columns and piers. Column forces can also be
imported for multiple output-stations located along the member’s length using the option ALL.

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Open Options tab to select load COMBINATIONS and CASES:

• In the COMBINATIONS group, select if you want to import the loads for ALL COMBINATIONS or
SELECTED COMBINATIONS. By default, ALL COMBINATIONS is selected. If you choose SELECTED

COMBINATIONS, you can use the dual list-box to choose specific load combinations. After
selecting a combination, use the arrows << or >> to move your selection between lists. Note that
load combinations containing buckling and hyperstatic load cases cannot be imported.

• In the CASES WITH MULTISTEP RESULTS, select if you want to consider ALL STEPS or ENVELOPED
VALUES only. By default, CONSIDER ALL STEPS is selected. If you select CONSIDER ALL STEPS, the
forces are imported for every step in all applicable directions. Multistep results are available for

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Direct-Integration Time-History analysis, Modal Time-History analysis, and Multi-Step Linear

Static analysis. If you select CONSIDER ENVELOPED VALUES, only the extreme values will be
imported for multi-step load combinations. Enveloped results are imported for all permutations
of minimum and maximum values of P, Mx and My.

The direction of imported forces and moments is transformed from a members’ local 1-2-3
coordinate system in ETABS to the global x-y-z system of applied factored loads in spColumn.
Axial forces along member length are transformed from positive under tension in the first local
axis to positive under compression in the global axis (Pz = - P1). The remaining two axes lie on a
plane perpendicular to the positive axial direction and are right-handed in both systems (My = -
M2, Mx = - M3)

The Preview tab displays a table of factored loads for the selected members and load combinations.

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Once spColumn has finished importing the file, you will be provided with a message box similar
to the one shown below:

It should be noted that importing a data set will complete replace existing data of that particular
set in the program. For details on the import file formats please refer to the Appendix.

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5.7. Exporting Model Data

spColumn provides the options to export SECTION, LOADS and DIAGRAMS data. Both SECTION and
LOADS data can be exported to a Delimited Text (TXT) File. Section data can also be exported to
Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) file. The export options can be obtained from File | Export

5.7.1. Exporting Section Data

The section data export options are available under File | Export or the three-dot overflow menu
(…) in the top right of the Section left panel. When exporting to a DXF, the program automatically
exports the Solids, Openings and Bars into three different layers with corresponding names as the
section components. The exported DXF file is readable by most CAD software. When exporting
to a TXT the program offers to export the complete SECTION, ONLY GEOMETRY or ONLY

REINFORCEMENT.

5.7.2. Exporting Loads Data

spColumn provides the options to export loads data to a Delimited Text file. The active load data
can be exported by selecting LOADS – TO TEXT FILE… under File | Export or from the three dot
overflow menu (…) in the top right of the selected load left panel in LOADS dialog box.

For both sections and loads the exported TXT data format will be the same as the import data
format provided in the Appendix.

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5.7.3. Exporting Diagrams

Once a successful run has been performed, DIAGRAMS can be exported as data files or graphical
reports. Options to export diagrams as data files are available in File | Export.

• Points from the interaction diagrams or 3D failure surface can be exported to a Comma-
Separated Values (CSV) file or a Tab Delimited Text file (TXT). These files can be read
by most spreadsheet and mathematical programs where data produced by spColumn can
be further analyzed and processed as needed by the user. Coordinates of the points (P,
Mx, My) are saved together with corresponding location of the neutral axis (depth and
angle), maximum steel strain, and, for ACI code, strength reduction factor. The following
options are available:

• FACTORED INTERACTION DIAGRAM to export P-M or Mx-My diagram currently displayed

on the screen.

• FACTORED 3D FAILURE SURFACE to export 3D failure surface. Available for biaxial runs
only.

• NOMINAL INTERACTION DIAGRAM to export nominal (unfactored) P-M or Mx-My diagram

corresponding to the one currently displayed on the screen.

• NOMINAL 3D FAILURE SURFACE to export nominal (unfactored) 3D failure surface.

Available for biaxial runs only.

• 2D interaction diagrams and contours can be copied to the clipboard to be pasted

elsewhere by using the Copy to Clipboard command in the menu obtained by right
clicking on a viewport displaying 2D diagrams.

• Graphical reports can be exported to a file in Enhanced Metafile Format (EMF) or

Bitmap Format (BMP) that is readable by most graphics and word processing programs.
The file will include column section, column information, and the interaction diagram
currently displayed on the view screen. For additional details on how to export graphical
reports check the tutorial available online for the Print/Export Module.

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6. MODEL SOLUTION
6
Once the model creation and development are completed, the design or investigation of the
completed model can begin using the spColumn Solver by choosing one of several methods of
running the model. The choice depends on the user preference for design or investigation of the
model as well as to run from within the program user interface or via the external API using the
Column Text Input (CTI). In all cases the user may Solve models individually or in batch mode to
facilitate and expedite running multiple models at once.

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6.1. Running from program

Once the model creation is complete, the Solve command can be used to run the solver. The
solution steps being carried out are displayed in the Solver dialog.

After a successful run the program directly switches to the diagram scope. If, however, the solution
procedure is interrupted by errors or warnings, a dialog box appears communicating relevant
messages to the user regarding any concerns or issues. The results will not show until successful
completion of the analysis.

The user can refer to Solver Messages table in the Tables module to see additional details of the
solution progress or warning and errors, if any.

Warnings and Errors

Every warning and error should be carefully reviewed by an Engineer as it may have a significant
influence on the design results and outcomes. It is essential to understand the reason behind the
warnings and errors in order to properly mitigate the issues or make the necessary adjustments to
the model under consideration. While some topics are clear in the prompt message as to what is

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required to be adjusted by the user, others are fundamental theoretical issues that need a thorough
understanding of the issue and its cause in order to properly resolve it.

Model warnings can be bypassed at the user discretion. The program provides the option to
continue with the solution in the warning message box. If the user chooses to continue with the
solution despite the warning, it is suggested that the user review the results for accuracy and take
the responsibility to examine the impact of the violated parameters. Presence of errors in the model
will terminate the solver and the model will have to be modified with relevant changes before a
solution can be obtained.

Some of the most frequent warnings and errors are listed below along with a brief description.

Frequent Warnings

• Reinforcement ratio is less than 1%.

• Reinforcement ratio exceeds 8%.

• Bar outside of section present. Numerical instabilities may be encountered.

• Section capacity exceeded - This results when the calculated section capacity is less than
the loads applied on it.

• Cannot achieve desired accuracy - This results when the program cannot meet the
predefined convergence criteria and the corresponding point on the interaction diagram
may be slightly off.

• Slenderness k×ℓu/r is greater than 100 - This results when slenderness effects cannot be
accounted for using moment magnification procedure.

• Magnified (second-order) moment exceeds 1.4 times first-order moment - This results
when the value of total magnified moment including second-order effects exceeds 1.4 times
the corresponding moment due to first order effects

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Frequent Errors

• Need Loads data - In Design Mode, the loads need to be specified. If the model is run
without any loads being specified, the following error message appears during the run.

