IEEE PES ISGT ASIA 2012 1569527723

Micro-grid Connected/Islanding Operation

Based on Wind and PV Hybrid Power
System
Zhao Dongmei, Zhang Nan and Liu Yanhua

generation contains hydraulic power, wind

Abstract-- The micro-grid technology that power, solar power and so on. DGs play a great
integrates distributed generations, energy storage role in energy conservation, environmental
element and loads is an effective approach to solve protection, investment, power safety and so on.
the interconnection of large-scale distributed However, compared with the traditional way,
generations with power grid. Wind and solar can capacity of DG is small and power output is not
be complementary to each other in time, therefore
stable. In order to integrate the superiority of
wind and PV hybrid power system could make full
DG, make full use of its value and reduce the
use of clean energy and have high reliability.
impact on power system, the concept of
Smooth switching between grid-connected mode
micro-grid is proposed by specialists.
and islanding mode is important to micro-grid
The definition given by consortium for
stable operation. In this paper a micro-grid model
electric reliability technology solution (CERTS)
based on wind and PV hybrid power system is
is that: micro-grid is a system with loads and
built with DigSILENT/PowerFactory. The
improved control strategy of P-Q control and
micro-resource, which could supply power and

droop control combination is proposed and the heat. Power electronic equipment is used to
transition state simulation as to the micro-grid change energy and provide necessary control in
mode switching process is carried out. The result micro-grid. Compared to external grid,
shows that this advanced control strategy can micro-grid is a single controllable unit, which
ensure power balance and reasonable power could meet customers’ requirements on power
assignment ， it also could keep connected bus quality, reliability and safety[1].
voltage and micro-grid frequency stable during So many states have regarded micro-grid as
micro-grid mode switching. development direction of grid in the future. It
has been put into use in Europe, USA, Japan and
Index Terms--Distributed power generation, so many other states. In our country, the
droop control ， islanding mode, master-slave development of micro-grid is one of nation
control strategy, micro-grid, P-Q control, strategy, micro-grid research and project
peer-to-peer control strategy, wind and PV
construction have been done. When faults
hybrid power system.
happen in grid, micro-grid could operate in
islanding mode, then reliability and safety of
I. INTRODUCTION
power supply would be improved. Islanding
Nowadays the energy shortage, deterioration
operation depends on the smooth switching
of ecological environment and global warming
between grid-connected mode and islanding
are problems of our society. People have no
mode. In this paper a model of wind and PV
choice but to develop distributed generation
hybrid power system is built with
(DG), which is clean and renewable. Distributed
DigSILENT/PowerFactory. The control strategy

1
is improved P-Q control and droop control avoided in power system. If DGs are isolated
combination and the transition state simulation from the utility system whenever a fault occurs,
as to the micro-grid mode switching process is then reliability of power supply is hard to be
carried out. The result shows that this advanced ensured and superiority of DG can’t be
control strategy can ensure power balance and reflected.
reasonable power assignment, it also can keep Based on the analysis above, practices of
connected bus voltage and micro-grid frequency disconnecting the DG when faults happen will
stable during micro-grid mode switching. no longer be a practical or reliable solution.
IEEE1547-2008[4] is a new standard proposed
II. MICRO-GRID CONNECTED /ISLANDING intentional islanding and unintentional islanding,
OPERATION
intentional islanding means that a micro-grid or
A. Micro-grid connected /islanding operation a portion of the power grid, which consists of
methods loads and a distributed generation system, is
Micro-grid could operate in grid-connected isolated from the remainder of the utility system
mode and islanding mode. Grid-connected mode according to foregone planning . Intentional
means that there is a connection between islanding could keep micro-grid operation stable
micro-grid and utility system, loads flow and improve reliability of power supply.
between them. Islanding operation means that Unintentional islanding is an operation state that
when faults happen in grid, micro-grid is DGs supply power to loads independently. This
isolated from the remainder of the utility system operation state is incidental and unstable. This
and DGs supply power energy to load. Islanding code approves intentional islanding operation
operation improves reliability of power supply. and prohibits unintentional islanding.
Islanding has great harmfulness: firstly, due Stable micro-grid operation depends on the
to the islanding areas is out of grid’s control, the smooth switching of operation mode. The key is
voltage and frequency may be unstable and it to choose an appropriate control strategy.
will threaten safety operation of electric
III. CONTROL STRATEGY OF MICRO-GRID
equipments; secondly, workers couldn’t judge if
CONNECTED /ISLANDING OPERATION
equipment is power down or not when islanding
happened, so the worker’s life is threatened; A. Traditional Control Strategy of Micro-Grid
thirdly, main grid would be impacted when connected /islanding Operation
micro-grid reconnected with main grid. Nowadays, master-slave and peer-to-peer
control strategy are used in micro-grid.
B. The grid code about islanding operation
Master-slave control means that all the DGs in
Due to the great harmfulness of islanding, the
micro-grid adopt P-Q control in grid-connected
UL1741[2] and IEEE Std. 929-2000[3] require DG
mode, but in islanding mode, in order to keep
to be disconnected from the grid once it is
voltage and frequency stable, one or several DGs
islanded. Anti-islanding protection could ensure
are changed to V-f control. Peer-to-peer control
grid running normally, but with the increase of
means that all of DGs in micro-grid adopt droop
distributed generation’s capacity, the current
control, which could ensure reasonable power
anti-islanding protection exist some defects. For
assignment among DGs[5].
example, the DG couldn’t be made full use;
P-Q control means that DG is controlled to
reliability of distributed network power supply is
output maximum power or specified power
reduced,etc. As we know, faults cannot be

