Applications and Methodologies Class 11

Notes

Key Fields of Application in AI

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, “Artificial
Intelligence is the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs”.

Artificial intelligence aids in the creation of intelligent hardware and

software that functions, learns, and reacts much like humans. AI is now
ingrained in all aspects of modern life, including research, engineering,
business, medicine, video games, and many more. The applications that
are covered here are a few.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Chatbots

One of the uses for AI is the chatbot, which simulates human dialogue
using text chats, voice commands, or both. We can characterize a
chatbot as an artificial intelligence programme that can mimic a real
conversation with a user in their native tongue. On websites, messaging
services, mobile applications, or telephones, they make it possible to
communicate via text or audio.

Types of Chatbots

Chatbots can broadly be divided into two types:

1. Rule based Chatbot
2. Machine Learning (or AI) based Chatbot risk
Rule – based Chatbot
This is a Chatbot in its most basic version, and it
responds to user questions in accordance with a set of
pre-established rules. For instance, a chatbot positioned
at a front desk at a school can access information from
the school’s archive to respond to questions about the
cost of attendance, the courses offered, the pass rate,
etc.

Rule-based chatbots can only be used for straightforward discussions;

they are ineffective for more complicated ones.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Machine Learning (or AI) based Chatbot risk

Such chatbots are more sophisticated chatterbots that
can have in-depth real-time dialogues. Prior to
answering the questions, they process them (using
layers of neural networks). AI-based chatbots continue
to evolve by learning from previous experience and
reinforced learning.

AI chatbots are created and designed to respond to user inquiries in a

reasonable and pertinent manner. The difficulty, however, lies in
matching the requests with the closest and smartest response that would
please the user.

Example of AI Based Chatbot

HDFC Bank’s EVA – Electronic Virtual Assistant is making banking

service simple and is available 24×7 for the HDFC bank’s customers.
Apollo Hospital Amidst – Apollo hospitals (as well as many other
hospitals and medical businesses) released a Chatbot to assess one’s risk
level amid the current panic around COVID 19.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Natural Language processing (NLP)

Natural language is simply human language. It refers to the various ways

that people can communicate with one another, including spoken,
written, non-verbal, and facial expressions (sentiments such as sad,
happy, etc.). Natural language processing is the field of computer science
that enables computers to comprehend and process human language
naturally (NLP).

Artificial intelligence that deals with the use of natural language in

communication between machines and people. NLP’s primary goal is to
read, interpret, comprehend, and coherently make sense of human
language in a way that benefits everyone.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Text Recognition

Now that a camera or other device has captured an image of a license

plate, NLP software uses a neural network layer to extract the plate’s
number. However, the quality of the image also affects how well the data
is extracted.

Summarization by NLP

NLP is able to summaries an article into a condensed narrative without

altering the meaning in addition to reading and understanding individual
paragraphs or the entire piece. It can produce the complete article’s
abstract. There are two methods of summarization: one involves
extracting significant terms from the source text and combining them to
create a summary (extraction-based summarization), and the other
involves condensing the original text (abstraction-based summarization).

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Information Extraction

Information extraction is a technology that allows you to search within a

document or find a specific piece of information. It automatically extracts
structured data from unstructured sources, including entities,
relationships between entities, and attributes describing entities.

Speech processing

Speech processing describes a computer’s capacity to hear human

speech, analyze it, and comprehend its content. Alexa and Siri, among
other technologies, understand what we say when we speak to them.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Computer Vision (CV)

The study of CV makes it possible for computers to “see.” It is a branch
of artificial intelligence that deals with the analysis and comprehension
of the information contained in digital images such as movies and
photographs. The following areas are where CV has been most
successful:
a. Object detection
b. Optical Character Recognition
c. Fingerprint Recognition
Computer Vision: Primary Tasks

There are primarily four tasks that Computer vision accomplishes:

1. Semantic Segmentation (Image Classification)
2. Classification + Localization
3. Object Detection
4. Instance Segmentation

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Semantic Segmentation

Image categorization is another name for semantic segmentation.

