Sagar Institute of Science and Technology

Gandhi Nagar Bhopal, 462036

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Govt. of M.P. Affiliated to RGPV & BU, Bhopal
Tel: 7024368999, 9977995985|www.sistecgn.ac.in
DOORS
 DEFINITION OF DOOR :
 A door may be defined as “an open able barrier or as a framework of
wood, steel, aluminum, glass or a combination of these materials secured in
a wall opening”.
• Function of door :
– It is provided to give access to the inside of a room of a building.
– It serves as a connecting link between the various internal portion of
building.
– Lighting and ventilation of rooms.
– They admit ventilation and light.
– Controls the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing it, excluding
air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled.
– They act as a barrier to noise.
– Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes, keeping formal
and utility areas separate.
LOCATION OF DOOR IN A
BUILDING

• The number should be kept as minimum.

• It should meet the functional requirement.
• It should preferably be located at the corner of the room,
nearly 20 cm from corner.
• If in a room, more than 2 doors are there, they shall be
located facing each other.
Components of a door:
a) Door frame b) Door shutter

Door frame:-
 SIZES OF DOORS
 The common width-height relations used:
a) Width = 0.4 – 0.6 Height
b) Height = (width +1.2)m
 General sizes used:
a) Residential
External door – 1.0 x 2.0 to 1.1 x 2.0 m
Internal door - 0.9 x 2.0 to 1.0 x 2.0 m
Bath & WC – 0.7 X 2.0 to 0.8 x 2.0 m
Garages for cars – 2.25 x 2.25 m to 2.40 x 2.25 m
b) Public
1.2 x 2.0 m or 1.2 x 2.1 m or 1.2 x 2.25 m
 Common Criterion for sizes of Door used in India :
Width = 0.4 × Height
or
Height = Width + (1.20 meters)
DOOR FRAME

 A door frame is an assembly of horizontal and vertical

members forming an enclosure to which door shutters
are fixed
 The vertical members are known as jambs or posts.
 The top horizontal member is known as head.
 The horizontal projections of the head are known as
horns.
 A rebate cut of about 12 mm is provided all-round the
frame to receive door shutter.
 Types of Doors

On the basis of working operations

 Hinged doors
 Revolving doors
 Sliding doors
 Swing doors
 Folded door
 Collapsible doors
 Rolling shutter
 Battened type
 Framed and paneled
 Glazed/Sash
 Flushed
 Louvered
 Wire gauged doors
 Metal Covered Plywood Door
Hinged doors

 Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the door to pivot away
from the doorway in one direction but not in the other. The axis of rotation
is usually vertical.
 The most common door type. It is a simple & rigid.
 The panel swings, opens and closes, on hinges.
 Hinged doors require a minimum amount of maintenance and cleaning,
they are not expensive, and have an excellent insulating ability.
 However, they take up precious room space to swing in.
Revolving doors

 Such types are provided in public buildings, like banks, museums,

hotels, offices etc.
 A revolving door normally has four wings/leaves that hang on a center
shaft and rotate one way about a vertical axis within a round enclosure.
The central shaft is fitted with ball bearing arrangement at the bottom,
which allows the shutters to move without any jerk and making noise.
 The radiating shutters may be fully paneled, fully glazed or partly glazed.
The glass doors allow people to see and anticipate each other while
walking through. Vertical rubber pieces are provided at the rubbing end
of the shutter to prevent drought of air.
 People can walk out of and into the building at the same time.
 The door closes automatically when not in use.
Sliding doors

 In these doors, the shutter slide horizontally along tracks with the help of
runners and rails. often for space or
 Sliding glass doors are common in places where there is no space to
swing the door.
 Such doors are very popular for use for the entrances to commercial
structures and also in residential buildings for aesthetic considerations. .
 Sliding doors consist of either one, two or three doors that slide by each
other on track depending upon the size of opening and space available
for sliding.
 They are pretty easily cleaned and maintained.
 These doors sound insulation is pretty poor usually, and they must be of
high quality and fitted exactly in their tracks or else they may slide out of
them.
 When fully open these doors will allow half the space of the opening in
double sliding doors, or one third if triple.
Swing doors

• The shutter is fitted to its frame by special double action

hinges.
• The hinges permits the shutter to move both ways, inward
as well as outward.
• The doors are not rebated at the meeting styles.
• To open the door, a slight push is made and the spring
action brings the shutter in closed position.

The return of the shutter is with force

and thus, the door shall be either
fully glazed Or provided with a
peep hole at eye level, to avoid
accidents.
Folded doors

 Made of many narrow vertical strips or creases that fold

back to back into a compact bundle when doors are
pushed open, these strips or creases will be hanged
from the top, and run on a track.
 They save space as they do not swing out of the door
opening, though their sound and weather isolation is
poor.
 Folding doors are usually pretty noisy, and considered
not so durable
Collapsible Door

 Such doors are used in garages, workshops, public buildings etc. to

provide
increased safety and protection to property.
 The doors do not require hinges to close or open the shutter nor the
frame to hang them.
 It acts like a steel curtain.
 The door is made up from vertical double channels (20x10x2 mm),
jointed together with the hollows on the inside to create a vertical gap.
 These channels are spaced at 100-120 mm apart and braced with
diagonal iron flats.
 These diagonals allow the shutter to open or closed.
 The shutter operate between two rails, one fixed to the floor and other
to the lintel.
 Rollers are mounted at the top and bottom.
Rolling shutter

 These are commonly used for shops, godowns, stores etc.

