MAJOR HOUSING SCHEMES AT NATIONAL & STATE LEVEL

➢ ONE LAKH HOUSING SCHEME

▪ ‘ONE LAKH HOUSES SCHEME’ was launched by the Government of Kerala in 1972. The cost of
construction of each house was fixed between the range of Rs. 1250/- and Rs. 1500/-. It was also
decided that a house with 2 rooms and a kitchen within an area of 250 sq.ft. should be provided
to each family.

▪ The decision was to construct and distribute the houses to the beneficiaries free of
cost. However in order to create a feeling of involvement of the beneficiaries, the panchayats
were directed to release Rs.110/- from each allottee. The entire amount spent for the purchase of
land and development of house-sites was received as subsidy from the Government of India.

▪ There were 960 panchayats in the state and it was decided to construct 100 houses in each
panchayats, thus making a total target of 96000 units. The present condition of most of the
houses so constructed are very pathetic mainly because of three decades of aging without
routine repairs and maintenance.

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▪ According to the details collected from the Directorate of Panchayats there are a total of 90208
houses under the scheme. Of this, about 57590 are single houses and 16309 are duplex houses
(for 32618 families).

▪ The Kerala State Housing Board propose to implement a scheme for the renovation/repair of the
single units and also reconstruction of the duplex houses to single houses.
➢ SASH SCHEME

▪ Housing Scheme" (SASH-"Subsidized Aided Self-Help) for the economically weaker sections in July 1983.
The scheme is called 'aided' because the voluntary agencies and the government help the
beneficiaries in mobilizing finance, arranging technical assistance, procurement of materials etc.

▪ One third of the cost was given as subsidy by the government. The details of SASH were worked out in
a systematic manner by analyzing previous schemes, adopting cost reduction techniques in housing
and by involving voluntary agencies.

▪ A clear shift in governmental policy is visible in this scheme from the earlier schemes by introducing the
involvement of voluntary agencies and beneficiary participation.

HOUSING FOR THE POOR

➢ INCREMENTAL HOUSING

▪ Incremental housing is a step-by-step process. It goes by different names (starter house, phased-
development house, owner-driven house), but fundamentally, incremental housing is an integral urban

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development process, building housing communities and citizens.

▪ It is not quick, immediate or complete, but choice remains with the owner. It starts with a starter core
shelter. The starter core may be a kitchen/bathroom unit or just a bare lot with utility connection
potential. But recommended is a multi-purpose room with basic kitchen/bath facilities. Owners control
the expansion of their housing based on their needs and resources.
▪ Incremental housing is an affordable way to rapidly resettle many families at a minimum housing and
services level by linking the energy of families with the large-scale city planning. It provides secure title
and maximum flexibility in housing decisions.
▪ City expansion becomes predictable and effectively uses limited funds and administrative capacity.
But it is more than housing. It also builds citizens and communities develop social networks that can
support services and small scale commercial opportunities.
➢ CORE HOUSING
• Should be of a size to accommodate the typical family from the outset,
• should be designed to be extended by the household (with training available if requested) or more
likely by locally settled small contractors,
• Should be owned by the resident household with loans being made available in instalments to
finance both the original core and the extensions,
• should be on a plot of sufficient size to accommodate expansion according to several alternative
plans, show houses being built to demonstrate the alternatives,
• Should be constructed from materials that allow expansion and which could be supplied through
local material suppliers and producers who should also be assisted to develop in the area,
• should be designed to be comfortable given local climatic conditions, and
• must have access to water and sanitation from the time of occupation.

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➢ SITE AND SERVICES
Sites-and-services schemes became the byword for solving the problem of squatter settlements.
Squatter settlements were and has always been considered illegal and in order to relocate and
rehabilitate the squatters (as a function of "slum clearance"), plots of land (or sites) with infrastructure
on it (or services) were provided, and the beneficiaries had to, in most of the projects, build their own
houses on such land. There are a wide variety of sites-and-services schemes, ranging from the
subdivided plot only to a serviced plot of land with a "core" house built on it.
▪ Thus, the sites-and-services approach advocated the role of government agencies only in the
preparation of land parcels or plots with certain basic infrastructure, which was to be sold or leased to
the intended beneficiaries. The next step of actual house building was left to the beneficiaries
themselves to use their own resources,
▪ such as informal finance or family labour and various other types of community participation modes to
build their house. The beneficiaries could also build the house at their own phase, depending on the
availability of financial and other resources. This adopted the basic principle of the development of a
squatter settlement but without the "squatting" aspect.

