CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO IRIS RECOGNITION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The iris is first localized, and normalized to a fixed size. Next, the enhanced
texture will be subjected to a multi-scale, multidirectional contour let decomposition
step. Simple statistical features will be computed from the sub-bands and stored as a
feature vector. The contour let transform will be a most effective feature extraction
method for iris recognition system which will work for low quality iris images and in
high security demanding applications.

In this project, different feature extraction method are explained for iris
recognition which are based on different transforms .Also a new method based on
contour let transform is proposed. Contour let transform captures the intrinsic
geometrical structures of iris image. It decomposes the iris image into a set of
directional sub-bands with texture details captured in different orientations at various
scales .So for reducing the feature vector dimensions we can use the method to extract
only significant bit and information from normalized iris images. Contour let not only
possess the main features of wavelets (namely, multi-scale and time-frequency
localization), but also offer a high degree of directionality and anisotropy. For
analysing the desired performance of our proposed method, we use the CASIA
dataset, which is comprised of 108 classes with 7 images in each class and each class
represented a person.

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 1.2. NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
Research on Iris feature extraction using different transforms is needed because
of following reasons
1. Iris recognition is the most robust and accurate biometric technologies available in the
market today with existing large scale applications supporting databases in excess of
millions of people. The Iris is a protected internal organ whose random texture is
stable throughout life and can be used as an identity document or a password offering
a very high degree of identity assurance. The randomness of Iris patterns has very
high dimensionality; recognition decisions are made with very high confidence levels
supporting rapid and reliable exhaustive searches through national - sized databases in
both 1:1 (verification) and 1: n (identification) mode with no human intervention.
2. Real-time, high confidence recognition of a person's identity is needed now a days.
Mathematical analysis of the random patterns that are visible within the iris of an eye
from some distance is possible and because of this Iris recognition can be used as a
real time person identification system. The randomness of iris patterns has very high
dimensionality; recognition decisions are made with confidence levels high enough to
support rapid and reliable exhaustive searches through national-sized databases.
3. Iris recognition system Perform 1: n identification with no limitation on numbers.
4. Biometric templates once captured do not need to be enrolled again, iris is stable
throughout a user. By considering the above needs, this topic is the significant
research in person identification system.
When a suitable RF pulse is applied to the nuclei within the magnetic field, the
populations at the susceptible energy levels are altered. Due to the slight
predominance of nuclei in the lower energy state, as predicted by the Boltzmann
distribution, a net absorption of radiation occurs. Depending on the length of the RF
pulse, the precession frequencies of the nuclei are brought into phase and deflected all
or partially into the magnetization plane transverse to the applied field. As time
passes, various effects contribute to the eventual relaxation of this magnetic moment
back to equilibrium.
The two types of relaxation commonly measured by MRI are termed T1 and
T2 relaxation. T1, or longitudinal, relaxation is governed by so-called spin-lattice
interactions. That is, the inverted susceptible nuclei transfer their energy to the
surrounding milieu, or lattice, thereby relaxing back into a lower energy state.

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Classically, this may be conceived of as the angles of the spin axis of the nuclei
gradually realigning with the direction of the applied magnetic field. The energy of
the nuclei is absorbed by the lattice often in the form of increased molecular rotational
or vibrational energy, which, if sustained for an excessive period, can be observed as
an increase in temperature. T2, or transverse, relaxation is governed by so-called spin-
spin interactions. In spin-spin interactions, energy is transferred directly between two
susceptible nuclei with similar precession frequencies. As the spins simply reverse
orientation relative to the external magnetic field, no net change in T1 occurs. The
drop in T2 is due to the loss of phase coherence when the transfer occurs.
In discussion of MRI pulse sequences, particularly the gradient echo which
finds common use in fMRI, the term T2* is often encountered. In actual
measurement, the signal decays much faster than would normally be predicted by T2
relaxation. The source of this additional speed is relaxation from the spins of the
individual nuclei de-phasing as they encounter local fluctuations in the magnetic field,
and is designated as the T2* rate of relaxation.