• Applied load is greater than buckling load. - This results when the applied load is greater
than the critical buckling load, Pc of the column.

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6.2. Running with Batch Processor

spColumn solver can also be run in batch mode using the Batch Processor module. Multiple
models can be designed and analyzed at once by loading more than one file into the Batch
Processor module. The desired report format, export file types and solve options can also be
selected from the module before invoking the solver. Batch Processor module can be utilized
along with Column Text Input files (CTI) for automating spColumn runs for projects with large
numbers of sections.

After a successful run, a message box will display a brief summary of the Run status. Solution
status, section information and capacity ratios (C.R.) for each analyzed section are displayed in the
module data grid and exported to a summary file _Batch Processing Report.csv with additional
details on warnings and errors.

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The ORGANIZE feature will create two new folders: “Accepted Data files” and “Accepted Output
files” and organize all the input files and corresponding output files of models without errors and
warnings into the folders, respectively.

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6.3. Running from command prompt

spColumn solver can be run in batch mode from the command line prompt. Command line runs
can be done by invoking spColumn.CLI.exe (spColumn Command Line Interface module) after
navigating to the directory in which spColumn is installed. Input data file, output data file, and
run options can be passed to the program via parameters. For instance, when in the command
prompt, navigating to the directory containing spColumn.CLI.exe and typing

spColumn.CLI /i:Examples\Examples-Manual\Example01.colx

will run spColumn and solve the column defined in input file Example01.colx. Each step of the
solve process and its timestamp along with color coded Errors and/or Warnings, if any, will also
be listed.

Multiple cross-sections can be designed and analyzed by running spColumn with multiple input
files using batch (BAT) files (see Examples.bat in the spColumn program folder). Combined with
Column Text Input files (CTI), this feature can be used for automating spColumn runs for projects
involving large numbers of cross-sections.

Help on how to use command line parameters can be obtained by typing spColumn.CLI /? or
spColumn.CLI /help at the command prompt.

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7. MODEL OUTPUT
7
The results of the analysis are presented as two types of outputs

• Tabular Output with result tables including all relevant exact numerical results.

• Graphical Output with interaction diagrams, contours and 3D failure surfaces

This chapter provides a detailed description of the output types along with their respective features
and settings.

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7.1. Tabular Output

The Tabular output can be found both in the Tables Module and the Reporter Module. Before a
problem is solved, tabular outputs consist of only the input data tables; tables related to results are
added after a successful solve. The Tables Module may be utilized to view the model output in a
fast and convenient way. It also facilitates the exporting of tables that are actively being viewed.

The Reporter Module may be utilized to create, export and print customized reports. Both
modules have the same output sections. The differences being that the Reporter Module contains
the cover & contents, and diagrams sections.

The Tabular output contains the following common input and results sections:

7.1.1. Input

This section contains the following input subsections and data blocks:

General Information

This data block contains the information regarding to the Project input entered by the user.

Material Properties

This subsection contains the information regarding to the Material Properties input entered by
the user. This subsection has data blocks for CONCRETE and STEEL input data.

Section

This subsection contains the information regarding to the section input entered by the user. This
subsection has data blocks for SHAPE and PROPERTIES, SECTION ɛ, SOLIDS and OPENINGS input data.

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Reinforcement

This subsection contains the information regarding the Reinforcement input data. This subsection
has data blocks for BAR SET, DESIGN CRITERIA, CONFINEMENT AND FACTORS, ARRANGEMENT, and
BARS PROVIDED input data.

Loading

This subsection contains the information regarding the Loading input data. This subsection has
data blocks for LOAD CASES, LOAD COMBINATIONS, and SERVICE LOADS input data.

Slenderness

This subsection contains the information regarding to the Slenderness input data. This subsection
has data blocks for SWAY CRITERIA, COLUMNS, X-BEAMS and Y-BEAMS input data.

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7.1.2. Results

This section contains the following results subsections and data blocks.

Moment Magnification

This subsection contains output for the Moment Magnification results. This subsection has data
blocks for GENERAL PARAMETERS, EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS, MAGNIFICATION FACTORS: X- AXIS,
and MAGNIFICATION FACTORS: Y-AXIS.

Factored Moments

This subsection contains output for the Factored Moments results. This subsection has data blocks
for X-axis and Y-axis.

Control Points

This block contains output for Control Points results.

Loads and Capacities

This block contains output for Loads and Capacities results when the Axial Load feature is being
used to determine the moment capacity of the column at different axial loads.

Loads and Capacity Ratios

This block contains output for Loads and Capacity ratios results when Service or Factored loads
are being used.

The Reporter module also consists of the Diagrams block. Diagrams that have been selected to
be automatically included in the report (as set in the program settings) are listed here. Preview of
the diagrams in this block can only be seen while viewing the report in Word or PDF formats.

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7.2. Graphical Output

The graphical output is available in the DIAGRAMS scope of the program. It is organized into 2D
interaction diagrams and contours and 3D failure surfaces. After a successful run the program
produces the following types of graphical outputs

• PM interaction diagrams

• Mx - My contours (biaxial runs only)

• 3D failure surfaces (biaxial runs only)

Load points are also a part of the graphical output. When factored or service loads are used in the
model, they are shown as load points in the above three outputs.

Once the SOLVE button in the ribbon has been used to complete a successful run, the program
automatically switches to Diagrams scope. If a solution already exists then diagrams scope can be
accessed by clicking the active DIAGRAMS button in the ribbon.

In the DIAGRAMS scope, the Diagrams Left Panel and the Left Panel Toolbar can be used to view
and navigate through the graphical output. The four commands at the top of the Diagrams Left
Panel can be used to switch between the diagram types being displayed in a viewport.

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7.2.1. Diagram Types

PM Interaction Diagrams

For uniaxial runs the program computes and displays only the PM interaction diagram. For biaxial
runs, PM interaction diagrams are created by slicing the calculated 3D failure surface vertically.

Clicking the PM button in the diagrams left panel prompts the active viewport to display the PM
interaction diagram. It is also possible to evaluate only the positive or negative sides of the P-M
diagram using the +PM or -PM sub commands of the PM command.

PM interaction diagrams created by slicing the 3D failure surface can be navigated using the Angle
(Mx, My) option in the diagrams left panel. This controls the rotation of the vertical plane in the 3D
surface, which indicates the location of the P-M interaction diagram.

• To view the desire P-M diagram enter the angle value or select and angle from the drop-
down list.

• You can browse through the existing angle values by using buttons adjacent to the
box containing them. The existing angle values are the angles produced by the values of
the moments of provided load points.

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Mx - My Contours (Biaxial runs only)

Mx - My contours are available for biaxial runs only. These contours are created by slicing the
calculated 3D failure surface horizontally.

Clicking the MM button in the diagrams left panel prompts the active viewport to display the MM
contours.

(Mx, My) contours can be navigated using the Axial load option in the diagrams left panel. This
controls the elevation of the horizontal plane in the 3D surface, which indicates the location of the
contour.