RECENT PROGRAMMES IN HOUSING

IAY- INDIRA AWAZ YOJANA

▪ Indira Awaas Yojana, which used to be a component of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana became an
independent Scheme from 1997-1998 onwards. Its objective is construction of free houses to members
of the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes, Freed Bonded Labourers in Rural areas and also to non
SC/ST rural poor living below poverty line.
▪ The beneficiaries are selected from the Below Poverty Line (BPL) list approved by the Grama Sabha.

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Atleast 60% of the total IAY allocation during a financial year should be utilized for construction/
upgradation of dwelling units for SC/ST BPL rural households. A maximum 40% of allocation is for non-
SC/ST BPL rural households. 3% of the above categories should be allocated for physically and
mentally challenged persons. Government of India has also asked the States to allocate 15% of the
beneficiaries from amongst minorities. It is funded by the Centre and State in the ratio of 75:25.
▪ From the year 2015-16 onwards, payments to the beneficiaries are being credited to their bank
account through Public Financial Management System (PFMS).
➢ PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA

▪ The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS) introduced by the
Central Government. It is a first-of-its-kind initiative designed to provide ‘Housing For All’ the
Economically Weaker Section (EWS), Low Income Group (LIG), Middle Income Group-I (MIG-I), and
Middle-Income Group-II (MIG-II) of the Urban society by the end of the year 2022.

▪ Under this Pradhan Mantri Yojana, they will be provided with home loan interest subsidy on purchase /
construction / extension / improvement of their home.

▪ This initiative will see two central nodal agencies viz., Housing & Urban Development Corporation
(HUDCO) and National Housing Bank (NHB) channelizing subsidy to the lending institutions, which in
turn will help the eligible applicants to avail the subsidy.

➢ INTEGRATED HOUSING & SLUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IHSDP)

▪ Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) on 3rd December, 2005. The Integrated

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Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)aims at combining the existing schemes of VAMBAY
and NSDP under the new IHSDP Scheme for having an integrated approach in upgrading the
conditions of the urban slum dweller who do not possess adequate shelter and reside in dilapidated
conditions.
➢ INTEGRATED HOUSING & SLUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IHSDP)

▪ The basic objective of the scheme is to strive for slum less cities by adopting holistic slum development
with a healthy and enabling urban environment by providing adequate shelter and basic infrastructure
facilities to the slum dwellers of the identified urban areas. Cost of land for such projects will not be
provided under the programme and has to be borne by the State Government.

▪ The scheme will apply to all towns and cities excepting cities/towns covered under JNNRUM.
Allocation of funds among States will be on the basis of the State's urban slum population to total
urban slum population in the country. The funds will be provided only to those towns and cities where
election to the local bodies have been held and elected bodies are in position.

➢ RAY-RAJEEV AWAS YOJANA

▪ Bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified (including recognized and identified) within the
formal system and enabling them to avail the basic amenities that is available for the rest of the
city/UA; Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums by planning
for affordable housing stock for the urban poor and initiating crucial policy changes required for
facilitating the same.

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▪ RAY is to be implemented in a mission mode and will provide financial support to States/UTs/Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs)/Central Government Agencies, hereafter called implementing agencies, for
providing housing and improvement of basic civic infrastructure and social amenities in each selected
slums. Rental and transit housing will be admissible under the scheme. Operation and maintenance
(O&M) of assets created under this scheme will also be eligible for funding.
AGENCIES INVOVED IN HOUSING
▪ HUDCO: Hudco has established itself as a premier techno-financing company, was set up in 1970 by
the Government of India to accelerate the pace of housing and urban development in the
country. Hudco is a unique institution with its motto of "Profitability with Social Justice".

▪ A Public Sector Company, under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation(MoHUPA),
Hudco has been a key partner with the Government in building assets for the Nation. In its operations,
Hudco lays a considerable emphasis on the housing need of the "deprived" that is Economically
Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low-Income Groups(LIG).
▪ Apart from the financing operations, Hudco offers consultancy services, promotes research and
studies and help propagate use of local building materials, cost-effective and innovative construction
technologies.
▪ In times of crisis like Earthquakes, Cyclone, Floods, tsunami etc. Hudco has extensively contributed in
the rehabilitation of the calamity affected households, through its technical and financial help for
housing reconstruction.

➢ BMTPC: BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCIL

▪ In order to bridge the gap between research and development and large scale application of new
building material technologies, the former Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, had

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established the BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCIL in July 1990.

