A Seminar Report On:

AIR POWERED CAR

Submitted By:
MANU M G
Reg no:20024125
Guided by:
ARAVIND A G
Lecturer
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CENTRAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE TVM
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I EXPRESS MY SINCERE REGARDS TO MY GUIDE MR ARAVIND A G LECTURER OF

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL, FOR MOTIVATION KIND OF COOPERATION
MANAGEMENT AND VALUABLE SUPPORT
I AM THANKFUL ALL THE FACULY MEMBERS IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL FOR ENCOURAGING ME TO MAKE THIS REPORT.IAM
THAKFUL TO ALL MY FRIENDS, WHO HAVE ATTENDED THEIR CO-OPERATION AND
SUGGESTIONS FROM TIME TO TIME
 INDEX
• Introduction
• How Do Air Engines Work
• How Compressed Air Can Fuel A Car
• Compressed Air Tanks
• Break Power Recovery The Body, The Chassis, The Air Filter
• Electrical System
• Process Description
• Technology Overview
• Working
• Gear Box, Distribution And Valves, Moto-Alternator
• Basic Principles Of Compressed Air Technology Engine
• The Dual Energy System
• New Models, New Applications
• Refilling Methods For Air Cars
• How Air Cars Helps To Reduce Pollution
• Advantages And Disadvantages Of Air Car
• Comparison With Competition
• Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
• We know that our world is facing fuel crisis now. All conventional source of fuels are on
the verge of exhaustion, Gasoline which has been the..... source of fuel for the history of
cars is becoming more and more expensive and impractical (especially from an
environmental standpoint). These factors are leading car manufacturers to develop cars
fuelled by alternative energies. Two hybrid cars took to the road in 2000 and in three or
four years fuel-cell-powered cars will roll onto the world's highways.
• While gasoline prices in the United States have not yet reached their highest point
($2.66/gallon in 1980), they have climbed steeply in the past two years. In 1999, prices
rose by 30 percent, and from December 1999 to October 2000, prices rose an additional
20 percent, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. In Europe, prices are even
higher, costing more than $4 in countries like England and the Netherlands. But cost is
not the only problem with using gasoline as our primary fuel. It is also damaging to the
environment, and since it is not a renewable resource, it will eventually run out. One
possible alternative is the AIR-POWERED CAR .
• Air powered cars runs on compressed air instead of gasoline. This car is powered by a
two cylinder compressed engine. This engine can run either on compressed air alone or
act as an IC engine. Compressed air is stored in glass or fibre tanks at a pressure of 4351
psi.
 An air powered car

Within the next two years, you could see the first air-powered vehicle motoring through your town.
Most likely, it will be the evolution car that is being built by Zero Pollution Motors.
The cars have generated a lot of interest in recent years, and the Mexican government has already
signed a deal to buy 40,000 evolutions to replace gasoline- and diesel- powered taxis in the heavily
polluted Mexico City.
 HOW DO AIRENGINES WORK

• Approximately 90m' of compressed air is stored in fibre tanks in the vehicle.

• The engine is powered by compressed air, stored in a carbon-fibre tank at 30
MPa (4500 psi). The tank is made of carbon fibre in order to reduce its weight.
• The engine has injection similar to normal engines, but uses special crankshafts
and pistons, which remain at top dead centre for about 70 degrees of the
crankshaft's cycle: this allows more power to be developed in the engine.
• The expansion of this air pushes the pistons and creates movement. The
atmospheric temperature is used to re-heat the engine and increase the road
coverage.
• The air conditioning system makes use of the expelled cold air.
 HOW COMPRESSED AIR CAN FUEL A CAR

• In practical terms compressed air at 300 bars is stored in the carbon fibre tanks A. Air is
released through the main line firstly to an alternator B where the first stage of
decompression takes place. The now cold air passes through a heat exchanger C which
adds thermal energy to the air and provides a convenient opportunity for air
conditioning D.
• The warmed compressed air now passes to the motor E. where a two more stages of
decompression and re-heating take place. The motor drives the rear axle G through the
transmission F. Control of engine speed is through a conventional accelerator pedal H
controlling a valve within the motor.
 COMPRESSED AIR TANK

