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Lesson 4 - Citing Sources

This document discusses citing sources and provides guidelines for both in-text citations and reference lists. It begins by explaining the purposes of citing sources, such as giving credit to authors and helping readers identify sources. It then discusses plagiarism and the need to properly cite sources to avoid accusations of plagiarism. The document outlines the two main types of citations - in-text citations and reference citations. It provides examples of citations in APA, MLA, IEEE, AMA, and Chicago Manual of Style formats. Finally, it details guidelines for creating in-text citations and structured reference lists according to APA style.

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51 views

Lesson 4 - Citing Sources

This document discusses citing sources and provides guidelines for both in-text citations and reference lists. It begins by explaining the purposes of citing sources, such as giving credit to authors and helping readers identify sources. It then discusses plagiarism and the need to properly cite sources to avoid accusations of plagiarism. The document outlines the two main types of citations - in-text citations and reference citations. It provides examples of citations in APA, MLA, IEEE, AMA, and Chicago Manual of Style formats. Finally, it details guidelines for creating in-text citations and structured reference lists according to APA style.

Uploaded by

Romy Bartolome
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson IV: Citing Sources

Why do we have to cite our sources?

Purposes for Citing Sources


To give credit to the original author of a work
To promote scholarly writing
To help your target audience identify your original source

Reason why citing sources is necessary:

1. If you fail to cite your source you may be accused for plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious
offense in which someone takes and uses the ideas, information , concepts, arguments, or
information of someone else, intentionally or unintentionally, without proper citations.

Forms of citation

In-Text Citation

Requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a certain part of his/her essay.
The citation can be found in at the beginning, middle, or end of the statement.

Observe the example provided below:


Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-internet and Internet
relationship mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities, found that the frequency of each
modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al,
2002)

Reference Citation

Reference citation refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all references used by the
writer.
This appears in the reference list found at the last part of the paper.

Examples”:
Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships.
Communications of the ACM, 45(7). 103-108.
Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining
the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated
Communication, 10, 38-48.

Style Guides
These citations are governed by rules of style and structure, which are generally published as
style guides or manuals. Some of the widely used style guides are listed below.
1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
5. The Chicago Manual Style
Style Guide Discipline
Psychology, education, hotel and restaurant management, business,
APA economics, and other social sciences

Literature, arts and humanities


MLA
Engineering
IEEE
Medicine, health sciences and other natural sciences
AMA
Reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g., newspapers,
The Chicago Manual Style magazines, journals, among others)

Sources of information for both in-text and reference citations can be accessed for free online.
APA https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/.
MLA https://owl.English.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
IEEE Editorial Style Manual: http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf
AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors:
http://www.amamanualofstyle.com/view.10.1093/jama/9780195176339.001.0001/med-
97801951176339 or http://www.lib.jmu.edu/citation/amaguide.pdf

Guidelines in In-text citation


1. APA, 6th edition (pp. 169-1790 Basic Citation Rules
Follow the author latest year of publication method. Although not required, APA
encourages you to indicate the page numbers even in paraphrases or summaries. Place
the period after the citation when it is at the end of the sentence.
For a work with only one author
1. According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business student majors.
2. APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio, 2014).
For two authors, notice in the example the use of “&” when the citations are inside the parentheses.
1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA style is required for business student majors.
2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014).
For three to five authors, name all three during the first citation. Then use the primary author
followed by ‘et al.’ (which means ‘and authors’) for subsequent citations.
First citation
According to Sipacio, Barrot, and Sanchez (2014), APA style is appropriate for the fields
of nursing and education.
APA style is appropriate for the fields of nursing and education (Sipacio, Barrot, and
Sanchez, 2014).
Subsequent citation
Sipacio et al. states that in general, the social sciences employ this citation style
(2014).9
In general, the social sciences employ this citation style (Sipacio et al., 2014)
When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are required to include the page
number(s) enclosed in parenthesis. The page number must be preceded by ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ for multiple
pages.
Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide too complex” (p. 56)
According to Sipacio (2014) “beginners found the APA style guide too complex” (p. 56).
He claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide too complex” (Sipacio, 2014, p. 56)
because of several factors.

Guidelines in reference citations


1. APA 6th Edition
Place the reference list on a new page separate from the text of your writing; label this
page “references” and align it at the center at the top of the page. Do not use bold face,
underline, or quotation marks for the title.
Apply hanging indentation. This simply means the lines following the first line in an entry
should be indented from the left margin
All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of the paper.
Follow this sequence in writing the names of the author: Last name, First name Initial,
Middle Initial.
Arrange the references in alphabetical order based on the last names of the authors.
Do not cut or add to the titles.
Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title. The first letter of the first word of its
subtitle after a colon, and the proper nouns.
Italicize the titles. When the article title is used, italicize only the journal title.
For online sources, make sure to remove the hyperlink of the URL.
For print sources, place a period at the end of the entry.
Put “n.d.” (no date) for sources with no date.

The following are some of the sources most commonly used in research writing. Look closely at
the given examples. Pay attention to the sequence of entries, parentheses, italics, capitalization,
and punctuation marks.

Sources Examples
Articles from an online Barrot, J.S. (2013). A macro perspective on key issues in English as
journal a second language (ESL) pedagogy in the postmethod era:
- If the article has been Confronting challenges through sociocognitive-transformative
assigned with a digital approach. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. Doi:
object identifier (doi) then 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.
you should indicate it. Guthrie, K., & McCracken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy: Making
Otherwise, use the URL of meaning in experiential based online courses. Journa0/ l of
the article preceded by a Educators Online, 7 (2), 1-21. Retrieve form
signal phrase “Retrieved http://www.thejeo.com/Archives/Volume7Number2/GuthriePaper.pdf
from”. Include volume
number, issue number
enclosed in parentheses (if
available), and page
number/s.

Book Sections Antonio, L. C. (2010). Study on recyclables collection trends and best
- Include page number/s practices in the Philippines. In M. Kojima, (Ed.), 3R Policies for Southeast
and place it/them at the end and East Asia. ERIA Research Project Report 2009-10 (40-70). Jakarta:
of the entry. ERIA

Internet Sources OWL Pudue University Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). APA style. Retrieved from
https://owl.English.pursued.edu/owlsection/2/10/
Personal communication
-Personal Communication
or interview should not
appear in the reference list. S. Tabiola (personal communication, November 30, 2014)
However, you should cite (S. Tabiola, personal communication, November 30, 2014)
this in-text using the
sample format on the right

Thesis and Dissertations Tiu, G. (2013). Toward an internationalization model for de la salle
university (DLSU): An assessment of current approaches in two Asian
institutions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). De La Salle University,
Manila

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