▪ The Council strives to package proven innovative technologies for the benefit of entrepreneurs
interested in setting up manufacturing units in tiny, small, medium and large scale sectors.

▪ The Council is structured to undertake the task of the extension and application of technologies and
materials developed by research institutions on the ground with the backing of financial institutions
and enabling regulatory environment.
 NBO: National Buildings Organization (NBO)

▪ It is an autonomous organization of the Indian Government established in 1954.

▪ The organization is responsible for collecting, assembling, authorizing, analyzing, circulating and
publishing housing and building construction statistics.
▪ NBO is also responsible for organizing training programmes for staff of Indian state governments
working in similar fields.
▪ In addition, the NBO is involved in a documentation centre for statistics relating to housing, poverty
and slums.

HOUSING BOARDS IN INDIA

▪ It has been set up in most of the Indian states by the government of India in order to promote the
property market's expansion.
▪ The board for housing in India realizes to the proper development of the ideally located and well-
placed colonies.
▪ To boost housing projects all over the country the Housing Boards in India have been formed in various
states.
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE HOUSING BOARDS IN INDIA ARE:

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1. To provide housing accommodation to needy citizens at reasonable prices
2. To construct houses and to allot them under the categories of high income group, middle income
group, and low income group.
3. To select the sites for housing and decide the services to be provided
4. To formulate schemes for self financing that help the middle and high income groups.
5. To construct commercial complexes, multi-storied buildings, and shops and then to lease them out in
rent so as to secure financial resources for the boards.
ROLE OF NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
▪ NGOs are voluntary organizations, These are popularly known as NGOs because they are free from
governmental control in their functioning.
▪ NGO have a long history in India. In the past, people in this country have been found to have provided
help to others in trouble.
▪ Since centuries there exists the tradition of voluntary service to the needy and helpless in the country. In
the beginning, these services were rendered by people motivated by their religious feelings.
▪ They are democratic and open to all those wishing to become member of the organization voluntarily
and serve the society.
▪ NGO is a popular term, which has gained currency at global level and commands respect in society
due to its welfare services in society.

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▪ The organization does seek financial assistance from the government but it operates, at least
theoretically, on its own principles and programmes.
▪ On the contrary, these organizations have their own rule of eligibility for admission and only those who
meet these eligibility norms are accepted as members
COOPERATIVE SECTORS
▪ A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is an autonomous association of people
united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a
jointly owned and democratically controlled business.
▪ Co-operatives in India were introduced by the British primarily to aid small-scale farmers and to improve
access to rural credit.
▪ In fact, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, supported the growth of co-operatives

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▪ However, the development of housing co-operatives remained marginal until the 1950s, mainly due to an
inadequate organizational support structure and an unsupportive legislative and administrative
framework.
▪ Initiatives were undertaken to provide housing for middle and low-income groups in the former states of
Madras and Bombay.
▪ In short, its "a jointly owned enterprise engaging in the production or distribution of goods or the
supplying of services, operated by its members for their mutual benefit, typically organized by
consumers.
▪ Resulting Co-operative organizations are being established themselves as an important means to
achieve the target of social equality, by discharging their responsibilities towards extremely backward
section of the society and women, with keeping them at the focal point.
▪ Co-operative institutions are determined for agricultural production, delivery of best fertilizers,
improved seeds, pesticides, food grain distribution in public delivery system, purchase of agriculture
production on supporting prices, consumer, housing, fisheries, dairy, weaver, minerals, forest produce,
seed production, education, training and construction and operation of industrial units.
▪ The department of Cooperatives provides necessary guidance, protection, and makes available
technical and economic support such as share capital, loan, loan guarantee and grants etc. to

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various cooperative institutions.
▪ With this background, the Co-operative is playing its role in economic and social up gradation, with full
competence, in current economy.
PRIVATE SECTORS IN HOUSING

▪ The private sector in the housing delivery consists of the individuals and corporate organizations. The
sector provides houses for their direct use, their staff, for rental or sale. The sector has been more
efficient in the production of housing.
▪ That is why scholars have suggested that the government should only create the enabling
environment for the private sector to meet the housing need of the people.
▪ Generally, in most countries of the world, the housing sector is a blend of private enterprises and
government activities.
▪ India will not be able to bridge the gap between demand for services and their provision.
▪ More private participation is a must for bridging the gaps in basic facilities. In this regard have to be

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stated clearly, model documents have to be in position, regulatory mechanisms have to exist and,
above all, a transparent system of participation by the private sector has to be promoted.