DAC11703

CHAPTER
4
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
 TEEPEE
CHAPTER 3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing this topic the students can be;

1. Solve the problems in drawing orthographic. (CLO1-C3, PLO4-CTPS)
2. Differentiate between the views of the first and third angles of orthographic
projections including their symbols. (CLO2-P6, PLO2-PS)
3. Present project the techniques and methods on drawing isometric and
oblique projections. (CLO3-A2, PLO9-LS)

CONTENTS

3.1 Orthographic Projection

Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three dimensional (3D)

object in two dimensions (2D). It is a form of parallel projection, where the view
direction is orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene
appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface. It is further divided into
multiview orthographic projections and axonometric projections.

Orthographic projection corresponds to a perspective projection with a

hypothetical viewpoint e.g., one where the camera lies an infinite distance away
from the object and has an infinite focal length or zoom. For easy understanding
Figure 3.1 shows an example of where the plane section, object and drawer

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should be. Planes in technical drawings are pictures of flat surfaces without the
thickness or specific places. The view of a surface of an object that is going to be
drawn is usually referred to a specific location on a flat surface or on the section.

Figure 3.1 Sections and proper locations of observer or camera, projection

drawing and original object

The views in orthographic projections are arranged specifically so that each view
is linked with one another. Is view is portrayed in detail and is drawn exactly the
same so that it is easy to understand the design of the real object. To make the
drawing easy to read and understand, exact measurements are included so that
the building processes can refer to the measurements given.

With that, the shape of the object is moved onto the surface of the section using
projection methods. Each projection lines are exactly 90° with the section so that
the point of projection can be found. From this point, the picture of the object can
be drawn from any view that is wanted by the drawer.

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3.2 Plane Principles and Orthographic Projection

Figure 3.2 Location of the vertical plane EFGH crosses with horizontal plane
ABCD from one view, and the division of each angles.

Figure 3.2 shows the location of the main planes. The horizontal plane ABCD is
horizontal and vertical plane EFGH is vertical, where the two of them crosses each
other at a 90° angle resulting in a four section area. Each section is equivalent to
the angle 90°. In orthographic projections these areas are called by angles, they
are first angle, second angle, third angle, and fourth angle. Usually, only the first
angle and the third angle are commonly used to shown details of technical drawing
and will be discussed in sub topic 3.3 of this chapter.

Planar projections are the subset of 3D graphical projections constructed by

linearly mapping points in three dimensional spaces to points on a two
dimensional projection plane. The projected point on the plane is chosen such that
it is collinear with the corresponding three dimensional points and the centre of
projection. The lines connecting these points are commonly referred to as
projectors.

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The centre of projection can be thought of as the location of the observer while the
plane of projection is the surface on which the two dimensional projected image of
the scene is recorded or from which it is viewed (e.g., photographic negative,
photographic print, computer monitor). When the centre of projection is at a finite
distance from the projection plane, a perspective projection is obtained. When the
centre of projection is at infinity, all the projectors are parallel and the
corresponding subset of planar projections are referred to as parallel projections.

With multiview orthographic projections, up to six pictures of an object are

produced, with each projection plane parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the
object. The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two
schemes: first-angle or third-angle projection. In each, the appearances of views
may be thought of as being projected onto planes that form a 6 sided box around
the object.

3.3 Visualisation

A plan is an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of

a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is a section viewed
from the top. In such views, the portion of the object in above the plane is omitted
to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper portion of
the walls may be omitted. Roof plans are orthographic projections, but they are not
sections as their viewing plane is outside of the object.

A plan is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement of a 3

dimensional object in two dimensions. It is often used in technical drawing and is
traditionally crosshatched. The style of crosshatching indicates the type of material
the section passes through.

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 Figure 3.3 Example of plan view of layout floor plan which is viewed from top.

In geometry, a cross section is the intersection of a body in 2 dimensional spaces

with a line, or of a body in 3 dimensional space with a plane. More plainly, when
cutting an object into slices one gets many parallel cross sections.

