BUKIDNON FAITH CHRISTIAN SCHOOL, INC.

Malingon, Bagontaas, Valencia City, Bukidnon 8709, Phils.

School ID No.: 405050 TIN: 001-942-895

Bridging Character and Excellence

EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE

SY 2022-2023

2nd Quarter - Module 4

How do species change over geologic time? A species may be a population of plants or
animals which will breed to supply offspring which will then produce offspring themselves. The cause
that species (populations of different organisms) to arise, adapt to the environment, and become
extinct is due to the process of evolution that involves a series of natural changes. These are the species
of organisms that have originated through the process of biological evolution.
In this module, I will show you some very interesting topics about life that may surprise you as we
go on to the lesson. The module will also explain how populations of organisms have changed over
time, showing patterns of descent modification from common ancestors to produce the organismal
diversity observed today. You will explore activities that answer your queries about evolution and be
familiar with the present system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics that will help you answer the
questions pertaining to the process of evolution. You will learn more about how the population of
organisms has changed and continue to change over time, and its evolutionary relationships.
Hopefully, you will appreciate in understanding evolution that helps us solve biological problems that
impact our lives. This allows scientists to choose appropriate organisms for the study of diseases.

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• Describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ systems in representative
animals (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 21)
• Analyze and appreciate the functional relationships of the different organ systems in ensuring
animal survival (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 22)
• Explain how populations of organisms have changed and continue to change over time showing
patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to produce the organismal
diversity observed today (S11/12LT-IVfg- 26)
• Describe how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary
relationships (S11/12LT-IVfg- 27)
• Categorize the different biotic potential and environmental resistance (e.g., diseases, availability

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 of food, and predators) that affect population explosion (Week 7 S11/12LT-IVhj- 29)

This module has two (2) lessons:

Lesson Title OUTPUT # of

No. days
1 GENETIC ESSAY 3
ENGINEERING
2 EVOLUTION ESSAY 3
3 ECOSYSTEM ESSAY 3

PRE-ASSESSMEN: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answer in the blank.
_____ 1. What refers to the change in the gene pool of population due to chance?
A. bottleneck effect C. gene flow
B. founder effect D. genetic drift
_____ 2. Which of the following happens when a small population of organisms
separates from the larger group to invade a new area?
A. bottleneck effect C. gene flow
B. founder effect D. genetic drift
_____ 3. What refers to any movement of genes from one population to another?
A. gene flow C. genetic variation
B. Bgenetic shuffling D. mutation
_____ 4. Who is the Father of evolution?
A. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Charles Darwin
B. Carolus Linnaeus D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
_____ 5. He proposed the theory of use and disuse.
A. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Charles Darwin
B. Carolus Linnaeus D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
_____ 6. He believed that populations grow geometrically while resources slowly
increase leading to competition.
A. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
B. Carolus Linnaeus D. Thomas Malthus
_____ 7. Who is the Father of taxonomy?
A. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
B. Carolus Linnaeus D. Thomas Malthus

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_____ 8. According to his theory of evolution, organisms change during their lifetime to
survive then pass these changes to their offspring.
A. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
B. Carolus Linnaeus D. Thomas Malthus
_____ 9. Who proposed the theory that involves natural selection?
A. Alfred Russel Wallace C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
B. Carolus Linnaeus D. Thomas Malthus
_____ 10. This is also called migration
A. gene flow C. genetic variation
B. genetic shuffling D. mutation
_____ 11. What refers to the rate at which life forms reproduce when they have perfect
conditions that would advance fruitful reproduction?
A. limiting factor C. carrying capacity
B. biotic potential D. environmental resistance
_____ 12. These factors that can restrain the expansion of a population, for example,
predators, competitors, lack of food and water, diseases and reasonable living space are
called
A. limiting factor C. carrying capacity
B. biotic potential D. environmental resistance
_____ 13. What is the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support?
A. limiting factor C. carrying capacity
B. biotic potential D. environmental resistance
_____ 14. Which of the following is an example of environmental resistance?
A. Predators struggle for a similar prey.
B. Adequate food and water supply for the people
C. The health condition of the organisms is stable
D. Suitable habitat increases the growth of producers.
______ 15. Which of the following is NOT an environmental resistance?
A. Diseases B. predators C. competitors D. reproduction
_____ 16. Which of the following constitute an ecosystem?
A. Living things C. Living things and non-living things
B. Non-living things D.Producers,consumersandpredators
_____ 17. What would happen if living organism failed to reproduce?
A. The population confines its growth.
B. There will be increase in population.
C. There will be decrease in population growth.
D. It has no effect on the population of living organism.
_____ 18. Biotic and abiotic factors that prevent the persistent development of a population like food,
water and space is called _____________________.