• Compressed air tanks are one of the major parts of these cars. These tanks hold
90 cubic meters of air compressed to 300 bars. It is similar to the tanks used to
carry the liquid gas used by buses for public transport. The tanks enjoy the same
technology developed to contain natural gas. They are designed and officially
approved to carry an explosive product: methane gas.
• In the case of a major accident, where the tanks are ruptured, they would not
explode since they are not metal. Instead they would crack, as they are made of
carbon fibre. An elongated crack would appear in the tank, without exploding,
and the air would simply escape, producing a loud but harmless noise. Of course,
since this technology is licensed to transport an inflammable and explosive gas
(Natural gas), it is perfectly capable inoffensive and non-flammable air.
• It is fitting, therefore, that MDI has reached an agreement with the European
leader in aerospace technology air bus industries for the manufacture of the
compressed air storage tanks. With a remote supervision arrangement. Airbus
Industries oversees the making of the storage tanks at each MDI factory. The
coiled carbon fibre technology used in the construction of the tanks is complex
and requires a substantial quality control process which the multinational
company, home of the Airbus aircraft, will provide for our vehicles.
 BRAKE POWER RECOVERY

• The MDI vehicles will be equipped with a range of modern systems.

For example, one mechanism stops the engine when the car is
stationary (at traffic lights, junctions etc). Another interesting feature
is the pneumatic system which recovers about 13% of the power
used.
 THE BODY

• The MDI car body is built with fibre and injected foam, as are most of
the cars on the market today.
• This technology has two main advantages: cost and weight.
• Nowadays the use of sheet steel for car bodies is only because of
cost- it is 11/36 serially produce sheet steel bodies than fibre ones.
• However, fibre is safer (it doesn't cut like steel), is easier to repair (it
is glued), doesn't rust etc.
 CHASSIS

• Based on its experience in aeronautics, MDI has put together highly-

resistant, yet light, chassis, aluminium rods glued together.
• Using rods enables us to build a more shock-resistant chassis than
regular chassis.
• Additionally, the rods are glued in the same way as aircraft, allowing
quick assembly and a more secure join than with welding. This system
helps to reduce manufacture time.
 THE AIR FILTER

• The engine works with both air taken from the atmosphere and air pre-
compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the on-board compressor or at
service stations equipped with a high-pressure compressor.
• Before compression, the air must be filtered to get rid of any impurities
that could damage the engine. Carbon filters are used to eliminate dirt,
dust, humidity and other particles which, unfortunately, are found in the
air in our cities.
• This represents a true revolution in automobiles- it is the first time that a
car has produced minus pollution, ie; it eliminates' and reduces existing
pollution rather than emitting dirt and harmful gases. The exhaust pipe on
the cars produces clean air, which is cold on exit (between -15° and 0") and
is harmless to human life. With this system the air that comes out of the
car is cleaner than the air that went in.
 ELECTRICL SYSTEM

• Guy Negre, inventor of the MDI Air Car, acquired the patent for an
interesting invention for installing electrics in a vehicle.
• Using a radio transmission system, each electrical component receives
signals with a microcontroller.
• Thus only one cable is needed for the whole car. So, instead of wiring each
component (headlights, dashboard lights, lights inside the car, etc), one
cable connects all electrical parts in the car.
• The most obvious advantages are the ease of installation and repair and
the removal of the approximately 22 kg of wires no longer necessary.
• The entire system becomes an anti-theft alarm as soon as the key is
removed from the car.
 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

The following is the technology of the actual functionality of the

motor.
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
• The first piston takes in ambient air and compresses it to approximately
300 psi and 200*f in the compression chamber during the first cycle of the
engine
• When the piston pause, a small amount of compressed air from the tanks
is released into the expansion chamber to create a low pressured, low
temperature volume of about 140- 16/36 .
• Shortly before the valve to the exhaust cylinder is opened, a high-speed
shutter connects the compression and expansion chambers. The sudden
pressure and temperature difference between the low chambers creates
pressure waves in the expansion chamber, thereby producing work in the
exhaust chamber that drives the piston to power the engine.
• The air tanks for storing the compressed air are localized underneath the
vehicle. They are constructed of reinforced carbon fibre with a
thermoplastic liner. Each tank can hold 3,180 ft of air at a pressure of up to
4,300 psi. When connected to a special compressor station, the tanks can
be recharged within 3-4 minutes. They can also be recharged using the on-
board compressor 3-4 hours after connecting to a standard power outlet.
 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
• These new vehicles incorporate various innovative and novel systems such as
storing energy in the form of compressed air, using new materials such as
fiberglass to build the car and vegetable oil for the motor lubrication.
• Numerous innovations have been integrated in the engine design .The car engine
runs on compressed air and incorporates the three laws of thermodynamics,
• 1. The first law states that energy can neither be destroyed nor be wasted.
• 2. The second law describes the disorder within substances.
• 3. The third law defines that only in crystals at Ok, there is absolute disorder.
• The car incorporates these laws of thermodynamics in the following way. First,
the pressure that is created within on-board tanks during compression is in direct
proportion to the energy that has been stored in it. This process is equivalent to
the energy stored in a wire spring when it is compressed. Furthermore, thermal
energy is dissipating from the system, thereby lowering the temperature of a
compressed gas volume that expands. This process is equivalent to harnessing
energy that has been stored.
 WORKING