Semantic segmentation is a technique used in computer vision to
categories images based on their visual content. In essence, a model is
taught to recognize a set of classes—objects to identify in images—with
the aid of labelled sample pictures. In plain English, it takes an image as
input and outputs a class, such as a cat, dog, etc., or a probability of
classes, from which one has the greatest likelihood of being accurate.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Classification and Localization

The localization job is activated when the object has been identified and
labelled, which creates a bounding box around the object in the image.
The location of the object within the image is referred to as
“localization.” If a picture contains, for example, a dog, the algorithm
determines the class and draws a bounding box around it.

Object Detection
Humans can instantly recognize the objects in a video or image when
they see it. Computers can produce intelligence like this. If there are
numerous objects in the image, the algorithm will locate each one by
drawing a bounding box around it. As a result, the bounding boxes and
labels around the items will be numerous.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Instance segmentation

The CV technique known as instance segmentation aids in clearly

recognising and delineating each object of interest present in an image.
This procedure gives us a far more detailed understanding of the object
or objects in the image by helping to generate a pixel-wise mask for
each one. The figure below illustrates how objects from the same class
are displayed in various colours.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Weather Prediction using AI

Global weather forecasts are being accelerated by new AI-based weather
forecasting research. The research, which was just published in the
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, may be used to predict
potential extreme weather 2–6 weeks in advance. Accurate weather
forecasts with more time to prepare and minimise potential disasters
give communities and vital industries including public health, water
management, energy, and agriculture more time.

IBM Global High – resolution Atmospheric Forecasting

System
A high-precision global weather model called IBM Global High-
resolution Atmospheric Forecasting System (IBM GRAF) refreshes hourly
to give a more accurate picture of weather activities all over the world.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Panasonic

On its weather predicting model, Panasonic has been working for years.
The business manufactures TAMDAR, a unique weather sensor used on
commercial aircraft.

Price forecast for commodities

The earth’s natural resources and agricultural products are considered

commodities. These products include things like wheat, livestock,
soybeans, corn, oranges, different metals, coal, cotton, and oil, among
others.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Self-Driving car
A self-driving automobile is a vehicle that can sense its surroundings and
move safely with little to no human intervention. It is also referred to as
an autonomous vehicle (AV), a driverless car, a robot car, or a robotic car.
Self-driving cars use a combination of radar, lidar, sonar, GPS, odometry,
and inertial measuring units to sense their environment.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Characteristics and Types of AI

1. Artificial Intelligence is autonomous and can make independent
decisions — it does not require human inputs, interference or
intervention and works silently in the background without the user’s
knowledge. These systems do not depend on human programming,
instead they learn on their own through data experiencing.

2. Has the capacity to predict and adapt – Its ability to understand

data patterns is being used for
future predictions and decision-making.

3. It is continuously learning – It learns from data patterns.

4. AI is reactive – It perceives a problem and acts on perception.

5. AI is futuristic – Its cutting-edge technology is expected to be used in

many more fields in future.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Data Driven AI
Data centric AI systems have become more popular as a result of recent
advancements in low-cost data storage (hard discs, etc.), quick
processors (CPU, GPU, or TPU), and advanced deep learning algorithms
that have made it feasible to extract enormous value from data. These AI
systems are particularly effective in foretelling the future based on their
past experiences.

Autonomous System

An autonomous system is a piece of technology that can react to its

surroundings without human input. Often, artificial intelligence serves as
the foundation for autonomous systems. A floor-cleaning robot, a Mars
rover, a self-driving car, and other autonomous systems are examples.
Another illustration of an autonomous system is an IoT device, such as a
smart home system.