2
according to actual condition. The principle of In conclusion, the control research has
P-Q control is showed in Fig.1, when micro-grid shifted from output power to current.
frequency is 50Hz and connected bus voltage is Fig.2 shows the principle of droop control:
rated, DG operates at point B and power output DGs operate in parallel in micro-grid, the
is Pref, Qref; if connected bus voltage and relation between real power output and
micro-grid frequency rising or reduced, then micro-grid frequency is linear, the same to
operating point moves from B to A or C to keep reactive power output and connected bus
power output at Pref, Qref. P-Q control is voltage. When power output of DG rise,
designed to maximize the utilization of operating point moves from A to B. Connected
renewable energy, it is suitable for intermitted bus voltage and micro-grid frequency are
resources. P-Q control is easy relatively, but it changed slightly to adjust power output
[6]
can’t keep voltage and frequency stable . reasonably.
P-Q control is realized by regulating active
ΔP = k P / f ( f 0 − f1 ) （4）
current (id) and reactive current (iq) to track
reference current. ΔQ = kQ / V (V0 − V1 ) （5）
⎡ ⎤
⎢U m cos(ωt ) ⎥ Droop control is a control way doesn’t need
⎡ua ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2π ⎥ communication between DGs, it is applied to
u =
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ m U cos(ωt − ) (1)
3 ⎥ control of DG inverter[7].
⎢⎣uc ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢U m cos(ωt + π )⎥
2
B. Improved Control Strategy of Micro-Grid
⎣ 3 ⎦
connected /islanding Operation
u is network voltage, U m is the amplitude
Many kinds of DGs are connected to
of phase voltage.
micro-grid in actual condition and control
Take a park transform on u :
characteristic of DGs are different, so operating
⎡u a ⎤ requirement of micro-grid can’t be met with just
⎡u d ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡U m ⎤
⎢ ⎥ = Tabc − dq ⎢ub ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ (2) a single control strategy. In the model based on
⎣u q ⎦ 0
⎢⎣uc ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦
wind and PV hybrid power system, PV system is

In the dq coordinate, d axis and q axis is intermittent and its control target is to maximize

decoupling, ud is constant and uq is 0. the utilization of renewable energy, so P-Q

Then set active power to Pref and reactive control is suitable for PV system[8]. Output

power to Qref. The reference current of inverter is characteristic of wind power system which

expressed as below: contains storage battery is stable relatively, so

Pref droop control is adopted[9]. It is used to ensure
idref =
ud reasonable power assignment and keep
(3)
Qref connected bus voltage and micro-grid frequency
iqref = −
ud stable in islanding mode.

3
 Fig.1 Principle of P-Q control

Fig.2 Principle of droop control

synchronous generator, converter, storage

IV. MODEL AND SIMULATION battery and control system. PV system consists
A. Model of a DC Voltage Source, inverter and control
In this model, connected bus voltage of system. PV system is designed to supply 100kW,
micro-grid is 0.4kV, it connected with 10 kV 0kVar; power output of wind power is 10kW,
network through transformer. Micro-grid 10kVar initially; load 1, 2 and 3 consume 10kW,
consists of a wind generator with capacity of 5kVar; 20kW, 5kVar and 10kW, 10kVar
0.045MW and 10 PV arrays with capacity of respectively. In this paper a model of wind and
0.05MW respectively. Wind generator is in PV hybrid power system is built with
single mode, which consists of a direct-driven DigSILENT/PowerFactory.

