Topic

Unit – II: Environmental Engineering-I

Conducted by,
Prof. A. A. Nandanwar
Asst. Prof., CE

Organized by,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GNIT NAGPUR
A) Conveyance of water: Types of pipes, joints, fittings,
valves & appurtenances.

B) Hydraulic design aspects: Friction, Manning’s,

Darcy-Weishbach & Hazen Williams equation and
problem.

C) Rising main and pumps: Concept of rising main,

Classification, working, merits and demerits, selection
of pumps.
 TYPES OF PIPES USED IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Pipes which are commonly used in water supply system are given
below:
• Cast Iron (CI) Pipes
• Steel Pipes
• Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes
• Copper Pipes
• Plastic or Polythene or PVC pipes
• Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
• Concrete Pipes
1. CAST IRON PIPES
These pipes are most commonly used in water distribution system mainly because
of the following reasons.
1. They are cheaper in cost.
2. It has high resistance to corrosion.
3. It is highly durable.
Advantages:
1. Cost is moderate.
2. The pipes are easy to join.
3. The pipes are not subjected to corrosion.
4. The pipes are strong and durable.
5. Service connections can be easily made.
6. Usual life is about 100 years.
Disadvantages:
1. Breakage of pipes are large.
2. The carrying capacity of these pipes decreases with the increase in life of
pipes.
3. The pipes are not used for pressure greater than 0.7 N/mm2.
4. The pipes are heavier and uneconomical beyond 1200 mm dia.
2. STEEL PIPES

Steel pipes are utilized in water mains circumstances where the pipes are going
through very high pressure ( More than 7 kg/cm²) and required large diameter
pipes. These pipes have greater strength and less weight than CI pipes.
Advantages:-
 No. of Joining are less because these are available in long lengths.

 The pipes are cheap in first cost.

 The pipes are durable and strong enough to resist high internal water pressure.

 The pipes are flexible to some extent and they can therefore laid on curves.

 Transportation is easy because of light weight.

Disadvantages:-
 Maintenance cost is high.
 The pipes are likely to be rusted by acidic or alkaline
water.
 The pipes require more time for repairs during
breakdown and hence not suitable for distribution pipes.
3. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
Galvanized pipes are also known as GI pipes are fashioned steel pipes
with zinc coating. GI pipes are mostly utilized for water supply and
service connections.

 Advantages:-
1. The pipes are cheap.
2. Light in weight and easy to handle.
3. The pipes are easy to join.

 Disadvantages:-
1. The useful life of pipes is short about 7 to 10 years.
4. COPPER PIPES:
Copper pipes are most commonly utilized in hot water supply
establishment. Some features of this pipes are as following:
 They possess high tensile strength.
 They can be bent easily.
 Copper pipes can be used in thin wall.

 Copper pipes are sometimes chromium plated to enhance their

appearance and to match with the chromium plated water
supply fittings.
5. POLYTHENE PIPES
 Polythene and PVC pipes are being utilized progressively nowadays
for cold water supply inside and outside works. These pipes are
lightweight, cheaper, corrosion resistant, and require no threading
for making any connections.

 Besides these, there are other pipes commonly used for water
distribution such as asbestos cement (AC) pipes, reinforced
concrete (RCC) pipes, prestressed reinforced concrete (PSC)
pipes etc.
 Asbestos Cement Pipe
 These are manufactured from a mixture of port land cement &
asbestos fibre combined under pressure into a dense
homogeneous structure.
 These pipes are very light in weight , can be easily cut, joined
& handled. They resist corrosion & are very smooth.
 Use of these pipes are restricted to minor works of distribution
system , because of poor structural resistance to bending
stresses caused during transportation.
These are very durable , heavier & can be used up to 1.8m diameter.
Transportation costs are much reduced if the pipes are cast- in –situ. These
pipes are resistant to corrosion & specially suitable for soft & acidic water.
The concrete mix normally used is 1:2:2.
Advantages :-
(i) These pipes have low maintenance cost.
(ii) The pipes are not corroded from inside by normal drinkable water.

Disadvantages :-
(i) These pipes are difficult to repair & join.
(ii) The pipes have tendency to leak due to shrinkage cracks & porosity.
Requirements of pipe material:-

 It should be capable of with standing internal and external

pressures
 It should have facility of easy joints
 It should be available in all sizes, transport and errection
should be easy.
 It should be durable
 It should not react with water to alter its quality
 Cost of pipes should be less
 Frictional head loss should be minimum
Various types of joints which are mostly used in pipes
are as follows:-
 Spigot and Socket Joint
 Expansion Joint
 Flanged Joint
 Flexible Joint
 Screwed and Socket Joint
 Collar-Joint
 Spigot and Socket Joint

 Sometimes this is called bell and spigot joint.