• To view the desired contour, enter the axial load value or select and axial load from the
drop-down list.

• You can browse through the existing axial load values by using buttons adjacent to
the box containing the axial load values. The existing axial load values are the axial loads
of the provided load points.

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3D Failure Surfaces (Biaxial runs only)

3D failure surfaces are calculated for biaxial runs only.

Clicking the 3D-PM button in the diagrams left panel prompts the active viewport to display the
3D failure surface with a vertical guide plane. The 3D-MM button prompts the active viewport to
display the 3D failure surface with a horizontal guide plane.

The guide planes can be toggled on/off using the Show plane button.

• To cut the 3D failure surface at the location of the guide planes make sure that the guide
planes are visible and rotated to the desired angle (or located at the desired axial load) and
use the Cut command.

• To swap the portion of the 3D diagram visible after the cut, use the Swap command.

The commands PM, MM, 3D-PM and 3D-MM and their sub commands are also available in the
right click menu of the viewports.

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Using Copy to Clipboard, Add to Report and Print/Export commands in the right click menu
in viewports displaying 2D diagrams, it is possible to copy the displayed 2D diagram to the
clipboard, add the diagram to the report or import it into the Print/Export module for further
formatting and customization.

The Export diagram feature in the right click menu allows exporting the active factored and/or
nominal 2D diagrams and the 3D surfaces as a CSV or TXT file.

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Load Points

Load points are displayed both in the 2D diagrams and contours and the 3D surfaces.

• To investigate a load point, click on the desired load point in the load point list immediately
below the Angle and Axial load options. This creates P-M interaction diagram and
(Mx, My) contours at the load point location and also highlights the selected load point for
easy observation.

Alternatively, you can also directly click on a load point in the diagram and view its
associated angle, axial load and load point details in the diagrams left panel.

• To view details about the load point, right click on the desired load point in the 2D or 3D
viewports. This shows the LOAD POINT dialog box with all essential parameters related to
the load point.

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The Filter command located in the Left Panel Toolbar can be used to filter the load points in the
load points list and the diagrams based on load point location, capacity ratio and presence in
diagram.

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7.2.2. Viewing Aids

Viewing aids are those features in the program that facilitate viewing the graphical output results
produced by the program.

Multiple Viewports

For biaxial runs only, multiple viewports can be used to view different diagrams at the same time.
The Viewports Command in the Ribbon can be used to select from a set of pre-defined viewport
configurations or create a new viewport window. A maximum of 6 viewports can be used at one
time.

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View Controls

When a viewport is active it has a set of View Controls located in the top right corner. These
commands can be used to aid in viewing the 2D diagrams or 3D surfaces. Commands listed in the
View Controls vary depending on if the viewport is displaying 2D diagrams or 3D surfaces.

In case of viewports displaying 2D diagrams, commands in the View Controls can be used to
ZOOM TO THE WORKSPACE, ZOOM TO WINDOW, ZOOM IN, ZOOM OUT, PAN and TOGGLE the diagram
Grid on/off.

For viewports displaying 3D SURFACES, VIEW CONTROLS, apart from ZOOM TO THE WORKSPACE,

ZOOM IN, ZOOM OUT and PAN, also contain commands for:

• Rotate Section in 3D: Enables rotating the 3D surfaces in three dimensions (shift + middle
mouse button)

• Free guide plane control: Enables free movement of horizontal and vertical guide planes

Contents in both the viewports can be zoomed in and zoomed out using the mouse wheel and
panned by holding the middle mouse button and moving the mouse around.

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Display Options

The Display Command in the Ribbon can be used to open the DISPLAY OPTIONS dialog. This
dialog facilitates toggling on/off the different Diagram Types and Diagram Elements for both 2D
diagrams and 3D surfaces.

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7.3. Output Settings

The Settings Command in the Ribbon can be used to open the SETTINGS dialog which can be used
to change various program settings. Beyond general options and program startup default values
the settings provide the user with numerous ways to personalize results reports as well as 2D and
3D diagrams.

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7.3.1. Settings – Tabular Results

Tabular results settings are simply obtained from the ribbon to provide user options for result tables
and reports as follows:

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7.3.2. Settings – 2D Diagram

Provides users with the options to modify Options, Axes and Color settings for 2D diagrams.

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Options

Display

Text size – Option to select text size for text in 2D diagrams.

Load point size - Small, medium and large size options for load points in 2D diagrams.

Diagram aspect ratio - Diagram aspect ratio - 1:1 or Auto diagram aspect ratios for 2D
diagrams

Max. displayed point loads – The maximum number of load points to be displayed in the
viewports. 500 by default, maximum value is 10000.

Line Types

Options for line types and line thicknesses for nominal diagram, factored diagram, factored
diagram (top), grid lines, axes and ticks.

Axes

Axes

Axis values - Provides the option to show labels for all ticks on axes or only for ticks
representing maximum values in axes.

Uniform “axis values” for M-M diagrams - When checked, all MM diagrams have the same
maximum value in each axis making comparisons between different contours easier.

Uniform “axis values” for P-M diagrams - When checked, all MM diagrams have the same
maximum value in each axis making comparisons between different interaction diagrams
easier.

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Colors

Diagrams

Color options for factored diagram, nominal diagram and splice lines

Load Points

Color options for load points inside the diagram, load points outside the diagram, selected
load points and load points with cursor hovering over them.

Misc.

Color options for grid lines, axes and screen background.

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7.3.3. Settings – 3D Diagram

Provides users with the options to modify Options and Colors for 3D diagrams.

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Options

General

Options to Show/Hide 3D diagram main axes, 3D diagram coordinate system and the 3D
rotation cube.

Planes

Options to Show/Hide 3D Mx-My, P-Mx and P-My planes.

Camera

Option to switch between perspective and isometric camera types.

Colors

Factored Surface

Color, opacity and line size options for factored surface

Nominal Surface

Color, opacity and line size options for nominal surface

Load Points

Color and size options for load points inside the diagram, load points outside the diagram,
selected load points and load points with cursor hovering over them.

Main Axes Planes

Color and opacity options for Mx-My, P-Mx and P-My planes

Axes

Color and opacity options for X, Y and Z axes

Cutter Plane

Color and opacity options for cutter plane

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 CHAPTER

APPENDIX
A
A.1. Default Load Case and Combination Factors ............................................................... 167
A.2. Import File Formats......................................................................................................... 172
A.2.1. Service Loads Data .............................................................................................. 173
A.2.2. Factored Loads Data ........................................................................................... 174
A.2.3. Reinforcement Data............................................................................................. 175
A.2.4. Geometry Data ..................................................................................................... 176
A.3. spColumn Text Input (CTI) file format ......................................................................... 178
A.4. Exporting XML Model Data File from ETABS ............................................................. 203
A.5. Conversion Factors - English to SI ................................................................................. 205
A.6. Conversion Factors - SI to English .................................................................................. 206
A.7. Material Strength Value Limits ...................................................................................... 207
A.8. Contact Information ........................................................................................................ 208

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A.1. Default Load Case and Combination Factors

spColumn allows defining up to 50 load combinations. The user has full control over the
combinations. The program contains predefined (built into the program) default primary load
combinations for the supported codes. These default combinations are created when starting a new
project. The default load combinations of the Dead (D), Live (L), Wind (W), Earthquake (E) and
Snow (S) loads considered by the program are shown below.

