Protection Training for Power

System Studies
 Overview
• Introduction
• Protection fundamentals
– Objectives, components and performance criteria
– Protection zones and reliability
– Fault types, clearance and system impact
– Study considerations
• Transpower protection schemes
– Transmission line protection
– Transformer protection
– Busbar protection
– System protections (AUFLS, AUVLS, SPSs)
• Protection testing and commissioning
 Purpose and Objectives
– Review protection concepts
– Review Transpower protection
implementation and commissioning practice
– Protection consideration for power system
studies
• What equipment trips after a fault occurs?
• What is the sequence and timing of trips after a
fault occurs?
• How will protection perform under load conditions?
 Protection
Fundamentals
 Protection Objectives

• Operate for power system faults to:

– Minimise injury to people
– Minimise equipment damage
– Minimise supply interruption
 Protection Components
• Circuit breakers
• Relays
• Current and voltage transformers
• Circuitry and communications
• Power supplies
Power

Relay Relay
Protection Components
Protection Components
 Protection Performance
• Protection Performance Criteria
– Speed
– Reliability / dependability
– Selectivity / discrimination / security
– Sensitivity
• Transpower Protection Design Policy: TP.GP 01.06
• Aspects for Power System Studies
– Protection zones
– Protection reliability
– Protection clearing times
 Protection Zones Example (1)

B2 T1 B3
B1 C D B4
L1 L2
A B E FF

G H
H
L3
Protection Zones Example (2)
To Stratford

Taumarunui Te Kowhai Huntley BUS A

To Rest of Huntly Substation

458 412 452 582
412 492 428
BUS A BUS B 602

To Transformers
402 442 462

T1 T2 BUS B

2832 2772

To 33 kV Bus
Unit and Non-Unit Protection
Relay Relay

Relay
Protection Coordination

Relay Relay
 Protection Reliability Design
Relay

• Main protection
• Protection Failure
– Mal-operations Relay

– Non-operations Relay Relay

• Backup protection
– Local backup
Relay Relay
– Remote backup
CBF
– Circuit breaker failure
Relay
 Faults Types
• Fault types: • Power system stability
– Phase and earth impact
connections (3P, 2PE, 2P,
PE)
– Bolted vs. high resistance
– Equipment abnormalities
 Fault Clearing Time
• Fault clearing time impact
• Fault clearing time
calculation

Fault Clearing Time

Fault Inception

Relay Fault
Detection Time
Relay Time
Events

Delays
Relay Contact
Operation /
Signalling
Circuit Breaker
Clearing

Time
 Example
B T1
B2 B5

A C
G1
L1 L2
A1 A2 B1 B3 C1
G2
Equipment Op Time [ms] C3
L2 Main 1 20
L2 Main 2 40
CB B3 CBF 200 B4
L3 C2
L1 Backup 800
L3 Backup 800
G2 Backup 2000
CB A1, A2 50
CB B1, B2, B3, B4 50
CB C1, C2, C3 100
 Example – Intact System
T=0 : fault occurs
B T1
∆T = +20 : L2 Main 1 operates
∆T = +50 : CB B3 and CB C1 clear B2 B5

A L2 Main 1 L2 Main 1 C
G1 L2 Main 2 L2 Main 2
L1 Backup
L1 L2
A1 A2 B1 B3 C1
G2
CB B3 CBF

Equipment Op Time [ms] C3

L2 Main 1 20
L2 Main 2 40 L3 Backup
CB B3 CBF 200 B4
L3 C2
G2 Backup
L1 Backup 800
L3 Backup 800
G2 Backup 2000
CB A1, A2 100
CB B1, B2, B3, B4 50
CB C1, C2, C3 50 Clearing time = 20 + 50 = 70
 Example – Protection Outage
T=0 : fault occurs
B T1
∆T = +40 : L2 Main 2 operates
∆T = +50 : CB B3 and CB C1 clear B2 B5

A L2 Main 1 L2 Main 1 C
G1 L2 Main 2 L2 Main 2
L1 Backup
L1 L2
A1 A2 B1 B3 C1
G2
CB B3 CBF

Equipment Op Time [ms] C3

L2 Main 1 20
L2 Main 2 40 L3 Backup
CB B3 CBF 200 B4
L3 C2
G2 Backup
L1 Backup 800
L3 Backup 800
G2 Backup 2000
CB A1, A2 100
CB B1, B2, B3, B4 50
CB C1, C2, C3 50 Clearing time = 40 + 50 = 90
 Example – Breaker Failure
T=0 : fault occurs
∆T = +20 : L2 Main 1 operates
B T1
∆T = +50 : CB C1 clears, CB B3 has failed
∆T = +250 : CB B3 CBF operates B2 B5
∆T = +50 : CB B1, B2, B4 clear

A L2 Main 1 L2 Main 1 C
G1 L2 Main 2 L2 Main 2
L1 Backup
L1 L2
A1 A2 B1 B3 C1
G2
CB B3 CBF

Equipment Op Time [ms] C3

L2 Main 1 20
L2 Main 2 40 L3 Backup
CB B3 CBF 200 B4
L3 C2
G2 Backup
L1 Backup 800
L3 Backup 800
G2 Backup 2000
CB A1, A2 100
CB B1, B2, B3, B4 50
CB C1, C2, C3 50 Clearing time = 20 + 50 + 250 + 50 = 370
 SO Study Considerations
• Failure / contingency assumptions for studies:
– Fault types and probabilities
– Fault = N-1
– Outage + fault = N-1-1
– Outage + protection fail / CB fail + fault = N-1-2
– CBF protection / remote backup protection → multiple elements
removed from service
• Grid Planning Guidelines – TP.DG 25.02
– Fault type
– Protection operation / failure
– Fault clearing times