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 A. limiting factor C. carrying capacity
B. biotic potential D. environmental resistance
_____ 19. Living organisms have the ability to reproduce? In which of the following
condition will NOT lead to reproduction?
A. Disease B. Adequate food C. Suitable habitat D. No competitors
_____ 20. Which of the following examples refers to an abiotic factor for environmental
resistance?
A. Fishes eat algae in ponds.
B. A certain prey has various predators
C. Trees are dependent on sunlight and water in an ecosystem
D. Corona virus disease killed many people around the world

-------------------------------END OF PRE-ASSESSMENT------------------------

LESSON 1
Genetic Engineering
Objectives:
After the discussion, you should be able to:
1. Define genetic engineering.
2. Describe the techniques in genetic engineering as based from the situation given.
3. Appreciate the role of genetic engineering to human life.

Pre: activity: DNA, Genes, Proteins and Individual Trait

Use the diagram and the grid below to answer the questions.

1. What are the roles of the DNA, genes and proteins in a given trait?
2. How would you relate the individual trait or characteristics to proteins, genes and DNA?
3. Would the manifestation of a trait be affected once the DNA nor the genes are altered?
Why? Explain your answer.

Genetic engineering has been practiced since ancient times. Artificial selection is used to manipulate
genes indirectly by focusing on physical traits in organisms. Breeders select which organisms to mate with in order

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to produce offspring with desirable characteristics. They continue with this procedure with no control over which
genes can be passed on. Selective breeding is the process of mating animals with desired characteristics to
produce offspring with those desired characteristics, such as Angus cows being bred to produce more meat.
Hybridizations occur when two individuals with opposing characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both
organisms, such as the disease-resistant Burbank potato. Inbreeding is the practice of breeding organisms that
are genetically similar in order to preserve desired traits found in pure dog breeds. Genetic engineering, as
defined, is the process of altering the DNA of living organisms in order to create something new. It entails the
manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to alter an
organism or population of organisms.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Recombinant DNA is created by combining DNA from two distinct sources. Werner Arbe, a Swiss
microbiologist, discovered restriction
enzymes in 1968. This was used to splice,
connect (or ligate) DNA sequences, and
remove or add nucleotides. This method is
used in recombinant DNA technology to
remove and insert genetic sequences from
and into other organisms' sequences.
Inserting the desired gene into the host
genome entails selecting the desired gene
for administration into the host, followed by
selecting the ideal vector (either plasmid or
bacteriophage) with which the gene must
be integrated and a recombinant DNA is
formed. The recombinant DNA must be
introduced into the host, maintained, and passed down to the children. These techniques are used by
biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies for medical and research purposes.

ASSESSMENT
Directions. Distinguish the techniques in genetic engineering as based from the situations and examples given.
Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

______1. This is when animals with desired characteristics are mated to produce offspring with those desired traits.
Dachshunds were once bred to hunt badgers and other burrowing animals.
_____ 2. Creating an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. They will have the same exact DNA as
the parent.
______3. DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another organism. A trait will be transferred from one
organism to another.

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______4. Luther Burbank created a disease resistant potato called the Burbank potato. He crossed a disease
resistant plant with one that had a large food producing capacity.
______5. A technique used to compare DNA from two or more organisms.
______6. Breeding of organisms that are genetically similar to maintain desired traits. It keeps each breed unique
from others.

SUMMARY

• Genetic engineering is the process of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new.
• Artificial selection is practiced to indirectly manipulate genes focusing on the physical traits among
organisms. This includes selective breeding, hybridization and inbreeding.
• Genetic engineering is referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of
organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction.
• This includes cloning, gene splicing, gel electrophoresis and DNA recombinant technology.
• Recombinant DNA technology use to remove and insert genetic sequences from and into other
sequences of another organism.
• The tools used in Recombinant DNA technology are restriction enzymes, vectors and host organisms.

LESSON 2: PROCESS OF EVOLUTION

Objectives:
1. Identify some scientists who contributed to the historical developments of evolutionary
thoughts;
2. Explain the process of evolution;
3. Compare Lamarckian and Darwinian Evolution

PRE-ACTIVITY:
Inside the clouds write your own thoughts about evolution.