For the ACI 318-19,14, 11 codes1:

U1 = 1.4D
U2 = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
U3 = 1.2D + 1L + 1.6S
U4 = 1.2D + 0.5W + 1.6S
U5 = 1.2D - 0.5W + 1.6S
U6 = 1.2D + 1L + 1W + 0.5S
U7 = 1.2D + 1L - 1W + 0.5S
U8 = 1.2D + 1L + 1E + 0.2S
U9 = 1.2D + 1L - 1E + 0.2S
U10 = 0.9D + 1W
U11 = 0.9D - 1W
U12 = 0.9D + 1E
U13 = 0.9D - 1E

1
ACI 318-19, 5.3; ACI 318-14, 5.3; ACI 318-11, 9.2; ACI 318-08, 9.2; ACI 318-05, 9.2; ACI 318-02, 9.2; (Assuming
W based on service-level wind load and E based on ultimate-level forces)

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For the ACI 318-08, 05 and 02 codes2:

U1 = 1.4D
U2 = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
U3 = 1.2D + 1L + 1.6S
U4 = 1.2D + 0.8W + 1.6S
U5 = 1.2D - 0.8W + 1.6S
U6 = 1.2D + 1L + 1.6W + 0.5S
U7 = 1.2D + 1L - 1.6W + 0.5S
U8 = 1.2D + 1L + 1E + 0.2S
U9 = 1.2D + 1L - 1E + 0.2S
U10 = 0.9D + 1.6W
U11 = 0.9D - 1.6W
U12 = 0.9D + 1E
U13 = 0.9D - 1E

2
ACI 318-19, 5.3; ACI 318-14, 5.3; ACI 318-11, 9.2; ACI 318-08, 9.2; ACI 318-05, 9.2; ACI 318-02, 9.2; (Assuming
W based on service-level wind load and E based on ultimate-level forces)

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For CSA A23.3-19 and CSA A23.3-14 codes3:

U1 = 1.4D
U2 = 1.25D + 1.5L + 1S
U3 = 0.9D + 1.5L + 1S
U4 = 1.25D + 1.5L + 0.4W
U5 = 1.25D + 1.5L - 0.4W
U6 = 0.9D + 1.5L + 0.4W
U7 = 0.9D + 1.5L - 0.4W
U8 = 1.25D + 1L + 1.5S
U9 = 0.9D + 1L + 1.5S
U10 = 1.25D + 0.4W + 1.5S
U11 = 1.25D - 0.4W + 1.5S
U12 = 0.9D + 0.4W + 1.5S
U13 = 0.9D - 0.4W + 1.5S
U14 = 1.25D + 0.5L + 1.4W
U15 = 1.25D + 0.5L - 1.4W
U16 = 1.25D + 1.4W + 0.5S
U17 = 1.25D - 1.4W + 0.5S
U18 = 0.9D + 0.5L + 1.4W
U19 = 0.9D + 0.5L - 1.4W
U20 = 0.9D + 1.4W + 0.5S
U21 = 0.9D - 1.4W + 0.5S
U22 = 1D + 0.5L + 1E + 0.25S
U23 = 1D + 0.5L - 1E + 0.25S

3
CSA A23.3-14/19 Annex C, Table C1; NBCC 2010 [10], Table 4.1.3.2A

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 APPENDIX

For the CSA A23.3-04 code4:

U1 = 1.4D
U2 = 1.25D + 1.5L + 0.5S
U3 = 0.9D + 1.5L + 0.5S
U4 = 1.25D + 1.5L + 0.4W
U5 = 1.25D + 1.5L - 0.4W
U6 = 0.9D + 1.5L + 0.4W
U7 = 0.9D + 1.5L - 0.4W
U8 = 1.25D + 0.5L + 1.5S
U9 = 0.9D + 0.5L + 1.5S
U10 = 1.25D + 0.4W + 1.5S
U11 = 1.25D - 0.4W + 1.5S
U12 = 0.9D + 0.4W + 1.5S
U13 = 0.9D - 0.4W + 1.5S
U14 = 1.25D + 0.5L + 1.4W
U15 = 1.25D + 0.5L - 1.4W
U16 = 1.25D + 1.4W + 0.5S
U17 = 1.25D - 1.4W + 0.5S
U18 = 0.9D + 0.5L + 1.4W
U19 = 0.9D + 0.5L - 1.4W
U20 = 0.9D + 1.4W + 0.5S
U21 = 0.9D - 1.4W + 0.5S
U22 = 1D + 0.5L + 1E + 0.25S
U23 = 1D + 0.5L - 1E + 0.25S

4
CSA A23.3-04, 8.3.2; CSA A23.3-04, Annex C, Table C1; NBCC 2005 [10], Table 4.1.3.2

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For the CSA A23.3-94 code5:

U1 = 1.25D
U2 = 1.25D + 1.5L + 1.5S
U3 = 0.85D + 1.5L + 1.5S
U4 = 1.25D + 1.05L + 1.05W + 1.05S
U5 = 1.25D + 1.05L – 1.05W + 1.05S
U6 = 0.85D + 1.05L + 1.05W + 1.05S
U7 = 0.85D + 1.05L – 1.05W + 1.05S
U8 = 1.25D + 1.5W
U9 = 1.25D – 1.5W
U10 = 0.85D + 1.5W
U11 = 0.85D – 1.5W
U12 = 1D + 1E
U13 = 1D – 1E
U14 = 1D + 0.5L + 1E + 0.5S
U15 = 1D + 0.5L – 1E + 0.5S

5
CSA A23.3-94, 8.3.2 (conservatively assuming storage and assembly occupancies)

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 APPENDIX

A.2. Import File Formats

Geometry, reinforcement or load data may be imported from a text file. The import file must be
saved in pure ASCII (text) format. Data fields on each line should be separated by spaces or TABs.

Import data for geometry, reinforcement and loads can all be stored in separate files or it can be
stored as individual datasets in a single text file. While using a single file, each dataset should be
preceded by the correct keyword. It is also possible to add comment lines (lines beginning with //
and followed by comment text) or blank lines in an import file, however, these should only be
added at the beginning or the end of a dataset; adding them in the middle of a dataset is not
supported.