 The door shutter acts like a curtain and thus provides adequate
protection and safety against fire and thefts.
 The shutter is made up of thin steel slabs called laths or slates about
1.25 mm thick interlocked to each other and coiled upon specially
designed pipe shaft called drum mounted at the top.
 The shutter moves in two vertical steel guide channels installed at
their ends.
 The channel is made up of steel sheets and deep enough to
accommodate the shutter and to keep it in position.
 A horizontal shaft and spring in the drum which allow the shutter to
coiled in or out.
 These may be manually operated for smaller openings (upto 10
sq.m.).
Battened & ledged doors

 These doors consist of vertical boards called battens which are nailed or
screwed to the horizontal members, called ledges . Often the battens are
a-bout 15 to 18 cm wide and 2 to 3 cm thick. Doors made with narrow
battens like these have a better appearance.
Framed & Paneled Door

These doors consist of a frame made up of

 Stiles
 a top rail
 sometimes an intermediate rail into this framework a
plywood panel is fitted. This panel may fit into a
groove or a rebate.
Glazed or Sash Doors
 These are provided where the visibility of the interior of the
room is required.
 LOUVERED DOORS

These permit free ventilation

through them and at the same
time maintain the privacy of the
room.

WIRE GAUGED DOORS
Wire gauge or fly proof door shutters are fixed to provide free air circulation
and prevent mosquitoes, flies, insects etc. from entering into the building.
WINDOW
 TYPES OF WINDOWS

Depending upon the manner of fixing, materials used for construction, nature of the operational movements
of shutters , etc., the common varieties of windows used in the building can be grouped as follows:

1. Pivoted Windows
2. Double-Hung Windows
3. Sliding Window
4. Casement Windows
5. Glazed Windows
6. Louvered Windows
7. Metal Windows
8. Bay Windows
9. Clerestory Windows
10.Corner Windows
11.Dormer Windows
12.Awning Windows
13.Skylight
 FIXED WINDOW

• In this type, the glass pane is permanently fixed in

the opening of the wall.
• The shutter can’t be opened or closed.
• The function is limited to allowing light and or permit
vision in the room.
• No rebates are provided to the frame.
• The shutters are fully glazed.
• In homes they are generally decorative windows
near doors, stairwells and highplaces or are used in
combination with other styles.
PIVOTED WINDOW

 In this type of window, the shutter is capable of

rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame.
• The frame has no rebate.
• The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically.
DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOWS
 It has two panes, top and bottom that slide up and down in tracks called stiles.
 The most common used windows today. When open, these windows allow air
flow through half of its size.
 The two parts are not necessarily the same size.
 Traditionally, each shutter is provided with a pair of counterweights connected
by cord or chain over pulleys.
 When the weights are pulled, the shutters open to required level.
 It is possible to have controlled ventilation.
SLIDING WINDOW
• Hastwo or more sashes that overlap slightly
but slide horizontally within the frame.
• Suitable openings or grooves are left in the
frame or wall to accommodate the shutters
when are shutters are opened.
CASEMENT WINDOWS

Casement windows are hinged at the sides.

• When fully opened, offer the maximum amount of ventilation.
• Operates like a hinged door, except that it opens and closes with a
lever inside the window.
• The shutter consists of styles, top rail, bottom rail and intermediate rail.
• Depending upon the design, the frame can have additional vertical
and horizontal members i.e. mullion and transom respectively.
• The panels may be either glazed, unglazed or partly glazed and are
fixed in the grooves made in rails and styles.
GLAZED WINDOW
This is a type of casement window where panels are fully glazed.
• The frame has styles, top rail and a bottom rail.
• The space between top and bottom rail is divided into number of
panels with small timber members called, sash bars or glazing bars.
• The glass panels are cut 1.5-3.0 mm smaller in size than the panel
size to permit movement of sash bars.
• Glass panes are fixed to sash bars by putty or by timber beads.
LOUVERED WINDOW
•They are provided for the sole function of ventilation and not for the
vision outside.
• The styles are grooved to receive a series of louvers which may be of
glass or wood
slates.
• The louvers re usually fixed at 450 inclination sloping downward to the
outside to
run-off the rain water.
•The windows provide light and ventilation even if closed.
•Such windows are recommended for bath, WC, workshops etc., where
privacy is more important.
•Venetian shutters uses louvers which can be opened or closed. The
louvers are pivoted at both ends in the frame and in addition each
blade is connected to a vertical batten by hinge.
 METAL WINDOWS:
•These are very popular in public buildings and can be made up of mild
steel, stainless steel, aluminum, bronze etc.
•Mild steel being cheapest of all, they are widely used. The windows can be
fabricated for the required size using light rolled steel sections.
• They can be fixed directly to the wall opening in a wooden frame or in the
steel
frame.
•While fixing, care has to be taken that the members of the frame are not
subjected to any structural loads to prevent damage.
•Thus, the size of the window opening is kept slightly more than the frame
size so as to allow some clearance between the two.
• The window is fixed into the opening only after masonry and lintel work is
over and fully set.