DISCUSSION:
ACTIVITY # 1: Discover the scientists who contributed to the historical developments of evolutionary
thoughts:

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 A H M U T L S

1._____________________________________Believed that populations grow geometrically

while resources slowly increase or not at all, leading to competition

A N D W R I

2._______________________Thought the idea of descent modification

3_____________________________________Thought the idea of descent modification

4. _____________________________________ Realized that species evolved because fittest individuals

survived and reproduced passing their advantageous characters

5._____________________________________ Proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired traits and

theory of use and disuse

---------------------END OF ACTIVTY # 1-------------------------

CONTUNUATION OF DISCUSSION:

Charles Darwin formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection in his book “On the
Origin of Species” in 1859. It refers to a change over time and the process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Mechanisms of Evolutionary Changes

Mechanisms of evolutionary changes include genetic drift, migration or gene flow, mutation,
natural selection and nonrandom mating.

Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Examples of
genetic drift are bottleneck effect and founder effect. Bottleneck effect takes place when
population decreases due to various environmental factors such as fires, earthquakes and floods.

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 The founder effect happens when a small population of organisms separates from the larger group
to invade a new area.

Gene flow is described as the movement of genes from one population to another. When
this happens, there is a tendency to increase the gene diversity in the populations.

Mutation occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup caused by environmental
stressors. This process expands diversity of organisms.

Natural selection explains the difference in survival of individual and reproduce in a particular
environment.

Nonrandom mating increases the frequency of animal with desirable traits.

It causes evolution because it intrudes the natural pool of gene variations.

better in a particular environment. Over generations, a heritable trait that provides a fitness
advantage may become more and more common in a population, making the population better
suited to its environment. This process is called adaptation.

ACTIVITY # 2: complete the concept map below.

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Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolution

The theory of evolution emerges from different lines of evidence, such as fossil records, modification
by descent, and the evidence from biogeography, genetics and other forms of evidence. Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) and Charles Darwin (1809-1882) had different theories about how life
on earth got to be the way it is now.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Lamarck was a French biologist who is best known for his Theory of
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, first presented in 1801. He
believed that evolution was the “acquired traits” of a species that is
inherited by its offspring. His theory was that if an organism continually
used a structure to carry out a certain task, the structure used would
become physically modified over time to make the task easier. This
modified structure would then be passed on to any offspring. For
example, if a short-nosed elephant was continually stretching out its
trunk to try to reach the leaves high up in trees, it’s trunk would stretch
and become longer over time, and any babies that it had would be
born with longer trunks. Lamarck also believed that when body parts
were not being used, such as the human appendix, they gradually disappear. Eventually, people will
be born without these parts. Lamarck believed that evolution happens according to a prearranged
plan and that the results have already been decided.

Charles Darwin (1809 -1882)

Charles Darwin is famous for the theory of evolution and Natural Selection,
or ‘Survival of the Fittest’. He dedicated his life to studying plants and
animals and believed that the desires of animals have nothing to do with
how they evolve. He said that organisms, even of the same species, are
different in some ways, and over time those creatures which are
adaptable, survive, while those that do not adapt to changing conditions,
such as climatic and environmental change, do not live to breed and pass
on their genes. He came to the conclusion that there was a variation of
physical and behavioral features within a species. Organisms which had
features that helped them to adapt to their environment and
circumstances had a better chance of survival than individuals who lacked
these features. These adaptable organisms survived to breed and produce
offspring which generally inherited the ‘successful’ features of their parents. He called this process
‘natural selection’. Darwin knew that organisms evolved and changed from generation to
generation, but did not know how traits were passed on from one generation to another. Only after
more was understood about genetics, was this explained. Darwin also suggested that each species

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evolves over time and adapts to the environment in which they live. Thus, the same species living in
different environments will evolve differently and become more and more differentiated (different)
over time. He believed that all species of life on Earth are interrelated and have a common ancestor.

ACTIVTY # 3: Create a brief summary of the main differences between the two theories relating to
the point below. Use the following table for your summary

LAMARCK DARWIN

EVOLUTIONARY TIME

ROLE OF
ENVIRONMENT

ROLE OF ORGANISM

Activity 4
Look at the pictures below. This illustrates the evolution of phone. Describe each stage and
tell the changes occur in every phase .