A cross section or section is also an orthographic projection of a 3 dimensional

object from the position of a plane through the object. A floor plan is a section
viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object in front of the plane is
omitted to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper
portion of the walls may be omitted. Elevations or roof plans are orthographic
projections, but they are not sections as their viewing plane is outside of the
object.

A cross section is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement of a 3

dimensional object in two dimensions. It is often used in technical drawing and is
traditionally crosshatched. The style of crosshatching indicates the type of material
the section passes through.

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 Figure 3.4 A 3D view of a beverage-can stove with a cross section in hatch

Figure 3.5 A 2-D cross-sectional view of a compression seal

An elevation is an orthographic projection of a 3 dimensional object from the

position of a horizontal plane beside an object. In other words, an elevation is a
side view as viewed from the front, back, left or right.

An elevation is a common method of depicting the external configuration and

detailing of a 3 dimensional object in two dimensions. Building facades are shown
as elevations in architectural and technical drawing.

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Elevations are the most common orthographic projection for conveying the
appearance of a building from the exterior. Perspectives are also commonly used
for this purpose. A building elevation is typically labeled in relation to the compass
direction it faces; the direction from which a person views it. For example the North
Elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces true north on the
compass.

Interior elevations are used to show detailing such as millwork and trim
configurations. In the building industry elevations are a non perspective view of the
structure. These are drawn to scale so that measurements can be taken for any
aspect necessary. Drawing sets include front, rear and both side elevations. The
elevations specify the composition of the different facades of the building,
including ridge heights, the positioning of the final fall of the land, exterior finishes,
roof pitches and other architectural details.

Figure 3.6 shows a graphic drawing of a block that is seen from a view. Even
though it can be seen from three different views, it is still not complete because the
size, shape and sections are not known. For example, the real opening angle of
slope V cannot be shown and the two circles that look ellipse but are actually
suppose to be circular. This means that the shape that is seen cannot portray the
actual object.

Figure 3.6 A block in graphic view

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Figure 3.7 shows the link in orthographic projections that can give a complete
conclusion about the object. The plan view and the front view are parallel to each
other so that if the circles and slope V are projected, they can still be seen in the
drawing. The same principle also applies on the front view and the side view,
where the circles and slope V can be linked by projections in both drawings. To
get a better picture, for example of slope V and the two circles including the
measurements for the length height and width, the drawing can be projected from
one view to other views. From this projection we can see the link from different
sections of the object. This form of information can also be seen by using only two
different views, either front view with plan view, or front view with side view.

Plan

Front view Side view

Figure 3.7 Drawings are done using the links in orthographic projections

3.4 First and Third Angles Projection

The aim of an engineering drawing is to convey all the necessary information of

how to make the part to the manufacturing department. For most parts, the
information cannot be conveyed in a single view. Rather than using several sheets
of paper with different views of the part, several views can be combined on a

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single drawing using one of the two available projection systems, first angle, and
third angle projection.

Orthographic Projection is a way of drawing an object from different directions.

Usually front, side and plan views are drawn so that a person looking at the
drawing can see all the important sides. Orthographic drawings are useful
especially when a design has been developed to a stage whereby it is almost
ready to manufacture.

Figure 3.8 Image of a part represented in first angle projection

First angle projection is the ISO standard and is primarily used in Europe. The 3D
object is projected into 2D paper space as if you were looking at an X-ray of the
object as shown in Figure 3.8, the top view is under the front view, the right view is
at the left of the front view is an example of first angle orthographic project (as
used mainly in Europe). There is another type called third angle which is used by
countries such as the USA. The front, side and plan views are in different
positions.

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Figure 3.9 Symbols used to define whether a projection is first angle (left) or
third angle (right)

Figure 3.10 Above is a simple L-shape, drawn in three dimensions.