Samples text files are provided as a reference for the user to preview and edit as needed here:
C:\Program Files (x86)\StructurePoint\spColumn\Examples\Examples-Import File

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 APPENDIX

A.2.1. Service Loads Data

Each service load point has five lines of data (one line for each load case, i.e. Dead, Live, Wind,
Earthquake and Snow). Each data line has five values. For a service load point i:

Pi_D Axial load

Mix_DT Mx at top
Mix_DB Mx at bottom
Miy_DT My at top
Miy_DB My at bottom

Example:

SERVICELOADS // Keyword
2 // Number of load points
10 20 30 40 50 // P1_D M1x_DT M1x_DB M1y_DB M1y_DB
11 21 31 41 51 // P1_L M1x_LT M1x_LB M1y_LT M1y_LB
12 22 32 42 52 // P1_W M1x_WT M1x_WB M1y_WT M1y_WB
13 23 33 43 53 // P1_EQ M1x_EQT M1x_EQB M1y_EQT M1y_EQB
14 24 34 44 54 // P1_S M1x_ST M1x_SB M1y_ST M1y_SB
10 20 30 40 50 // P2_D M2x_DT M2x_DB M2y_DB M2y_DB
11 21 31 41 51 // P2_L M2x_LT M2x_LB M2y_LT M2y_LB
12 22 32 42 52 // P2_W M2x_WT M2x_WB M2y_WT M2y_WB
13 23 33 43 53 // P2_EQ M2x_EQT M2x_EQB M2y_EQT M2y_EQB
14 24 34 44 54 // P2_S M2x_ST M2x_SB M2y_ST M2y_SB

The notations D, L, W, EQ, and S designate the Dead, Live, Wind, Earthquake, and Snow load
cases, respectively.

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A.2.2. Factored Loads Data

For a factored load point i:

Pi Factored axial load,

Mix Factored moment about x and
Miy Factored moment about y

Example:

FACTOREDLOADS // Keyword
4 // Number of load points
10 20 30 // P1 M1x M1y
11 21 31 // P2 M2x M2y
12 22 32 // P3 M3x M3y
13 23 33 // P4 M4x M4y

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 APPENDIX

A.2.3. Reinforcement Data

For a reinforcement bar i:

Ai Bar area,
Xi X-coordinate and
Yi Y-coordinate

Example:

REINFORCEMENT // Keyword
4 // Number of reinforcement bars
0.79 -5.625 5.625 // A1 X1 Y1
0.79 -5.625 -5.625 // A3 X3 Y3
0.79 -5.625 -5.625 // A3 X3 Y3
0.79 5.625 -5.625 // A4 X4 Y4

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A.2.4. Geometry Data

In spColumn 10.00 a section can consist of one or multiple solids and openings. Given a section,
for a solid in it si with node si_i

Xsi_i X-coordinate of the node

Ysi_i Y-coordinate of the node

For an opening in it oi with node oi_i

Xoi_i X-coordinate of the node

Yoi_i Y-coordinate of the node

If the section does not contain an opening, the value of number of opening should be given as 0.

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Example:

SOLIDS // Keyword
2 // Number solid shapes
5 // Number of nodes in the 1st solid shape
-8.0000 -8.0000 // Xs1_1 Ys1_1
-8.0000 8.0000 // Xs1_2 Ys1_2
8.0000 8.0000 // Xs1_3 Ys1_3
8.0000 -8.0000 // Xs1_4 Ys1_4
-8.0000 -8.0000 // Xs1_5 Ys1_5
5 // Number of nodes in the 2nd solid shape
13.0000 -8.0000 // Xs2_1 Ys2_1
13.0000 8.0000 // Xs2_2 Ys2_2
29.0000 8.0000 // Xs2_3 Ys2_3
29.0000 -8.0000 // Xs2_4 Ys2_4
13.0000 -8.0000 // Xs2_5 Ys2_5
OPENINGS // Keyword
1 // Number of openings
5 // Number of nodes in the 1st opening
-3.0000 -3.0000 // Xo1_1 Yo1_1
3.0000 -3.0000 // Xo1_2 Yo1_2
3.0000 3.0000 // Xo1_3 Yo1_3
-3.0000 3.0000 // Xo1_4 Yo1_4
-3.0000 -3.0000 // Xo1_5 Yo1_5

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 APPENDIX

A.3. spColumn Text Input (CTI) file format

spColumn is able to read three file formats, COL, COLX and CTI and save its input data into two
file formats, COLX file or CTI file. CTI files are plain text files that can be edited by any text
editing software.

Caution must be used when editing a CTI file because some values may be interrelated. If one of
these values is changed, then other interrelated values should be changed accordingly. While this
is done automatically when a model is edited in the spColumn user graphic user interface (GUI),
one must update all the related values in a CTI file manually in order to obtain correct results. For
example, if units are changed from English to Metric in GUI, all the related input values are
updated automatically. If this is done by editing a CTI file, however, not only the unit flag but also
all the related input values must be updated manually.

The best way to create a CTI file is by using the spColumn GUI and selecting CTI file type in the
Save As menu command. Then, any necessary modifications to the CTI file can be applied with
any text editor. However, it is recommended that users always verify modified CTI files by loading
them in the spColumn GUI to ensure that the modifications are correct before running manually
revised CTI files in batch mode.

The CTI file is organized by sections. Each section contains a title in square brackets, followed by
values required by the section. The CTI file contains the following sections.

[spColumn Version]
[Project]
[Column ID]
[Engineer]
[Investigation Run Flag]
[Design Run Flag]
[Slenderness Flag]
[User Options]
[Irregular Options]
[Ties]
[Investigation Reinforcement]

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 APPENDIX

[Design Reinforcement]
[Investigation Section Dimensions]
[Design Section Dimensions]
[Material Properties]
[Reduction Factors]
[Design Criteria]
[External Points]
[Internal Points]
[Reinforcement Bars]
[Factored Loads]
[Slenderness: Column]
[Slenderness: Column Above And Below]
[Slenderness: Beams]
[EI]
[SldOptFact]
[Phi_Delta]
[Cracked I]
[Service Loads]
[Load Combinations]
[BarGroupType]
[User Defined Bars]
[Sustained Load Factors]

Each section of a CTI file and allowable values of each parameter are described in details below.
Corresponding GUI commands are presented in parenthesis.

#spColumn Text Input (CTI) File

The number sign, #, at the beginning of a line of text indicates that the line of text is a comment.
The # sign must be located at the beginning of a line. Comments may be added anywhere necessary
in a CTI file to make the file more readable. If a comment appears in multiple lines, each line must
be started with a # sign

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 APPENDIX

[spColumn Version]

Reserved. Do not edit.

[Project]

There is one line of text in this section.

Project name (Project left panel | Description)

[Column ID]

There is one line of text in this section.

Column ID (Project left panel | Description)

[Engineer]

There is one line of text in this section.

Engineer name (Project left panel | Description)

[Investigation Run Flag]

Reserved. Do not edit.

[Design Run Flag]

Reserved. Do not edit.

[Slenderness Flag]

Reserved. Do not edit.

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 APPENDIX

[User Options]

There are 27 values separated by commas in one line in this section. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right.