__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

--------------------------------END OF LESSON 1-----------------------------

SUMMARY:

• Charles Darwin, known as one of the fathers of modern evolutionary theory, defined
evolution as an ongoing process of descent with modification. He theorized that certain
factors and pressures influence which organisms will survive and reproduce, thus passing
on whatever traits allowed them to survive in those conditions.
• It's this process that encompasses evolution. The theory of evolution is what causes
organisms to diversify to fit into various ecological niches and to develop characteristics
that allow them to survive and reproduce. Evolution is the gradual and cumulative
LESSON
changes that an2: INTERACTION
organism and INTERDEPENDENCE
undergoes throughout time.

Lesson 3
ECOSYSTEM

Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Identify biotic factors and abiotic factors; and
2. Classify biotic potential and environmental resistance that affect population growth.

PRE-ACTIVITY:
Look at the picture below. What do you see? List down as many living things and non-living
things in the table. Answer the questions below.

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 Living things Non-living things

1. What is the interaction between living things and non-living things?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. How dependent are we on other organisms and the environment?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
DISCUSSION:

An ecosystem was defined as a dynamic entity composed of a biological community and its
associated abiotic environment. Often the dynamic interactions that occur within an ecosystem are
numerous and complex. Ecosystems are also always undergoing alterations to their biotic and
abiotic components. Some of these alterations begin first with a change in the state of one
component of the ecosystem which then cascades and sometimes amplifies into other components
because of relationships.
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
A. ABIOTIC - are non–living things which have important roles in the survival of the living organism in
an ecosystem. The most important abiotic components are the following:
Water

• Water is life.
• All living things need water.
• 50% of most living thing is composed of water
• It is considered as universal solvent since it dissolves other substances.
• It carries nutrients to cells and wastes away from them.

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Sunlight

• It is the main source of energy on Earth.

• It is necessary for the process of photosynthesis.
• Animals and plants could not survive without the sun.
• It plays an important role in the production of oxygen and to an area’s temperature.

Air

• Humans, plants, and animals will not be able to survive without air.
• It is a mixture of clear gases like oxygen gas (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen gas (N2),
hydrogen gas (H2), and etc. that we breathe.

Soil

• It is made up of small particles of rock mixed with decomposed living things like animals.
• It is where the plants get their water and nutrients for growth and development.
• Its composition varies from one place to another

Temperature

• It is an abiotic factor which is influenced by the sunlight

• It varies from one location to another
• All plants and animals survive between a minimum or maximum amount of temperatures e.g. a
Polar Bear cannot live in a desert.
• influences which plants or animals can live in an area

Importance of Abiotic Components to an Ecosystem

According to the National Geographic Resource Library (2020), many abiotic factors- non-living
physical and chemical aspects of an environment, such as sunlight levels, soil chemistry, and climate-
shape healthy ecosystems.
Animals and plants are dependable on abiotic factors in the ecosystem. Abiotic factors should
be just right in order for life to thrive. There are also some plants and animal which require a particular
set of abiotic factors to survive.
Can you imagine a carabao living in a polar region? The polar region lacks the abiotic factors
that are needed by the carabao to survive like the temperature in a tropical area. Just like animals
and plants, humans also require certain abiotic factors to survive. We need oxygen which is present in
the air for our body. Also, earth’s atmosphere acts as shield against the ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Ecosystems change overtime therefore the abiotic factors of the ecosystem also change. For
example, the acidity of the sea has increased and some fishes are not able to adapt, hence; these

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fishes suffer. We also learned to change the abiotic factors in our environment like cloud seeding to
modify the weather condition. Another example is the rising temperature in our planet due to climate
change. Polar bears in the cold region find it difficult to survive since the icebergs are melting.
Therefore, the abiotic components should not be altered for the living organism to live and
survive in their environments. Humans beings should take good care of the biotic and abiotic
components in the ecosystem.
B. BIOTIC-
Living organisms are all things on earth that have lives, like the tress, plants, animals,
including YOU! They are called biotic components. Bio comes from the Greek word bios which
means life. It literally refers to living organism.
Biotic components are the living things which help shape an ecosystem. They affect another
organism, either as consumers or producers. Each biotic factor needs energy to do the work, food for
proper growth and human influence.

Biotic components include:

1. PRODUCERS (Autotrophs):
- Organisms that can make their own food by converting the energy from the sun into
food. Example: Plants
. - They are largely represented by green plants on land (trees,
grasses, crops) and phytoplanktons on water.