 For the construction of this joint the spigot or normal end of one pipe is slipped
in socket or bell end of the other pipe until contact is made at the base of the
bell.
 After this yarn of hemp is wrapped around the spigot end of the pipe and is
tightly filled in the joint by means of yarning iron up to 5 cm depth.
 After packing of hemp a gasket or joint runner is clamped in place round the
joint so that it fits tightly against the outer edge of the bell.
 Sometimes wet clay is used to make tight contact between the runner and the
pipe so that hot lead may not run out of the joint space.
 Expansion Joint
 This joint is used at such places where pipes expand or contract
due to change in atmospheric temperature and thus checks the
setting of thermal stresses in the pipes.
 In this joint the socket end is flanged with cast iron follower
ring, which can freely side on the spigot end or plane end of
other pipe an elastic rubber gasket is tightly pressed between the
annular space of socket and spigot by means of bolts as shown
in the figure.
 In the beginning while fixing the follower ring some space is left
between the socket base and the spigot end for the free
movement of the pipes under variation of temperatures.
 In this way when the pipe expands the socket end moves
forward and when pipes contract, it moves backward in the
space provided for it.
 The elastic rubber gasket in every position keeps the joint water
tight.
 Flexible Joint

 Sometimes this joint is also called Bell and socket or universal joint.
 This joint is used at such places where settlement is likely to occur after the
laying of the pipes.
 This joint can also be used for laying pipes on curves, because at the joint
the pipes can be laid at angle. This is a special type of joint.
 The socket end is cast in a spherical shape. The spigot end is plain but has a
bead at the end. For the assembling of this joint, the spigot end of one pipe
is kept in the spherical end of the other pipe.
 Then a rubber gasket is moved which touches the retainer high.
 Ball Valves.
 Butterfly Valves.
 Check Valves.
 Faucet Valves.
 Gate Valves.
 Globe Valves.
 Pressure Relief Valves.
 Supply Stop Valves
 Scour Valve
 Reflux Valve
 Check valves have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and
the other for fluid to leave.
 There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of
applications. Check valves are often part of common household items.
 Although they are available in a wide range of sizes and costs, check
valves generally are very small, simple, or inexpensive.
 Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a
person or any external control, most do not have any valve handle or
stem.
 The bodies (external shells) of most check valves are made of plastic or
metal.
 An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is
the minimum differential upstream pressure between inlet and outlet at
which the valve will operate.
 A relief valve or pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety
valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system; pressure
might otherwise build up and create a process upset, instrument or
equipment failure, or fire.

 The pressure is relieved by allowing the pressurized fluid to flow

from an auxiliary passage out of the system.

 The relief valve is designed or set to open at a predetermined set

pressure to protect pressure vessels and other equipment from being
subjected to pressures that exceed their design limits
To determine Loss of Head in Pipes, methods used are:

A. Manning’s equation
B. Hazen-Williams Formula
C. Darcy Weichbach Formula
The formula is usually used in determining the loss of head in
the gravity conduits. This is equally applicable to the turbulent
flow in pressure pipes.
 The formula is:

Where,
m = Manning’s rugosity coefficient
L = Length of the pipe line in ‘m’
R = Hydraulic mean depth of pipe
V = Velocity of flow in ‘m/sec’.
 If d be the diameter of pipe, the value of R will be,
 Where, CH = Coefficient of hydraulic capacity as given by
Table 8.1
 S = Slope of the energy line.
 V and R are same.
 This formula is widely used now a days in designing the pipe
lines.
 The value of coefficient ‘CH‘ is more for smoother pipe and
less for rough pipe. As with the age the inner surface of most
of the materials becomes more and more rough. Therefore, the
carrying capacity of the pipe lines decrease with the age.
Where,
HL = loss of head in ‘m’
L = Length of pipe in ‘m’
d = diameter of the pipe in ‘m’
V = mean velocity of flow through the pipe in ‘m/sec’
g = acceleration due to gravity
f = friction factor, its value generally varies from 0.02 to
0.075.
The approximate value of f can be determined by the following
empirical formulae:

The above formulae indicates that the value of friction factor is

double in old pipes than its value in new pipes.
Example 1: Water is to be supplied to a town of population 1.5 lakh. If the
water works is situated at a lower elevation of 50 metres than the water
level in the source. Determine the size of the gravity main to convey the
water from source to the water work, if the length of the gravity main is
25 km, and the per capita demand of the town is 150 litres/day/capita.
Take value of f = 0.075.
Example 2: Water is to be supplied to a town of 2 lakh population from a
source 1.5 km away. Per capita demand of the town is 180
litres/day/capita. If the town is situated at a higher level than the source and
the difference in elevation between the lowest water in the source to the
point of inlet at the water works is 27 m. Determine the size of the rising
main and HP. of the pump. The value of the CH = 110 and the pump works
for 18 hours.
Example 3: Determine the hydraulic gradient in a 90 cm diameter old cast
iron pipe carrying a discharge of 0.75 cu m/sec by using (a) Manning s
formula, (b) Darcy Weisbach formula and (c) by Hazen-William
formula. Assume suitably any data not given.
Q 1. (Sum’18) A water supply scheme is to be designed for a city of
population 500000. Calculate the size conveyance main. If the storage
reservoir is 10 km away from city. Loss of head is 15 m. Assume per
capita demand is 150 LPCD pump work for 12 hrs. in a day. Take f =
0.04.

Q. 2. (Win’18) In a supply scheme to be design service population of 4 lakh

storage reservoir is situated at 8 km away from the source to city is 16 m.
Calculate size of supply main using Weisbach and Hazen’s Williams
formula. Assuming maximum daily demand of 200 LPcd. & half of daily
supply is to be pumped is 8 hours. f = 0.012 & CH = 130.

Q. 3.(Sum’19) In a water supply scheme to be design for serving a

population of 3 lakhs, the Storage Reservoir is situated at 6 km away
from the city & loss of head from source to city is 16 m. Taking daily
demand is 110 lit/capital/day. Pumping is to be done for 12 hrs only
determine the size of supply main by using Darcy-Weisbach Formula.
Taking coefficient of friction as 0.012
 The rising main should be as far as possible be laid with an even
gradient with a minimum of sharp bends and curves.

 It should be laid in a trench with a minimum of 0.6m of earth

cover.

 In the trench the pipe should be supported along its barrel and not
on its joints.

 In rocky trench it is advisable to lay the pipe on prepared bed of

sand.

 The diameter of the rising main should be such as to keep the

velocity of the water fairly low.

 A speed of up to 1.5 m/sec. should not be exceeded.

 The rising mains are made up of steel, cast iron spun iron or
asbestos cement pressure pipes, generally, cast iron pipes with
flanged joints are provided.

 The flanged joint provide easiness in dismantling the repair of

pumping station equipment.

 The length of the discharge pipe should be kept as small as possible

because long detention of sewage in closed pipes under pressure
causes their anaerobic deterioration.

 As far as possible rising main should rise steadily from the pumping
stations to the point of discharge. The velocity of flow in the rising
main should not be less than 0.75 m/sec.

 As the same time velocities higher than 2 m/sec should be avoided.

 The function of pump is to leave the water or any fluid to
higher elevation or at higher pressure.

 Pumps are driven by electricity, diesel or steam power. They

are helpful in pumping water from the sources that is from
intake to the treatment plant and from treatment plant to the
distribution system or service reservoir.

 In homes pumps are used to pump water to upper floors or to

store water in tanks over the buildings.
Point to be observed in selecting a pump:-
1.Capacity and efficiency - The pump should have the
capacity required and optimum efficiency.
2.Lift - Suction head from the water level to the pump level
3.Head – It is also called delivery head. Generally the total
head (suction and delivery head) should meet all possible
situations with respect to the head.
4.Reliability – A reputed manufacture or similar make pump
already in use may give the failure rate and types of
troubles.
5.Initial cost -The cost of the pump and its installation cost
should be minimum.
6.Power – Power requirements should be less for operation
7.Maintenance – Maintenance cost should be minimum.
Availability of spares and cost of spares are to be
ascertained.
Following are the types of pumps commonly used
(i) Centrifugal pumps
(ii) Reciprocating pumps
(iii) Propeller or axial flow pumps
(iv) Air Pressure pumps or ejectors
Centrifugal force is made use of in lifting water . Electrical energy is
converted to potential or pressure energy of water. It is a pump
that uses a rotating impeller to move water or other fluids by using
centrifugal force.
Centrifugal pump consists of the following parts :-
1.Casing
2.Delivery pipe
3.Delivery valve
4.Impeller
5.Prime mover
6.Suction pipe
7.Strainer and foot valve
8.Shaft
 Working principle

 When the impellor starts rotating it creates reduction of

pressure at the eye of the impellor, which sucks in water
through the suction pipe.