1. 0-Investigation Mode; 1-Design Mode; (Run Option in Project left panel | Run Options)

2. 0-English Unit; 1-Metric Units; (Unit system in Project left panel | General)

3. 0-ACI 318-02; 1- CSA A23.3-94; 2-ACI 318-05; 3-CSA A23.3-04; 4-ACI 318-08; 5-ACI
318-11; 6-ACI 318-14; 7-CSA A23.3-14; 8-ACI 318-19; 9-CSA A23.3-19 (Design Code
in Project left panel | General)

4. 0-X Axis Run; 1-Y Axis Run; 2-Biaxial Run; (Run Axis in Project left panel | Run Options)

5. Reserved. Do not edit.

6. 0-Slenderness is not considered; 1-Slenderness in considered; (Consider Slenderness in

Project left panel | Run Options)

7. 0-Design for minimum number of bars; 1-Design for minimum area of reinforcement; (Bar
selection in Definitions dialog | Properties | Design Criteria | Reinforcement Bars)

8. Reserved. Do not edit.

9. 0-Rectangular Column Section; 1-Circular Column Section; 2-Irregular Column Section;

(Section left panel)

10. 0-Rectangular reinforcing bar layout; 1-Circular reinforcing bar layout; (Layout in Section
left panel | Rect. Or Cir. | Bar Arrangement - when Type is All Sides Equal)

11. 0-Structural Column Section; 1-Architectural Column Section; 2-User Defined Column
Section; (Column Type in Definitions dialog | Properties | Design Criteria)

12. 0-Tied Confinement; 1-Spiral Confinement; 2-Other Confinement; (Confinement in

Definitions dialog | Properties | Reduction Factors | Confinement)

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13. Load type for investigation mode: (Loads dialog) 0-Factored; 1-Service; 2-Control Points;
3-Axial Loads

14. Load type for design mode: (Loads dialog)

0-Factored; 1-Service; 2-Control Points; 3-Axial Loads

15. Reinforcement layout for investigation mode: (Layout in Section left panel | Rect. Or Cir.
Bar Arrangement) 0-All Side Equal; 1-Equal Spacing; 2-Sides Different; 3-Irregular
Pattern

16. Reinforcement layout for design mode: (Layout in Section left panel | Rect. Or Cir. Bar
Arrangement)

0-All Side Equal; 1-Equal Spacing; 2-Sides Different; 3-Irregular Pattern

17. Reserved. Do not edit for regular bars. No of bars for irregular bars.

18. Number of factored loads (Factored Loads in Loads dialog | Loads)

19. Number of service loads (Service Loads in Loads dialog | Loads)

20. If there is only one exterior column section then Number of points on exterior column
section. If there are more than one exterior column sections then 0.

21. If there is only one interior section opening then Number of points on the interior section
opening. If there are more than one interior section openings then 0.

22. Reserved. Do not edit.

23. Reserved. Do not edit.

24. Cover type for investigation mode: (Clear cover to in Section left panel | Rect. Or Cir. |
Cover Type) 0-To transverse bar; 1-To longitudinal bar

25. Cover type for design mode: (Clear cover to in Section left panel | Rect. Or Cir. | Cover
Type) 0-To transverse bar; 1-To longitudinal bar

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26. Number of load combinations; (Load combinations in Definitions dialog | Load

Case/Combo)

27. Section capacity: 0-Moment capacity method; 1-Critical Capacity method; (Section
capacity in Project left panel | General)

[Irregular Options]

There are 13 values separated by commas in one line in this section. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right. (Section left panel | Irregular)

1. Reserved. Do not edit.

2. Reserved. Do not edit.

3. Reserved. Do not edit.

4. Reserved. Do not edit.

5. Area of reinforcing bar that is to be added through irregular section editor

6. Maximum X value of drawing area of irregular section editor

7. Maximum Y value of drawing area of irregular section editor

8. Minimum X value of drawing area of irregular section editor

9. Minimum Y value of drawing area of irregular section editor

10. Grid step in X of irregular section editor

11. Grid step in Y of irregular section editor

12. Grid snap step in X of irregular section editor

13. Grid snap step in Y of irregular section editor

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[Ties]

There are 3 values separated by commas in one line in this section. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right. (Section left panel | Rect. or Cir. | Cover Type)

1. Index (0 based) of tie bars for longitudinal bars smaller that the one specified in the 3rd item
in this section in the drop-down list

2. Index (0 based) of tie bars for longitudinal bars bigger that the one specified in the 3rd item
in this section in the drop-down list

3. Index (0 based) of longitudinal bar in the drop-down list

[Investigation Reinforcement]

This section applies to investigation mode only. There are 12 values separated by commas in one
line in this section. These values are described below in the order they appear from left to right.

If Side Different (Type is Sides Different in Section left panel | Rect. | Bar Arrangement) is
selected:

1. Number of top bars

2. Number of bottom bars

3. Number of left bars

4. Number of right bars

5. Index (0 based) of top bars (Top Bar Size drop-download list)

6. Index (0 based) of bottom bars (Bottom Bar Size drop-download list)

7. Index (0 based) of left bars (Left Bar Size drop-download list)

8. Index (0 based) of right bars (Right Bar Size drop-download list)

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9. Clear cover to top bars

10. Clear cover to bottom bars

11. Clear cover to left bars

12. Clear cover to right bars

If All Sides Equal (Type is All Sides Equal in Section left panel | Rect. Or Cir. | Bar Arrangement)
or Equal Spacing (Type is Equal Spacing in Section left panel | Rect. | Bar Arrangement) is
selected:

1. Number of bars (No. of Bars text box)

2. Reserved. Do not edit.

3. Reserved. Do not edit.

4. Reserved. Do not edit.

5. Index (0 based) of bar (Bar Size drop-down list)

6. Reserved. Do not edit.

7. Reserved. Do not edit.

8. Reserved. Do not edit.

9. Clear cover to bar (Clear Cover text box)

10. Reserved. Do not edit.

11. Reserved. Do not edit.

12. Reserved. Do not edit.

If Irregular Pattern (Section left panel | Irregular) is selected: Reserved. Do not edit.

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 APPENDIX

[Design Reinforcement]

This section applies to design mode only. There are 12 values separated by commas in one line in
this section. These values are described below in the order they appear from left to right.

If Side Different (Type is Sides Different in Section left panel | Rect. | Bar Arrangement) is
selected:

1. Minimum number of top and bottom bars

2. Maximum number of top and bottom bars

3. Minimum number of left and right bars

4. Maximum number of left and right bars

5. Index (0 based) of minimum size for top and bottom bars

6. Index (0 based) of maximum size for top and bottom bars

7. Index (0 based) of minimum size for left and right bars

8. Index (0 based) of maximum size for left and right bars

9. Clear cover to top and bottom bars

10. Reserved. Do not edit.

11. Clear cover to left and right bars

12. Reserved. Do not edit.

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 APPENDIX

If All Sides Equal (Type is All Sides Equal in Section left panel | Rect. Or Cir. | Bar Arrangement)
or Equal Spacing (Type is Equal Spacing in Section left panel | Rect. | Bar Arrangement) is
selected:

1. Minimum number of bars

2. Maximum number of bars

3. Reserved. Do not edit.

4. Reserved. Do not edit.

5. Index (0 based) of minimum size of bars

6. Index (0 based) of maximum size of bars

7. Reserved. Do not edit.

8. Reserved. Do not edit.

9. Clear cover

10. Reserved. Do not edit.

11. Reserved. Do not edit.

12. Reserved. Do not edit.

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 APPENDIX

[Investigation Section Dimensions]

This section applies to investigation mode only. There are 2 values separated by commas in one
line in this section. These values are described below in the order they appear from left to right.

