Chapter (7) - Entropy

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles

McGraw-Hill, 2008
Chapter 7
ENTROPY
Created by Mehmet Kanoglu

Modified by Kai Ming Kiang
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
• Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.
• Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-
law effects.
• Establish the increase of entropy principle.
• Calculate the entropy changes that take place during
processes for pure substances, incompressible substances,
and ideal gases.
• Examine a special class of idealized processes, called
isentropic processes, and develop the property relations for
these processes.
2
ENTROPY
Clausius
inequality
Formal
definition
of entropy
The system considered in

the development of the The equality in the Clausius inequality holds
Clausius inequality. for totally or just internally reversible cycles
and the inequality for the irreversible ones.
3
A quantity whose cyclic
integral is zero (i.e., a
property like volume)
Entropy is an extensive
property of a system.
The entropy change between two The net change

specified states is the same whether in volume (a
property) during
the process is reversible or irreversible.
a cycle is
A Special Case: Internally Reversible always zero.
Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
This equation is particularly useful for determining

the entropy changes of thermal energy reservoirs.
4
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
The equality holds for an internally

reversible process and the inequality
for an irreversible process.
A cycle composed of a
reversible and an
irreversible process.
Some entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process,

and this generation is due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities.
The entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.

Can the entropy of a system during a process decrease?
5
The entropy change of an isolated
system is the sum of the entropy
changes of its components, and is
never less than zero.
A system and its surroundings

form an isolated system.
The increase
of entropy
principle
6
Some Remarks about Entropy
1. Processes can occur in a certain direction
only, not in any direction. A process must
proceed in the direction that complies with
the increase of entropy principle, that is,
Sgen ≥ 0. A process that violates this
principle is impossible.
2. Entropy is a nonconserved property, and
there is no such thing as the conservation of
entropy principle. Entropy is conserved
during the idealized reversible processes
only and increases during all actual
processes.
3. The performance of engineering systems is
degraded by the presence of irreversibilities,
The entropy change of a and entropy generation is a measure of the
system can be negative, magnitudes of the irreversibilities during that
but the entropy generation process. It is also used to establish criteria
cannot. for the performance of engineering devices.
7
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Entropy is a property, and thus the
value of entropy of a system is fixed
once the state of the system is fixed.
Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.
The entropy of a pure substance Entropy change

is determined from the tables
(like other properties).
8
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called
an isentropic process.
During an internally
reversible, adiabatic
The isentropic process appears as a
(isentropic) process, the
vertical line segment on a T-s diagram.
entropy remains constant.
9
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY
On a T-S
diagram, the
area under the
process curve
represents the
heat transfer for
internally
reversible
processes.
For adiabatic steady-flow
devices, the vertical distance
∆h on an h-s diagram is a
measure of work, and the
horizontal distance ∆s is a
measure of irreversibilities.
Mollier diagram: The h-s diagram
10
WHAT IS ENTROPY?
Boltzmann
relation
A pure crystalline substance at absolute zero

temperature is in perfect order, and its entropy is
zero (the third law of thermodynamics).
The level of molecular

disorder (entropy) of a
substance increases as Disorganized energy does not create much
it melts or evaporates. useful effect, no matter how large it is.
11
The paddle-wheel work done on a gas increases the
level of disorder (entropy) of the gas, and thus energy
is degraded during this process.
In the absence of During a heat

friction, raising a transfer process, the
weight by a rotating net entropy
shaft does not increases. (The
create any disorder increase in the
(entropy), and thus entropy of the cold
energy is not body more than
degraded during this offsets the decrease
process. in the entropy of
the hot body.) 12
THE T ds RELATIONS
the first T ds, or Gibbs equation
The T ds relations are valid for

both reversible and irreversible the second T ds equation
processes and for both closed
and open systems.
Differential changes
in entropy in terms
of other properties
13
ENTROPY CHANGE OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
Liquids and solids can be
approximated as
incompressible substances
Since for liquids and solids since their specific volumes
remain nearly constant
during a process.
For and isentropic process of an incompressible substance
14
THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
From the first T ds relation From the second T ds relation
A broadcast
from channel IG.
15
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
Entropy change of an ideal gas on a

unit–mole basis
Under the constant-specific-

heat assumption, the specific
heat is assumed to be constant
at some average value.
16
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
We choose absolute zero as the reference
temperature and define a function s° as
On a unit–mass basis The entropy of an

ideal gas depends on
both T and P. The
function s represents
only the temperature-
On a unit–mole basis
dependent part of
entropy.
17
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
Setting this eq. equal to

zero, we get
The isentropic relations of ideal

gases are valid for the isentropic
processes of ideal gases only.
18
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume

exp(s°/R) is The use of Pr data
the relative for calculating the
pressure Pr. final temperature
during an isentropic
process.
The use of vr data for

calculating the final
T/Pr is the relative temperature during an
specific volume vr. isentropic process
19
Summary
• Entropy
• The Increase of entropy principle
• Some remarks about entropy
• Entropy change of pure substances
• Isentropic processes
• Property diagrams involving entropy
• What is entropy?
• The T ds relations
• Entropy change of liquids and solids
• The entropy change of ideal gases
20

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Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles

Created by Mehmet Kanoglu

The system considered in

The entropy change between two The net change

This equation is particularly useful for determining

The equality holds for an internally

Some entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process,

The entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.

A system and its surroundings

Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.

The entropy of a pure substance Entropy change

A pure crystalline substance at absolute zero

The level of molecular

In the absence of During a heat

the first T ds, or Gibbs equation

The T ds relations are valid for

For and isentropic process of an incompressible substance

Entropy change of an ideal gas on a

Under the constant-specific-

On a unit–mass basis The entropy of an

Setting this eq. equal to

The isentropic relations of ideal

Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume

The use of vr data for

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