• Air powered cars run on compressed air instead of gasoline. Since the car is working on air there is no
pollution. A two cylinder, compressed air engine, powers the car. The engine can run either on compressed
air alone or act as an internal combust Compressed air is stored in fibre or glass fibre tanks at a pressure of
4351 pounds per 19/36 The air is fed through an air injector to the engine and flows into a small chamber,
which expands the air. The air pushing down on the piston moves the crankshaft, which gives the vehicle
power.
• This car is also working on a hybrid version of their engine that can run on traditional fuel in combination
with air. The change of energy source is controlled electronically. When the car is moving at speeds below
60kph, it runs on air. At higher speeds, it runs on a fuel such as gasoline diesel or natural gas.
• Air tanks fixed to the underside of the vehicle can hold about 79 gallons (300 litres) of air. This compressed
air can fuel the car up to 200km at a top speed of 96.5kph. When the tank nears empty it can be refilled at
the nearest air pump. The car motors require a small amount of oil about 0.8 litres worth that have to
change just every 50,000km.
 GEAR BOX
• Gear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system device. A computer which controls
the speed of the car is effectively continuously changing gears. The latest of many previous
versions, this gearbox achieves the objective of seamless changes and minimal energy
consumption.
DISTRIBUTION AND VALVES
• Gear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system device. A computer which controls
the speed of the car is effectively continuously changing gears. The latest of many previous
versions, this gearbox achieves the objective of seamless changes and minimal energy
consumption.
MOTO-ALTERNATOR
The moto-alternator connects the engine to the gearbox. It has many functions:
• 20/36 It supports the vehicles motor to allow the tanks to be refilled.
• As an alternator it produces brake power.
It starts the vehicle and provides extra power when necessary.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COMPRESSED AIR TECHNOLOGY ENGINE
• It uses an innovative system to control the movement of the second-
generation pistons and one single crankshaft. The pistons work in two
stages and one intermediate stage of compression and expansion.
• The engine has four stage pistons that are 8 compression and or
expansion chambers. They have two functions:
1. To compress ambient air
2. To make successive expansions
thereby approaching isothermal
expansion.
 DUEL ENERGY MODE

• The engine can be equipped with and run on dual engines. Fossil fuels
and compressed air and incorporate a reheating mechanism between
the storage tank and the engine. This mechanism allows the engine to
run exclusively on fossil fuel, which permits compatible autonomy on
the road. While the car is running on the fossil fuel, the compressor
air tanks. The control system maintains a zero pollution emission in
the city at speeds up to 60 km per hour.
 NEW MODLS AND APPLICATIONS
• Though air powered cars are meant mainly for individual consumers in urban areas most of the
early adopters will be businesses like taxi services and local transport.
• Also products are manufactured for the retail and fleet customer market and are mainly used for
local transportation. Each vehicle is equipped with the same type of engine power output of 25HP
with a maximum speed of 68mph .
• Following are some of the models developed by MDI
• (1) Family car:
• Description: A spacious car with seats which can face different directions. The vehicles design is
based on needs of typical family
• Features: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats (Refer figure no. 6.1)
 .

• (2)Van:
• Description: Design for daily use in industrial urban or rural environments whose primary drivers
would be tradesmen farmers and delivery drivers.
• Features: Airbag, air conditioning, 2 seats, 1.5 m3 .

• (3)Taxi:
• Description: Inspired by London taxi with numerous ergonomic and comfort advantages for the
passenger as well as drivers.
• Features: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.
.

• (4)Pick Up Car:
• Description: The Pleasure car designed for excursions outdoor sports or water sports. Also
suitable for small business & tradesmen
• Features: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats

❑Specifications which are common to above models:

• 1) Dimension: 3.64m, 1.72m, 1.75m
• 2) Weight: 750 Kg
• 3) Maximum speed: 110 Kmph
• 4) Mileage: 200-300 Km
• 5) Maximum load: 500 Kg
• 6) Recharge time: 4hr (mains) & 3min (at stn)
• (5)Minicat:
.