If rectangular section (Section left panel | Rect.) is selected:

1. Section width (along X)

2. Section depth (along Y)

If circular section (Section left panel | Cir.) is selected:

1. Section diameter

2. Reserved. Do not edit.

If irregular section (Section left panel | Irregular) is selected:

1. Reserved. Do not edit.

2. Reserved. Do not edit.

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 APPENDIX

[Design Section Dimensions]

This section applies to design mode only. There are 6 values separated by commas in one line in
this section. These values are described below in the order they appear from left to right.

If rectangular section (Section left panel | Rect.) is selected:

1. Section width (along X) Start

2. Section depth (along Y) Start

3. Section width (along X) End

4. Section depth (along Y) End

5. Section width (along X) Increment

6. Section depth (along Y) Increment

If circular section (Section left panel | Cir.) is selected:

1. Diameter start

2. Reserved. Do not change.

3. Diameter end

4. Reserved. Do not change.

5. Diameter increment

6. Reserved. Do not change.

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 APPENDIX

[Material Properties]

There are 11 values separated by commas in one line in this section. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right. (Concrete and Reinforcing Steel in Definitions
dialog | Properties)

1. Concrete strength, f’c

2. Concrete modulus of elasticity, Ec

3. Concrete maximum stress, fc

4. Beta (1) for concrete stress block

5. Concrete ultimate strain

6. Steel yield strength, fy

7. Steel modulus of elasticity, Es

8. Precast material for concrete. Only applicable for CSA A23.3-14 and CSA A23.3-04. 0-
non-precast; 1-Precast

9. Standard material for concrete 0-Non-standard; 1-Standard

10. Standard material for reinforcing steel 0-Non-standard; 1-Standard

11. Compression-controlled strain limit

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 APPENDIX

[Reduction Factors]

There are 5 values separated by commas in one line in this section. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right. (Capacity Reduction Factors/Material Resistance
Factors in Definitions dialog | Properties | Reduction Factors)

1. Phi(a) for axial compression

2. Phi(b) for tension-controlled failure

3. Phi(c) for compression-controlled failure

4. Reserved. Do not edit

5. Minimum dimension of tied irregular sections for CSA A23.3-14 and CSA A23.3-19; 0-
for all other cases

[Design Criteria]

There are 4 values separated by commas in one line in this section. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right. (Reinforcement Ratio, Reinforcement Bars and
Capacity Ratio in Definitions dialog | Properties | Reduction Factors)

1. Minimum reinforcement ratio

2. Maximum reinforcement ratio

3. Minimum clear spacing between bars

4. Allowable Capacity (Ratio)

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 APPENDIX

[External Points]

This section applies to irregular section in investigation mode only. The first line contains the
number of solids. The second line contains the number of points on the perimeter of the first solid.
Each of the following lines contains 2 values: Xand Y coordinates (separated by comma) of a point.
The number of points on the perimeter of the solid and the values of X and Y coordinates are listed
one after the other for each solid present. The coordinates provided should be such that no two
solids should overlap.

Number of solids
Number of Points in 1st solid, n1
Point_1_X, Point_1_Y
Point_2_X, Point_2_Y...
Point_n1_X, Point_n1_Y
Number of Points in 2nd solid, n2
Point_1_X, Point_1_Y
Point_2_X, Point_2_Y...
Point_n2_X, Point_n2_Y

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 APPENDIX

[Internal Points]

This section applies to irregular section in investigation mode only. The first line contains the
number of openings. The second line contains the number of points on the perimeter of the first
opening. Each of the following lines contains 2 values:X and Y coordinates (separated by comma)
of a point. The number of points on the perimeter of the opening and the values of X and Y
coordinates are listed one after the other for each opening present. If no openings exist, then the
first line (Number of openings) mustbe 0. The coordinates provided should be such that no two
openings overlap and an opening is completely inside a solid.

Number of openings
Number of Points in 1st opening, n1
Point_1_X, Point_1_Y
Point_2_X, Point_2_Y...
Point_n1_X, Point_n1_Y
Number of Points in 2nd opening, n2
Point_1_X, Point_1_Y
Point_2_X, Point_2_Y...
Point_n2_X, Point_n2_Y

[Reinforcement Bars]

This section applies to irregular section in investigation mode only. The first line contains the
number of reinforcing bars. Each of the following lines contains 3 values: area, X and Y
coordinates (separated by comma) of a bar.

Number of bars,
n Bar_1_area, Bar_1_X, Bar_1_Y
Bar_2_area, Bar_2_X, Bar_2_Y
...
Bar_n_area, Bar_n_X, Bar_n_Y

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 APPENDIX

[Factored Loads]

The first line contains the number of factored loads defined. Each of the following lines contains 3
values: axial load, X-moment, and Y-moment separated by commas. (Factored Loads in Loads
dialog | Loads)

Number of Factored Loads, n

Load_1, X-Moment_1, Y-Moment_1
Load_2, X-Moment_2, Y-Moment_2
...
Load_n, X-Moment_n, Y-Moment_n

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 APPENDIX

[Slenderness: Column]

This section contains 2 lines describing slenderness parameters for column being designed. The
first line is for X-axis parameters, and the second line is for Y-axis parameters.

There are 9 values6 separated by commas in each line. These values are described below in the
order they appear from left to right. (Design Column X – Axis and Design Column Y – Axis in
Slenderness dialog | Columns)

1. Column clear height

2. k(nonsway)

3. k(sway)

4. 0-Sway frame; 1-Nonsway frame

5. 0-Compute ‘k’ factors; 1-Input k factors

6. (Pc)/Pc

7. (Pu)/Pu

8. 0-Do not ignore moment magnification along column length in sway frames; 1-Ignore
moment magnification along column length in sway frames. Use for ACI 318-11 and ACI
318-08 only. For all other codes the value must be 0.

6
Value No 8 introduced in spColumn v4.60.

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 APPENDIX

9. Column end conditions. Values for conditions as in the image given below

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 APPENDIX

[Slenderness: Column Above And Below]

This section contains 2 lines describing slenderness parameters for column above and column
below. The first line is for column above, and the second line is for column below. (Columns
Above/Below in Slenderness dialog | Columns)

There are 6 values separated by commas in line 1 for column above. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right.

1. 0-No column specified; 1-Circular column specified; 2-Rectangular column specified; 3-

Column above section taken as design column section

2. Column Height

3. Column width (along X)

4. Column depth (along Y)

5. Concrete compressive strength, f’c

6. Concrete modulus of elasticity, Ec

There are 6 values separated by commas in line 2 for column below. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right.

