Chapter 1

8=(Y.-C..,
Ya-he)Mid Pointan
Distans Between two points
↑ (s,De,3(n) & (Y.,42, 3n)

Norm of a vector

119117 = .g II + F11" = Vd11" + I(r.5) + (18117

1 Kell = (K) II1 11 a -
6113 = 11911 -
2(5.5) +11611
(E Js.(x +5)
-
= 11911-11611
Unit Vector * of Product
r
Iall E IIF1)
·
U -
-d
. = 11211 Cost

Lanchy. Schwarz Inconality Triangle Inequality

12.51 (121 (181) 11 + F11 c((11 + 1181
f
·

12.71=119111181) then EllE

Pythagorean Theorem

V+ F11=11211 11611

Projection
past-tre Perpo =F-proje
11pruj E11 = 17

ICost1 =
Chapter 2

LABI= BTAT
(2ABc)"= 2c BTA"

&In +a,Atent" "Oma Inverse of Square matrix

if Anon Bain=RA=In
& irot -> from Matrix Hey
columns original are
inner

~ (AT) rA)
=

, null LA"): m-rA

(ABI"= B "Al
For 2x2 A=π(.)
Chapter 3

(A) = (Al

Determinants by Row operations

E
IcA) ("(A)
n.
*- > B then (A) =
cIB) =

Di IM
A-> B then 1A): 1B) -

3x3 - > (B1 =

12A) =
?(Al
AARs, B tan 1Al=(B) (no effect)

or

jeerear I lear non

(A) +1B1
janan)↑
=
~
+

different row
Only
 Chapter 7
Gaussian Elimination
Augmented Matrix -> REF-> Solve linear lavation's

Ex, Solution Space Ne = 987 =

[E]
dn (NA) ne
=

(A) = n- rCAS

Ex Solution SPam
Nn: + si = + [,"]
Nilspace: Spon [ii] =
N

Inverse Matrix Cramers Rule

v

A "AsE =
A "f A "must exist x=
ece: ,sia:
Is A "F =

"F
I
I

x = A ::

(A)

1) r (A) =
r (A(I) = n -> Unique solution Asc = 8 -> only zero solution

2) (A) r(A1E)
=

<nc> infinite solution r(t) = n

r (A) <
r(A1) -> no
Solutions ↑Al IU

Ais invertise

Linear combination, spanning space, consistence

Ax= 6 is consister sounS = Re

3
j is linear combo of s
equivalent
AF = T consistal for every restor EinG
JC spm S r (A) = m

-(A)
v(A(l)3
=

ST(R")
↑It is in the rice of T
 Chapter 5
Linear Transformation
j: i () Ax
=

=1"a)1.)
Domain Ex
Azx. Rex [iJent domain IRT
Dimension ->
22 of input vector 10 is

CoDomain-> Dimension of image Dumoin is IM?

T(x) =
kX,if o fx21, contraction factor
f
·

KII, dilation factor

Combining Transformation
( x)(y) 3(x),x( T)(x) (T(y)
+(x)+
=
+
=
+

Onto, one to
one, inverse transformations

Range of a transformation
Kernel

T(RY) =
CTIXIEN":*CR" Her(Te) = Wa
her(T) 35an":i(x) r)
= =

onfo one o
↓
one

↑
↑

is onto is one to one

SPon 5: RM has
Ax= 0
only 250 solution
↑(x) = E consistent for each 59R" r(t) =
n

r(t) = m
2 AlIΔ

Ais invertible

Inver of F
↑ "(x) = A"(X) > A "exists

Linear operators R=
TeT.[j]wr c

Rotation operator projection operators

↑(ii) =

(,=-srtd () -(j) = kveeF Sintrosi n

Reflection,Operaseries (i)
RS Projection Operators Rotation operators

into
syplace (hair), ee place()... Posities 2 axis, positive angle of rotation

L
Cost-S.nt

S
0

Reflectionoperating sind

About say place

(C). d
use,o

roto

+sctis resino
it of

I d

U Sint COSE I ...

 Chapter 6

Area of a
Parallelogram
absolute value determinant
Are = l15x511 < of

volume = 1..(ext), was not matter which order

*enations of lines

S
x x+ Td

(ii) [i]
=

y =
Y+ + b or x = + +
S 2 =

2+ + (

↑point fairestie restor

Distance Between Point and a line

e
price

I
a, are parallet to a
place, and t 5 ext is orthogonal to Place
&, (Ip2 if Mz: Enc
D. I PZ it a,. π z
0
=

xhe is 11 to
intersection of two places

Distance from a point to a place

D:
Ansard
 Chapter T
Linear Desendence
& is linearly independent LD:+t. lie is 5: Ra.nih
AF = 0 has only zero solution

↓B is to andring
T (I) is one to one for non mater is

r(t) M
=

Bases of
spanning and solution spaces
span of vectors or a
spanning set

All linear combos of a set of rectors

&I = bosis of the refers

 Chapter 8
xc -
AT =j P(x) Xx1 A)
=
-
= 0

(x I -

A)π=0

AM

AIgebroiac Multiplicity -> How often x prepent 24.-a)r.*

Geometic Multiplicity ->Hof vectors in the SPon Nim(Ex.) 1Nim(Exri
1 GM? AN
upper
In Lower triangular matrix, x's are on digger

Invertime it all
Zigenvales are non zero

* is eigenvale of At. * is an eigen Vector of Al

-(x) d0
=

+ 9,3+ ...
am3 f(x) is eigenvale of FCA)
*
is Z:genvale of Al

Diagonalizable matril

Ap = PD :.) (P1I5

Checking for diagonalizability

if A has zigenvales
distinct
a

:IGN = Am
:-
OMcAmX

=PDO" A pptp
-

A =

D p"AP
=
Chapter f
subspaces
8, closed under addition closed under scale multiplistic