Recommendation systems

A recommendation system makes suggestions or recommendations to

users based on data analysis and a variety of characteristics, including
the user’s past behavior, preferences, and interests. Data is required for
training this data-driven AI. For instance, when you view a video on
YouTube, it suggests a number of other videos that are similar to, better,
or more appropriate than the videos you often search for, favor, or have
recently been watching.

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Cognitive Computing (Perception, Learning,

Reasoning)
To simulate the functions of the human brain (speech, vision, reasoning,
etc.) and aid people in making decisions, cognitive computing is a
technology platform based on AI and signal processing.

Applications of Cognitive Computing

Humans can utilise cognitive computing to help them make decisions.

The treatment of disease/illness through assisting medical professionals
is one example of cognitive computing and its applications.

The IBM Watson for Oncology, for example, has been deployed at the
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to offer doctors evidence-based
therapy options for cancer patients. Watson creates a list of theories and
suggests possible treatments for doctors in response to inquiries from
medical professionals.

AI and Society

While there is little doubt that AI is transforming the world, there is also
a lot of hype and misinformation surrounding it. It is essential that we
have a realistic perspective on AI if individuals, corporations, and the
government are to fully benefit from it.

Nearly every aspect of society, including health, security, culture,

education, employment, and enterprises, will be impacted by AI. As with
any change or development, AI can have both beneficial and harmful
effects on society, depending on how we use it.

Healthcare

IBM Watson (An AI Tool by IBM) can predict development of a particular

form of cancer up to 12 months before its onset with almost a 90%
accuracy.

Such advancements are occurring often in the world of medicine. China

used Artificial Intelligence (AI), Data Science, to track cases and combat
the pandemic in order to contain the CORONA virus spread. Robots and
AI tools will eventually work alongside doctors in our healthcare sectors.

Transportation

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have made significant

advancements in the sector of transportation.

With the help of cutting down on traffic accidents, autonomous vehicles,

such as cars and trucks, can offer features including lane-changing
systems, automated vehicle guiding, automated braking, usage of
sensors and cameras for collision avoidance, and real-time information
analysis.

Disaster Prediction

One of the best techniques for predicting natural events is artificial

intelligence (AI). Before the development of artificial intelligence, it was
impossible to imagine a model that could virtually accurately predict the
weather for the upcoming few days.

Agriculture

The farming industry faces a variety of difficulties, including erratic

weather, a lack of natural resources, an increase in population, etc.
Farmers can now analyze a range of factors in real time, such as weather,
temperature, water use, or soil conditions gathered from their farm, with
the aid of artificial intelligence (AI).

Integrity of AI

In 2016, it was shown that the professional networking website LinkedIn

has a gender bias in its code.
The site would display suggestions and search results for male users who
went by the name “Andrew” and its variants when a feminine name was
searched, such as “Andrea”. For male names, the website did not display
any comparable suggestions or results.

Technological Unemployment

Some groups of individuals will lose their occupations as a result of

substantial automation (caused by the development of AI and robotics).
Intelligent machines will take the place of these jobs. Both the workforce
and the market will undergo major change; while new, highly skilled
positions will be created, some will become outdated.

Disproportionate control over data

The more data you have, the more intelligent machines you will be able
to create. Data is the fuel for AI. Technology behemoths are significantly
funding initiatives involving AI and data collection. They have an unfair
advantage over their smaller rivals as a result.

Privacy

Whether a person is at work, home, or a public venue, AI can be used to

identify, track, and monitor them across various devices. AI doesn’t
forget anything, which just makes everything more complicated. Once AI
recognizes you, it does so permanently!

Applications and Methodologies Class 11 Notes

Image Datasets
Image Datasets is categorized in three types –

a. Initial Training Dataset – These are the images students should use
to “teach” their machine learning model which image is a cat and which
image is a dog.

b. Test Dataset – These are the images that students should use to test
their classifier after training. Students should show these images to their
model and record if their classifier predicts if the image is of a dog or a
cat.
c. Recurating dataset – This is a large assortment of images students
can use to make their training dataset of cats and dogs larger and more
diverse.