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    Introduction To Computers and Programming - Chapter1

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    This document provides an introduction to computers and programming using Python. It discusses the major hardware components of a computer, how computers store and represent data using binary numbers, and how programs are executed through a fetch-decode-execute cycle. It then introduces Python as a high-level, easy to learn programming language and discusses how Python is commonly used for geospatial applications and scripting in ArcGIS. The document concludes with instructions on installing Python and assigning reading and exercises to understand basic Python concepts.

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    Introduction To Computers and Programming - Chapter1

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    fykk
    82 views13 pages
    This document provides an introduction to computers and programming using Python. It discusses the major hardware components of a computer, how computers store and represent data using binary numbers, and how programs are executed through a fetch-decode-execute cycle. It then introduces Python as a high-level, easy to learn programming language and discusses how Python is commonly used for geospatial applications and scripting in ArcGIS. The document concludes with instructions on installing Python and assigning reading and exercises to understand basic Python concepts.

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    Introduction to Computers and Programming_Chapter1

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    This document provides an introduction to computers and programming using Python. It discusses the major hardware components of a computer, how computers store and represent data using binary numbers, and how programs are executed through a fetch-decode-execute cycle. It then introduces Python as a high-level, easy to learn programming language and discusses how Python is commonly used for geospatial applications and scripting in ArcGIS. The document concludes with instructions on installing Python and assigning reading and exercises to understand basic Python concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    82 views13 pages

    Introduction To Computers and Programming - Chapter1

    Uploaded by

    fykk
    This document provides an introduction to computers and programming using Python. It discusses the major hardware components of a computer, how computers store and represent data using binary numbers, and how programs are executed through a fetch-decode-execute cycle. It then introduces Python as a high-level, easy to learn programming language and discusses how Python is commonly used for geospatial applications and scripting in ArcGIS. The document concludes with instructions on installing Python and assigning reading and exercises to understand basic Python concepts.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Introduction to Computers and

    Programming

    Hong Sun
    COSC 1436 Spring 2017
    Jan 23 , 2017
    Introduction
    • What is a program
    – Software: Controls everything the computer does
    • What is hardware
    – The physical devices that a computer is made of are referred to as hardware
    • Five major components:
    • CPU – the central processing unit
    – Microprocessors; the part of a computer that actually runs programs.
    • Main memory
    – Random-access memory(RAM) - Computer’s work area.
    • Secondary storage devices
    – A type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time.
    • Input devices
    – Any data the computer collets from people and from other devices The component that collects
    data and sends it to the computer is called input device.
    • Output devices
    – Any data the computer produces for people or for other devices. The component that produces
    output data is called output devices.
    How Computers Store Data
    • All data that is stored in a computer is
    converted to sequences of 0s and 1s
    – Bytes – memory is divided into tiny storage
    locations
    – Bits – binary digit
    – Store numbers, Characters….images

    1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0, 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
    How Computers Store Data
    (the values of binary digits as power of
    2)
    How Computers Store Data

    • When a character is sorted in memory, it is first


    converted to a numeric code. The most important of
    those coding schema is ASCII.

    • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information


    Interchange) is the most common format for text files in
    computers and on the Internet. In an ASCII file, each
    alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented
    with a 7-bit binary number (a string of seven 0s or 1s).
    128 possible characters are defined.
    How Computers Store Data

    • Computers are able to store negative and real number in


    memory using encoding schema. Negative numbers are
    encoded in two’s complement, and real numbers are
    encoded in floating-point notation

    • Images are exposed of tiny dots of color known as pixels


    How a Program Works
    • Fetch
    • The first step of the cycle is fetch, or read, the next instruction
    from memory into the CPU
    • Decode
    • A machine language instruction is a binary number that
    represents a command that tells the CPU to perform an
    operation. In this step the CPU decodes the instruction that
    was just fetched from memory, to determine which operation
    it should perform.
    • Execute
    • The last step in the cycle is to execute, or perform, the
    operation.
    How a Program Works
    • Compilers and Interpreters
    • A compiler is a program that translates a high-level language program
    into a separate machine language program. The machine language
    program can then be executed any time it is needed.

    • A interpreter is a program that both translates and executes the


    instructions in a high-level language program. As the interpreter reads
    each individual instruction in the program, it converts it to machine
    language instructions and then immediately executes them. Because
    interpreters combine translation and execution, they typically do not
    create separate machine language programs.

    • Python is interpreter language.


    Python
    • High level languages
    – Created in 1950s. A high-level language allows you
    to create powerful and complex programs without
    knowing how the CPU works and without writing
    large numbers of low-level instructions. In
    addition, most high-level languages use words
    that are easy to understand.
    – List of high-level languages: Ada, Basic, Fortran,
    Cobol, Pascal, C and C++, C#, Java, JavaScript,
    Python, Ruby, Visual Basic
    Python basic
    • Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has
    efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective
    approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax
    and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it
    an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in
    many areas on most platforms.
    • The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely
    available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the
    Python Web site, https://www.python.org/, and may be freely
    distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and
    pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and
    tools, and additional documentation.
    • The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and
    data types implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable
    from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for
    customizable applications.
    Python and GIS
    • Very popular with Geospatial professionals working
    in the ESRI environment and is considered as the
    primary scripting language for ArcGIS.

    • The ArcPy site package provides access to the


    geoprocessing tools found in ArcGIS for Desktop.
    Using it can be a challenge if you are unfamiliar with
    Python, but with some basic knowledge, you can
    start using it to make your ArcGIS work flows faster
    and easier.
    Using Python
    • Installing Python:
    • https://www.python.org/downloads/

    • Interactive Mode
    • Script Mode
    • IDLE Programming Environment
    • The Python Key Words
    • p17
    Lab exercise and Assignment
    • Installing Python on your computer
    • Book for download
    http://file.allitebooks.com/20151103/Starting%20Out%20with%20Pyt
    hon,%203rd%20edition.pdf

    • Learning Web Link:


    https://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/hong.sun/cosc1436-1

    • Reading Assignments:
    • Review Questions
    – p24 –p27
    – Exercises 1-6
    P28 – 29

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