• Description: The smallest and most innovative: three seats, minimal dimensions
with the boot of a saloon: a great challenge for such a small car which runs on
compressed air. The Minicat is the city car of the future. Features: Airbag, air
conditioning, ABS, 3 seats, 1.5 m3.

❑Specifications which are uncommon those of above mentioned are:

• 1)Dimensions:2.65m,.64m
• 2)Maximum load:270Kg
 REFILLING METHIODS FOR AIR CARS
• In the mains Tanks are refilled by plugging the car into a mains socket to feed the motor-
alternator which compresses the air with the motor-compressor.
• Refilling time obviously depends on the source of electricity used. Here are our initial estimates :
For:
▪ 230V: 3 hrs 30mins – 4hrs
▪ 380V: 2hrs 30mins - 3hrs.
▪ 115V: currently being tested.
REFILLING AT A SERVICE STATION
• As the energy is so easy to store, MDI anticipates the installation of air stations
• These stations can refill a car in 3 minutes.
 HOW AIR CARS HELPS TO REDUCE POLLUTION

The most important pollutants in car exhaust include:

• Carbon monoxide (a poison). Carbon monoxide is formed because combustion is

incomplete. Not enough oxygen is available fast enough to react completely with all of
the carbon available.
• Nitrogen oxides - Because of the pressure and temperature inside a cylinder, nitrogen
and oxygen in the air combine in various ways.
• Unburned hydrocarbons - not all of the hydrocarbons participate in the reaction
because there is so little time available during the combustion phase.
• As about gasoline is the main source of pollution, if we use compressed air instead of
gasoline then we can improve environment
• As we know that nitrogen is the main constituent of environment, in case of air car we
extract nitrogen from environment, liquefy it and used as fuel in car, then there will be
nitrogen, only the exhaust gas which is not harmful to human being and environment.
By using liquid nitrogen (compressed air) in car, we can reduce pollution up to 70-80%.
 ADVANTAGES OF AIR CAR
• Re-fueling can be done at home using an air compressor or at service
stations. The energy required for compressing air is produced at large
centralized plants, making it less costly and more effective to manage
carbon emissions than from individual vehicles.
• Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production by about
20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs,
starter motor, or mufflers.
• The rate of self-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that deplete
their charge slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be left unused for
longer periods of time than electric cars.
• Expansion of the compressed air lowers its temperature; this may be
exploited for use as air conditioning.
• Compressed-air vehicles emit few pollutants, mostly dust from brake and
tire wear.
• Lighter vehicles would result in less wear on roads.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Any conversion of energy between forms results in loss. For conventional
combustion motor cars, the energy is lost when oil is converted to usable
fuel- including drilling, refinement, labour, storage, eventually
transportation to the end-user. For compressed-air cars, energy is lost
when electrical energy is converted to compressed air.
• Tanks get warm when filled rapidly. It would be difficult to cool the tanks
efficiently while charging and thus it would either take a long time to fill
the tanks, or they would have to take less than a full charge (since heat
drives up the pressure).
• Refueling the compressed air container using a home or low-end
conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours though the
specialized equipment at service stations may fill the tanks in only 3
minutes.
COMPARISON WITH COMPETITION
 CONCLUTION

From all the disruption made one can say that by

using air car there is reduction in air pollution. The emission benefits of
introducing this zero emission technology are obvious. Also, the aim of
project is to cut cost, create job locally. Also air car provides an answer
to the shortage of fuel and high price of fuel.
With petrol and diesel prices going up and the
price of oil subjects to fluctuation for motorist, this becomes headache;
use of air motor is only the solution. All know that there will be
shortage of gasoline (petrol, diesel), in future, engine that runs on
compressed air is only the alternative for it.
 REFERENCE

• Compressed air car https://g.co/kgs/7s7Eg (Wikipedia)

• https://web.archive.org/web/20100210193936/http://www.dancewi
thshadows com/autoindia/tata-air-car-to-drive-in-by-2011/
• Tata Air Car launch in India in 2011 likely, Tata Motors compressed air
car | DWS Auto India To be made by French company MDI, the Air Car
would be launched by Tata Motors in India.
• http://gas2.org/2013/02/18/compressed-air-hybrid-car-developed/ >
Research gate.net
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228403269 Air Powered
Vehicles