Figure 3.11 Above is the same shape drawn in orthographic projection with 1st
angle projection

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This orthographic projection appears to have three separate drawings but they are
the same L-shape. The first drawing is the front view (drawn looking straight at the
front of the L-shape), the second is a drawing of the L-shape seen from the side
and last of all a drawing from above known as a plan view. The red lines are faint
guidelines and they are drawn to help keep each view in line, level and the same
size.

Figure 3.12 Front views, imagine standing directly in front of the L-shape

You would only see the front edges, not the sides.

Figure 3.13 Side view, imagine standing directly at the side of the L-shape, the
drawing above shows exactly what you would see.

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Figure 3.14 Shonwed 3 dimension object with plane of plan, front and side view in
1st angle projection

Front view Side view

Plan 1st angle projection

Figure 3.15 Another example of first angle orthographic projection base on object
shown in Figure 3.14

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Figure 3.16 Three planes that are used in orthographic projections first angle

Figure 3.17 Figure plane is aligned so that it is parallel with the vertical plane

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Figure 3.18 Three views in a first angle orthographic projection drawing (including
symbol)

In the previous section Figure 3.10 it was drawn in first angle orthographic
projection but below it is drawn using the third angle projection. The position of the
three views differs compared to first angle orthographic projection.

Figure 3.19 First angle projection with two side views

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Figure 3.20 Above is the same shape drawn in 3rd angle orthographic projection

Figure 3.21 Shonwed 3 dimension object with plane of plan, front and side view
in 3rd angle projection

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 3rd angle projection Plan

Side view Front view

Figure 3.22 Final arrangements of the views are shown in the drawing below

Notice how the symbol for third angle orthographic projection has been added

Figure 3.23 Location of the three planes that are used in third angle orthographic
projection

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Figure 3.24 The horizontal plane and the figure plane is turned so that they are
parallel horizontally and vertically with the front plane

Figure 3.25 Third angle projections drawing (including symbol)

Figure 3.26 The ratio that is proposed for the projection symbol

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3.5 Three and Six Elevation

Figure 3.27 Six views in one projection drawing

Figure 3.27 shows six views that can be drawn in a projection drawing. All of them
are the views that are on the main planes. Usually, only three view drawings are
needed for the real projection drawing. Only three or two views are enough to tell
us about the shape and design of the object.

Figure 3.28 Procedure for numbering hidden and visible corner points

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Figure 3.29 Elevation by using 1st angle projection

Figure 3.30 Elevation by using 3rd angle projection

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Activities

1. Figure (a) shows a isometric view of a regulator block. Draw with full
scale the views of the block in first angle projection;
(a) Plan looking from the top of the block.
(b) Front elevation looking from A.
(c) Side elevation looking from C.
All hidden items must be shown

Figure (a)

2.2. Figure (b) shows a pictorial view of a block. With full size draw the block
in third angle projection:
(a) Plan looking from the top of the block.
(b) Front elevation looking from A.
(c) Side elevation looking from B.

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 Figure (b)

3. Figure (c) shows a pictorial view of a regulator block. With full scale, draw
the block in third angle projection:

a) Plan looking from the top of the block.

b) Front elevation looking from B.
c) Side elevation looking from A.
All hidden item must be shown.

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 Figure (c)

4. Figure (d) shows two complete views of a wedge. With full scale draw,
again the given views and complete the third view.

Figure (d)

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References

1. Salman Salim & Adanan Othman (2014), Learning Module: DAC 10103
Engineering Drawing, 1st Edition; Penerbit UTHM; Batu Pahat, Johor,
(T353.A26.2011a).
2. British Standard Institution (1972), BS 308: Part 2: Engineering Drawing
Practice Part 2: Dimensioning and Tolerance of Size. British Standard
Institution, London;1972 (BS 308: Part 2 1972).
3. Mark W. Huth and Walter Wells (2005), Understanding Construction Drawings;
4rd Edition; Delmar Thomson Learning; London. (T355.H87 2005).
4. David A, Madsen and Terence M. Shumaker (2010), Civil Drafting Techology;
4rd Edition; Perentice Hall; New Jersey, (T353.M324 2010).

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