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Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It works by partitioning the substances between a stationary phase (paper) and mobile phase (solvent). The procedure involves spotting samples on chromatography paper and developing the chromatogram by allowing the mobile phase to travel up the paper. This causes separation based on differences in how substances partition between the phases. The types of development techniques include ascending, descending, and radial. While simple and inexpensive, paper chromatography has limitations in analyzing complex mixtures quantitatively. It finds use in applications like analyzing food dyes.

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93 views17 pages

Index

Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It works by partitioning the substances between a stationary phase (paper) and mobile phase (solvent). The procedure involves spotting samples on chromatography paper and developing the chromatogram by allowing the mobile phase to travel up the paper. This causes separation based on differences in how substances partition between the phases. The types of development techniques include ascending, descending, and radial. While simple and inexpensive, paper chromatography has limitations in analyzing complex mixtures quantitatively. It finds use in applications like analyzing food dyes.

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Index

 Aim
 Why I choose this project
 Purpose
 Introduction
 What is Paper Chromatography?
 Principle
 Procedure
 Type of Development Techniques
 Advantages of paper
chromatography
 Disadvantage of paper
chromatography
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
AIM
To study about the different
types separation technique in
paper chromatography . in
this project I have mentioned
all the ways, methods of
separation with experiment in
a detail view of point.
Why I choose this project?

I choose this project because I


am interested in learning
separation of coloured
chemicals or substances to
study about the different
phase of chemical in a
detailed view of point.
What Is Paper Chromatography?

Paper Chromatography was first


introduced by German scientist
Christian Friedrich Schonbein(1865).
Paper Chromatography is considered
to be the simplest and most widely
used of the chromatographic
techniques because of its applicability
to isolation, identification and
quantitative determination of organic
and inorganic compounds.
 Paper chromatography is an
analytical method used to separate
colored chemicals or substances.
Paper Chromatography Principle

The principle involved can be partition


chromatography or adsorption
chromatography. Partition chromatography
because the substances are partitioned or
distributed between liquid phases. The two
phases are water held in pores of the filter
paper and the other phase is a mobile phase
which passes through the paper. When the
mobile phase moves, the separation of the
mixture takes place. The compounds in the
mixture separate themselves based on the
differences in their affinity towards
stationary and mobile phase solvents under
the capillary action of pores in the paper.
Adsorption chromatography between solid
and liquid phases, wherein the solid surface
of the paper is the stationary phase and the
liquid phase is the mobile phase.
Paper Chromatography Procedure
Selecting a suitable type of development:  It is decided
based on the complexity of the solvent, paper, mixture,
etc. Usually ascending type or radial paper
chromatography is used as they are easy to perform.
Also, it is easy to handle, the chromatogram obtained
is faster and the process is less time-consuming.
Selecting a suitable filter paper: Selection of filter
paper is done based on the size of the pores and the
sample quality.
Prepare the sample:  Sample preparation includes the
dissolution of the sample in a suitable solvent (inert
with the sample under analysis) used in making the
mobile phase.
Spot the sample on the paper:  Samples should be
spotted at a proper position on the paper by using a
capillary tube.
Chromatogram development:  Chromatogram
development is spotted by immersing the paper in the
mobile phase. Due to the capillary action of paper, the
mobile phase moves over the sample on the paper.
Paper drying and compound detection: Once the
chromatogram is developed, the paper is dried using
an air drier. Also, detecting  solution  can be sprayed on
the chromatogram developed paper and dried to
identify the sample chromatogram spots.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES

Ascending Development

Descending Development

Ascending Descending Development

Circular/Radial Development

Two Dimensional Development


This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

ASCENDING DEVELOPMENT
Like conventional type, the solvent
flows against gravity.
The spots are kept at the bottom
portion of paper and kept in a
chamber with mobile phase solvent
at the bottom.
•
DESCENDING DEVELOPMENT
This is carried out in a special
chamber where the solvent holder is
at the top. The spot is kept at the top
and the solvent flows down the
paper.
In this method solvent moves from
top to bottom so it is called
descending chromatography.
ADVANTAGE IS THAT, DEVELOPMENT IS
FASTER
ASCENDING DESCENDING DEVELOPMENT
A hybrid of above two technique is called
ascending descending chromatography.
Only length of separation increased, first
ascending takes place followed by
descending.
CIRCULAR/RADIAL DEVELOPMENT
Spot is kept at the centre of
a circular paper. The solvent
flows through a wick at the
centre & spreads in all
directions uniformly.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
In this method the paper is developed in one
direction and after development, the paper is
developed in the second direction allowing more
compounds to be separated into individual spots.
In this method the paper is developed in one
direction and after development, the paper is
developed in the second direction allowing more
compounds to be separated into individual spots.
In the second direction, either same
solvent/different solvent system can be used
for development.
  Advantages of Paper Chromatography
Paper chromatography necessitates a
minimal amount of quantitative material.
Paper chromatography is less expensive
than other chromatography methods.
The paper chromatography method can
identify both unknown inorganic and organic
compounds.
Paper chromatography takes up little space
when compared to other analytical methods
or equipment.
Outstanding resolving power.
Paper chromatography has traditionally been
used to analyse food colours in ice creams,
sweets, drinks and beverages, jams and
jellies. Only edible colours are permitted for
use to ensure that no non-permitted
colouring agents are added to the foods.
This is where quantification and
identification come into play.
Disadvantage of Paper Chromatography

Paper chromatography cannot


handle large amounts of sample.
Paper chromatography is
ineffective in quantitative analysis.
Paper chromatography cannot
separate complex mixtures.
Less Accurate than HPLC or
HPTLC
CONCLUSION
From this presentation, I came to know
about importance and types of paper
chromatography.
How it is useful in separation and analysis
of mixture of components.
Paper chromatography is widely used in
areas pharmaceutical and many chemical
industries.
 As it is inexpensive and simple, it is basic
chromatographic technique performed
laboratories.
BIBLOGRAPHY
 NCERT BOOKS
 CHEMISTRY MANUAL
 ALL IN ONE

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