 Water on entering the eye is caught between the vanes of the

impeller.

 Rapid rotation of the impellor sets up a centrifugal force and

forces the water at high velocity outwards against the causing
convert the velocity energy into pressure energy which is
utilized to overcome the delivery head.
Advantages:-
 Centrifugal pumps don’t have any leakage issue.
 They are able to pump hazardous as well as sensitive fluids.
 There is also no problem of heat transfer as the space between
the motor and chamber is sufficiently large.
 There is no loss of power due to friction and they are very
simple in structure and easy in handling.
Disadvantages:-
 Magnetic resonance in centrifugal pump results in small loss
of energy.
 The risk of the clogging of pipe may arise due to particle
attractive nature of magnetic drive.
 Vibrations due to surrounding atmosphere can damage these
pumps.
 The risk of cavitations is always there.
Reciprocating pumps are more suitable for low volumes of flow at
high pressures.
Components of Reciprocating Pump:-
Suction Pipe
Suction Valve
Delivery Pipe
Delivery Valve
Cylinder
Piston and Piston Rod
Crank and Connecting Rod
Strainer
Air Vessel
1. Suction Pipe:-
 Suction pipe connects the source of liquid to the cylinder of the
reciprocating pump. The liquid is suck by this pipe from the source
to the cylinder.
2. Suction Valve:-
 Suction valve is non-return valve which means only one directional
flow is possible in this type of valve. This is placed between suction
pipe inlet and cylinder. During suction of liquid it is opened and
during discharge it is closed.
3. Delivery Pipe:-
 Delivery pipe connects cylinder of pump to the outlet source. The
liquid is delivered to desired outlet location through this pipe.
4. Delivery Valve:-
 Delivery valve also non-return valve placed between cylinder and
delivery pipe outlet. It is in closed position during suction and in
opened position during discharging of liquid.
5. Cylinder:-
 A hollow cylinder made of steel alloy or cast iron. Arrangement of
piston and piston rod is inside this cylinder. Suction and release of
liquid is takes place in this so, both suction and delivery pipes along
with valves are connected to this cylinder.
6. Piston and Piston Rod:-
 Piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and
forward inside the hollow cylinder to perform suction and
deliverance of liquid. Piston rod helps the piston to its linear motion.
7. Crank and Connecting Rod:-
 Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to power source
like motor, engine etc. for its rotation. Connecting rod connects the
crank to the piston as a result the rotational motion of crank gets
converted into linear motion of the piston.
8. Strainer:-
 Strainer is provided at the end of suction pipe to prevent the
entrance of solids from water source into the cylinder.
9. Air Vessel:-
 Air vessels are connected to both suction and delivery pipes to
eliminate the frictional head and to give uniform discharge rate.
The working of reciprocating pump is as follows:
When the power source is connected to crank, the crank will
start rotating and connecting rod also displaced along with
crank.
The piston connected to the connecting rod will move in linear
direction.
If crank moves outwards then the piston moves towards its
right and create vacuum in the cylinder.
This vacuum causes suction valve to open and liquid from the
source is forcibly sucked by the suction pipe into the cylinder.
When the crank moves inwards or towards the cylinder, the
piston will move towards its left and compresses the liquid in
the cylinder.
Now, the pressure makes the delivery valve to open and liquid
will discharge through delivery pipe.
 When piston reaches its extreme left position whole liquid
present in the cylinder is delivered through delivery valve.

 Then again the crank rotate outwards and piston moves right
to create suction and the whole process is repeated.

 Generally the above process can be observed in a single acting

reciprocating pump where there is only one delivery stroke per
one revolution of crank.

 But when it comes to double acting reciprocating pump, there

will be two delivery strokes per one revolution of crank.
Advantages:-
 High pressure is obtained at the outlet.

 Priming process is not needed in this pump.

 It provides high suction lift.

 It is also used for air.

Disadvantages:-
 It requires high maintenance because of more wear and tear of
the parts.
 Low flow rate i.e. it discharges low amount of water.

 They are heavy and bulky in size.

 High initial cost.

 Write a short note on Rising main with labeled diagram.

 Enlist various types of pump. Explain in detail centrifugal

pump.

 List out the various types of pump used in water supply

scheme & explain advantages & disadvantages of
reciprocating pump.