Solution spon

NA= < P@D*: AT=** is a subspace of M

Vector spaces

&(Set of restors in NY) is a rest spon

Pr
Amen
C(n.6) (all continuous functions)
 Chapter (U

Complex 2 if real
numbers = I number

ji r F

EEEFLOon
i
=

z x +
its
=

Re (x +iy) =s(real component)

Im/sefig) Ty (imaginary component)

Modn'm

(2) =
12,221 =
17,1 la 1 21 = 100112)
1241 = 121 12. t 22) (12.1 +122

Izil: Eat 22:0

x-
x +
iy
=
iy

Polar and Exponential Forms

= Org 2

Princial argument F: Agz -M18EM

Rgz = Arg2 + eiM

Enter formal
Costtisite 2.
oso+isinolie exponential

products in polor and

exponetic forms
7, ry't Te : ize"+2
+(n)
7. 2c =

V, Uze:(x =
Virz((vs (0, +(n) +:
sin(t+t21)
== He:(ti-on) =
E((us (8, -

tz) +i Sin(tit)

(vs (A+ B) Cos ALosB

=
SinASinB) org(7,zz) ayz, + 093
=
-

(o) (A-B) CosACosB + SinASinB ~

(E) = ars2.
=

orgin
-

Sin (A+h) = SinfLosB + SinBCOSA

Sin (A-B) = SinACOB SinBCOSM

Demoives, forman v = 12)

2 = rg:(nt) = v/cos
(n+ +isin(n+1)
2= ne:(- nt)

Roots of complex It's

w zi:N
=

h
2 = [ry:(+ 2r1]
+

= ie: Car is a consecutive numbers

Review

systemof
( linear
I
in the
join in hiseach
( itI iI
I

3
- - -
c + x +1

( 1

"Oh,so
=

2==1
.

xy:
-
27

x = S7 +

Linear Transformations
5: T(x)
IRuc/Mdomain
All lined transformations can be represented with a matrix

(linear operates)

Apple transformations on E..e,ety....(columns of

matrix
trous
for
Getting ~
matrix of transformation
- look for diasticients of Matrix
by Checking a vector

and its image

-
One to one

-On to

-invertibile transformation matrix (All O

Ex Fid matrix that projects onto x axis and dilates by a factor

uf) 3

[i](,] =
Co]
[35][or](j]= (::]()
C: ;](,): 1 matrix
r
of combine

sociate
trong format h
Ex
S(x1.,S2,,R(z) (x),,S(y,jy
=
-

21)
find

C.: i. (9): C.
a matrix 7 U

6) is s one to one

a) is s onto

is
8) 3 invertible ~ (s) = 3 =n.: one

always consistent
to
one
[ii]
1.S1 : (1) (HD) 3E F =
on to transformation
=
1 t0 invertible
Lines and
planes
CrOSS Product - on inIRB parallegram A=11 AxEII <magnitude
-magnitude
e.g. (1. ( x()): U
-
volume of a
parallelopiped

0
11
Ey
Volume =(3) i = C:]i: [i]
Ax 5 =

[]
2. Ex: C?].[is] = = -s +12 = faith

Parametric countion of clie

x: (i+ [7c 5 ↑
+
direction restor

Point on the line

3 calurr lavant in

c(x -
x) + b(y y) -
+ ((z 20) -
=

n [i]
=

Siduations; with t oe n

tallionofinterestinesolarsystem
planes
-
lime of
intersection of two
own Parallel Planesis

-
Eavation of line
passing through to line
point
a
and of intersection of two
a
parallel planes

Direction refor , you

Equation of a
plane passing through a point and containing the line of intersection

of two planes
 PEPs
*
Fanation of FiPe ->Normal resti

On
plane Passing through 4 Printy
~
a x
use any point

Ex Find
car
of a
plane passion throat (1.1,3) containing line of intersection of two play
a
point

z 1
=

x -

y-
x +zy 42 M
=
-

not
recus
of

!(all [ (oi(?)c C) [i]

+
=
+
1
u1
-

xz +
=

to find Print Set += 0

x 2xz z
=
Car any number
- u n
plane
x = z + 21

xy -
xz =)xz = 1+ +

5 = []
8=(1, 1,3)p = (,2, 3)
-

u (7,1,)
=

oxx =
[i]x[i] (53) = anormal retu

S(x 1) + 7[y -

Hi + 3(2 3) -

(x + 3 +
7y + 7 + 32
-
9

3x 32 3
7y
-
+
-
=

Linear dependence our independence

homogenes
8
of
-esystem
x.0%, + 3,t, ... sindn =
ernations

Vests one LT
->
Frivia Soln
~
~ Are frivial Soly -> vectors are CD

ExPetrin:tlogiis the

13) is one of I a( firstI oo

u
7

(A) 3 h
=

=
~
LI
->(Alto
->

A No free variables
·

f is nxn
&(A) 0
=
->LM Homogeneo system has
trivial solution

:
E1, 2,as ar

linearly independent
Eigen values and
eigenvectors
AE = xX Anxe
rector spaces and
subspoug
to
How
-

verify each axiom think is provided

-

How to
prove of disprove that a set is a subsoretclosed undertooditionmultiplication

Ax 0
Any homogeneous system of lineu ercantis is a
subspore =

Any now homogeneous system of liner events is not a

subsiou Ax:<(IU

A= A

a Zero object [8830 dur

⑦ (V 1 AEW BaN LA Bl + A
=

+ BT
= =
A A B B = A + B

x+ y
-
2 0
=

[i] C)
P(, + x(e) + (Y,+ yz) -
(2, + 22)