1. 0-No column specified; 1-Circular column specified; 2-Rectangular column specified; 3-

Column below section taken as design column section

2. Column Height

3. Column width (along X)

4. Column depth (along Y)

5. Concrete compressive strength, f’c

6. Concrete modulus of elasticity, Ec

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 APPENDIX

[Slenderness: Beams]

This section contains 8 lines. Each line describes a beam.

Line 1: X-Beam (perpendicular to X), Above Left

Line 2: X-Beam (perpendicular to X), Above Right

Line 3: X-Beam (perpendicular to X), Below Left

Line 4: X-Beam (perpendicular to X), Below Right

Line 5: Y-Beam (perpendicular to Y), Above Left

Line 6: Y-Beam (perpendicular to Y), Above Right

Line 7: Y-Beam (perpendicular to Y), Below Left

Line 8: Y-Beam (perpendicular to Y), Below Right

There are 7 values separated by commas for each beam in each line. (X-Beams and Y-Beams in
Slenderness dialog | Beams) These values are described below in the order they appear from left to
right.

1. 0-Rectangular Beam specified; 1-No beam specified; 2-Rigid beam specified

2. Beam span length (c/c)

3. Beam width

4. Beam depth

5. Beam section moment of inertia

6. Concrete compressive strength, f’c

7. Concrete modulus of elasticity, Ec

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 APPENDIX

[EI]

Reserved. Do not edit.

[SldOptFact]

There is 1 value in this section for slenderness factors. (Code Default and User Defined radio
buttons in Slenderness dialog | Properties | Slenderness Factors)

Code default; 1-User defined

[Phi_Delta]

There is 1 value in this section for slenderness factors. (Stiffness reduction factor in Slenderness
dialog | Properties | Slenderness Factors)

Stiffness reduction factor

[Cracked I]

There are 2 values separated by commas in one line in this section. These values are described
below in the order they appear from left to right. (Beams and Columns Cracked Section
Coefficients in Slenderness dialog | Properties | Slenderness Factors)

1. Beam cracked section coefficient

2. Column cracked section coefficient

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 APPENDIX

[Service Loads]

This section describes defined service loads. (Service Loads in Loads dialog | Loads) The first line
contains the number of service loads. Each of the following lines contains values for one service
load.

There are 25 values for each service load in one Line separated by commas. These values are
described below in the order they appear from left to right.

1. Dead Axial Load

2. Dead X-moment at top

3. Dead X-moment at bottom

4. Dead Y-moment at top

5. Dead Y-moment at bottom

6. Live Axial Load

7. Live X-moment at top

8. Live X-moment at bottom

9. Live Y-moment at top

10. Live Y-moment at bottom

11. Wind Axial Load

12. Wind X-moment at top

13. Wind X-moment at bottom

14. Wind Y-moment at top

15. Wind Y-moment at bottom

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 APPENDIX

16. EQ. Axial Load

17. EQ. X-moment at top

18. EQ. X-moment at bottom

19. EQ. Y-moment at top

20. EQ. Y-moment at bottom

21. Snow Axial Load

22. Snow X-moment at top

23. Snow X-moment at bottom

24. Snow Y-moment at top

25. Snow Y-moment at bottom

[Load Combinations]

This section describes defined load combinations. (Lod combinations in Definitions dialog | Load
Case/Combo) The first line contains the number of load combinations. Each of the following lines
contains load factors for one load combination.

Number of load combinations, n

Dead_1, Live_1, Wind_1, E.Q._1, Snow_1
Dead_2, Live_2, Wind_2, E.Q._2, Snow_2
...
Dead_n, Live_n, Wind_n, E.Q._n, Snow_n

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 APPENDIX

[BarGroupType]

There is 1 value in this section. (Bar Set drop-down list on menu Options | Reinforcement…)

0-User Defined

1. ASTM615

2. CSA G30.18

3. prEN 10080

4. ASTM615M

[User Defined Bars]

This section contains user-defined reinforcing bars. (Bar set in Project left panel | General) The
first line contains the number of defined bars. Each of the following lines contains values for one
bar separated by commas.

Number of user-defined bars, n

Bar_1_size, Bar_1_diameter, Bar_1_area, Bar_1_weight
Bar_2_size, Bar_2_diameter, Bar_2_area, Bar_2_weight
...
Bar_n_size, Bar_n_diameter, Bar_n_area, Bar_n_weight

[Sustained Load Factors]

There are 5 values separated by commas in one line in this section. Each value respectively
represents percentage of Dead, Live, Wind, EQ, and Snow load case that is considered sustained
(Load Cases in Definitions dialog | Load Case/Combo.).

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 APPENDIX

A.4. Exporting XML Model Data Files from ETABS

ETABS provides the option to export database tables as Extensible Markup Language (XML) files.
From the FILE menu select EXPORT | ETABS DATABASE TABLES TO XML.

Caution must be used to assure that all the following tables are selected:

• From Model Definition

• Program Control

• Story Definitions

• Load Case Definitions – Summary

• Load Combination Definitions

• Frame Assignments – Summary

• From Analysis Results

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 APPENDIX

• Element Forces – Columns

• Pier Forces

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 APPENDIX

A.5. Conversion Factors – English to SI

To convert from To Multiply by

in. m (1000 mm) 0.025400

Ft m 0.304800

Lb N (0.001 kN) 4.448222

kip (1000 lbs) kN 4.448222

plf (lb/ft) N/m 14.593904

psi (lb/in.2) kPa 6.894757

ksi (kips/in.2) MPa 6.894757

psf (lb/ft2) N/m2 (Pa) 47.88026

pcf (lb/ft3) kg/m3 16.018460

ft-kips kN • m 1.355818

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 APPENDIX

A.6. Conversion Factors – SI to English

To convert from To Multiply by

m (1000 mm) in 39.37008

m ft 3.28084

N (0.001 kN) lb 0.224809

kN kip (1000 lbs) 0.224809

kN/m plf (lb/ft) 68.52601

MPa psi (lb/in2) 145.0377

MPa ksi (kips/in2) 0.145038

kN/m2 (kPa) psf (lb/ft2) 20.88555

kg/m3 pcf (lb/ft3) 0.062428

kN • m ft-kips 0.737562

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A.7. Material Strength Value Limits

Standard Material Non-Standard Material

ACI
Min. Max. Min. Max.

f'c 2 ksi 12 ksi 2 ksi 20 ksi

fy 10 ksi 80 ksi 10 ksi 270 ksi

Standard Material Non-Standard Material

CSA
Min. Max. Min. Max.

f'c 10 MPa 80 MPa 10 MPa 150 MPa

fy 100 MPa 500 MPa 100 MPa 1860 MPa

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 APPENDIX

A.8. Contact Information

Web Site: www.StructurePoint.org

E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

Address: StructurePoint, LLC.

5420 Old Orchard Road
Skokie, IL 60077
USA

Phone: +1- 847- 966- 4357

Fax: +1- 847- 966- 1542

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