2. CONSUMERS (Heterotrophs):
- Organisms that cannot make their own food; they depend upon
producers for food. Example: animals
- Consumers are the organisms that feed on other organisms to survive. They consume the food
materials prepared by the producers (autotrophs). Hence, consumers are called as
heterotrophic organisms.
-Depending upon their food habits, consumers are classified into primary,
secondary and tertiary consumers.
a. The PRIMARY CONSUMERS solely feed on plants. Herbivores are plant
eaters - grasshopper, rabbit, goat, sheep – these animals are primary
consumers.
b. The SECONDARY CONSUMERS feed on some primary consumers.
- Carnivores - are flesh eaters. Example: Hawks ,Tiger and Lion
- Omnivores (Biophages) - eat both plants and animal flesh. Example:
cockroaches, fox, humans
- Secondary consumers are those which predate on primary
consumers.

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 c. TERTIARY CONSUMERS are the predators of predators. They are mostly
larger animals. Example: A snake eats a rabbit, and the snake was
eaten by an eagle.

3. DECOMPOSERS (Detritus):
- Decompose or break down chemicals from producers and
consumers into simpler form which can be reused. Example: bacteria and fungi
- They are also called as micro consumers. They depend on dead organic matter for their food.
They are chiefly microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. They break the complex organic
matter found in plant and animal bodies, and release simple substances. These substances will
be used by autotrophs once again.
- Earthworms use this dead organic matter for their food. They are called as secondary
decomposer.

ACTIVITY # 5:
Read the words in the word box. Sort the biotic and abiotic factors into their proper column.

BIOTIC ABIOTIC
________________________________________ ____________________________________
________________________________________ ____________________________________
________________________________________ ____________________________________
________________________________________ ____________________________________
________________________________________ ____________________________________

Refer to the column of biotic factors and classify each as to:

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS

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Biotic Potential and Environmental Resistance
Biotic potential and environmental resistance are the factors that influence the population
growth. Biotic potential is the rate at which life forms reproduce when they have perfect conditions
that would advance effective generation (Salandanan, Faltado & Lopez, 2016). It is likewise
characterized as capacity of a populace of a species to propagate under perfect conditions, for
example, adequate food and water supply, no diseases, suitable habitat and no predators. The biotic
potential among creatures’ changes from species to species. The following factors determine biotic
potential:
1. numbers of offspring per reproduction
2. chances of survival age of reproduction
3. age at which propagation starts
4. how frequently every individual replicates

Environmental resistance refers to the factors that can limit the growth of a populace. It includes
predators, competitors, disease, lack of food and water and unsuitable habitat.
The biotic potential and environmental resistance influence the carrying capacity which is
defined as the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support.
Biotic and abiotic factors that prevent the persistent development of a population like food,
water and space are called limiting factors.

ACTIVITY # 6:
Look at the pictures. Write something about each picture.

A___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

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 B___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

c.___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

ACTIVITY # 7: Refer to pictures shown in Activity 4. Answer the following questions.

1. How many offspring does each organism have?

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

2. At what age each organism reproduce?

a. _____________________________________
b. _____________________________________
c. _____________________________________

3. What will happen if living organisms fail to reproduce?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How can a population grow?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How can predators affect the population’s growth?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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6. How does disease affect population growth?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What factors control the increase of population?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY

An ecosystem is a group or community composed of living and non-living

things and their interactions with each other. They can be natural as well as
artificial. Every ecosystem has two components, namely, biotic components
and abiotic components. Biotic components refer to all living organisms in an
ecology while abiotically refers to the non-living things. These biotic and abiotic
interactions maintain the equilibrium in the environment.

Answer Keys:

PRE-ASSESSMENT:
1. A 11. C
2. A 12.A
3. D 13.D
4. A 14.D
5. B 15.C
6. D 16.D
7. D 17.A
8. A 18.C
9. D 19.C
10. C 20.C

ACTIVITY # 1: ACTIVITY 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7- ANSWERS MAY VARY

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 REFERENCES:

ADM Modules- 2nd Quarter/ All Grade Levels/ All Subjects-Updated! (2020, December 4). Guro Ako.
http://guroako.com/2020/12/04/adm-modules-2nd-quarter-all-grade-levels-all-subject
ELS Q2 Module 4 Genetic Engineering v2 - ####### CO_Q2_ELS SHS Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 – -
StuDocu. (n.d.). Www.studocu.com. Retrieved November 22, 2022, from
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/western-philippines-university/commercial-law/els-q2-module-
4-genetic-engineering-v2/38291567

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