Fig. 3 Model of wind and PV hybrid power system

fault cleaning, micro-grid reconnects with main

B. Simulation of micro-grid connected /islanding
operation grid. This paper simulates operation mode
switch of micro-grid and simulation time is
When transient fault happens in grid,
1second. Micro-grid is connected with
micro-grid is separated from main grid. After

4
distributed network until t=0.2 when transient cleaning and micro-grid reconnects to main grid
fault happens and micro-grid is electrically at t=0.5.
separated from distributed network. Then, fault

Fig. 4 Real(black) and reactive(blue) power of wind power Fig.5 Real(black) and reactive(blue) power of PV system

Fig. 6 Micro-grid frequency Fig. 7 Connected bus voltage

(1) Power output variation of wind power islanding mode, and there is a slight power
system and PV system fluctuation on PV system. After adjustment,
Fig.4 and Fig.5 show power output of wind power output returns to stability. The micro-grid
power system and PV system respectively. Wind reconnects to main grid at t=0.5, power output of
power system uses droop control strategy, power PV system is still 100kW, 0kVar.
output of wind power is 10kW, 10kVar initially. (2) Frequency variation of micro-grid
At t=0.2, the micro-grid changes from Fig.6 shows micro-grid frequency. It is kept
grid-connected mode to islanding mode, at this at 50Hz in grid-connected mode. At t=0.2, the
time, power of micro-grid is unbalanced. Power micro-grid changes from grid-connected mode to
output of wind power system is changed to keep islanding mode and micro-grid frequency is
micro-grid stable, its power output changes to adjusted to keep active power balance. The
5kW, -5kVar. The micro-grid reconnects to main micro-grid reconnects to main grid at t=0.5 and
grid at t=0.5, power output of wind power micro-grid frequency returns to 50Hz.
system would stabilize after slight variation. (3) Connected bus voltage variation
PV system uses PQ control strategy, so real Fig.7 shows voltage of micro-grid connected
power and reactive power output of PV system bus. Micro-grid connects with main grid before
are100kW, 0kVar constantly. At t=0.2, the t=0.2 and connected bus voltage is 0.4kV. At
micro-grid changes from grid-connected mode to t=0.2 the micro-grid changes from

5
grid-connected mode to islanding mode, China ," Automation of Electric Power Systems,vol

connected bus voltage changes to 0.4003kV due 34,pp.59-63,Jan.2010.

to droop control, its variation range is less than [9] Wang Chengshan, Xiao Zhaoxia, Wangshouxiang.

10%. The micro-grid reconnects to main grid at "Synthetical Control and Analysis of Microgrid,"
Automation of Electric Power Systems,vol
t=0.5 and connected bus voltage returns to
32,pp.98-103,Apr.2008.
0.4kV.
[10] Guo Li, Wang Chengshan. "Dynamical Simulation on

V. CONCLUSION MicroGrid with Different Types of Distributed

Generations, "Automation of Electric Power
Simulation of wind and PV hybrid power
Systems,vol 33,pp.82-86,Jan.2009.
system shows that this model meets P-f, Q-V
control characteristic. The simulation result
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
shows that control strategy of P-Q control and Zhao Dongmei (1965—) female,
droop control combination could ensure power professor, Master Tutor, main
studying field: Power system
balance and reasonable power assignment. analysis and control, intelligence
technology.

VI. REFERENCES
[1] Standards Coordinating Committee 21.1547 IEEE
standard for interconnecting distributed resources with Zhang Nan (1988 — ) female,
postgraduate Student, main
electric power systems, IEEE Standard 1547-2003,July
studying field: Grid-connected
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[2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of

Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, IEEE Standard 929-2000,
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[3] Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection
Liu Yanhua (1975 — ) female,
System Equipment for Use With Distributed Energy lecturer, doctor graduate
student,main studying
Resources, UL 1741-2010, Jan.2010. field:Power system analysis and
control, wind power system.
[4] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed
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