1.3. SURVEY OF LITERATURE

Different transforms for iris recognition had been introduced using different
transforms and algorithms. 1. John Dougman method for iris recognition is based on
2-D Gabor wavelets and test of statistical independence. Dougman has proposed a
phase-based method where iris images are decomposed using multi-scale quadrature
wavelets, and phase information is extracted from the wavelet coefficients. Hamming
distance between phase vectors is then used to discriminate any pair of iris image [1].
The proposed algorithm aims to find out the most efficient wavelet family and its
coefficients for encoding the iris template of the experiment samples. The algorithm
implemented in software performs segmentation, normalization, feature encoding,
data storage, and matching. By using the Haar and Bi-orthogonal wavelet families at
various levels feature encoding is performed by decomposing the normalized iris
image. The vertical coefficient is encoded into the iris template and is stored in the
database. The performance of the system is evaluated by using the number of degrees
of freedom, False Reject Rate (FRR), False Accept Rate (FAR), and Equal Error Rate
(EER) and the metrics show that the proposed algorithm can be employed for an iris
recognition system. With level 1 Haar wavelet gives FAR of 0.07 and FRR 0.02.And

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with level 4, FAR and FRR both are 0.02. Bi-orthogonal wavelet 1 gives FAR 0.08
and FRR 0.07 and with level 4 it gives FAR 0.08 and FRR 0.03. Haar wavelet with
level 1 and 4 gives accuracy 93.6% and 98.2% respectively. Also Bi-orthogonal
wavelet with level 1 and 4 gives accuracy 92.5% and 94.5% respectively [15]. 2. SIFT
based iris recognition with normalization and enhancement In this a new method
named SIFT-based iris recognition with normalization and enhancement is proposed
for achieving better performance. In Comparison with other SIFT-based iris
recognition algorithms, the proposed method can overcome the difficulties of extreme
point extraction and exclude the noise points without feature loss. Experimental
results demonstrate that the normalization and enhancement steps are crucial for
SIFT-based iris recognition, and the proposed method can achieve satisfactory
recognition performance [14]. 3. Novel based scale invariant feature transform (SIFT)
method This method is used for feature extraction. where feature points can be
represented well with enhancement and some fake feature points can be excluded with
normalization. the CASIA-v1 iris database to compare the results with different
methods of different iris recognition methods based on SIFT. The database includes
108 classes and each class has 7 pictures captured in two sessions.

Figure .1 Modern MRI: (a) a scanner at St George’s Radiology and (b) an image
of the author’s eye acquired using it.
Although the accuracy of this method becomes higher, the cost of time consumption
will increase compared with method of enhancement without normalization. This
method extracted iris features from annular images by iris location and segmentation.
However, this algorithm usually tends to find insufficient feature points from iris
images, which degrades the performance of recognition system. Belcher and Du tried

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to apply region- based SIFT to improve accuracy of iris recognition. This method
divided each iris image into three parts, from which features can be extracted.
However, it introduced additional noisy points and caused features loss inevitably.
Feature points are extracted from two iris images to be matched with SIFT algorithm
respectively. Based on feature points extracted from each image, the same feature
points are selected as matching pairs and the number of matching pairs is used to
measure the similarity of these two iris images. Then the suitable threshold T (the
number of matching pairs) is selected after testing the matching results of the whole
iris database. Two iris images will be classified as the same class if the number of
matching pairs is bigger than T, otherwise these two iris images will be classified as
different classes. Although the accuracy of this method becomes higher the cost of
time consumption will increase compared with method of enhancement without
normalization [14]. 4.Iris recognition based on LBP and combined LVQ classifier
Also one method by M. Z. Rashad which was based on a Local Binary Pattern and
histogram properties as a statistical approaches for feature extraction , and Combined
Learning Vector Quantization Classifier as Neural Network approach for
classification, in order to build a hybrid model depends on both features. The
localization and segmentation techniques are presented using both Canny edge
detection and Hough Circular Transform in order to isolate an iris from the whole eye
image and for noise detection .Feature vectors results from LBP is applied to a
Combined LVQ classifier with different classes to determine the minimum acceptable
performance, and the result is based on majority voting among several LVQ classifier.
Different iris datasets CASIA, MMU1, MMU2, and LEI with different extensions and
size are presented. Since LBP is working on a grayscale level so colored iris images
should be transformed into a grayscale level. The proposed system gives a high
recognition rate 99.87 % on different iris datasets compared with other methods. 5.Iris
recognition using ridgelet transform Ridgelet transform also applied for iris
recognition which is the combination of Radon transforms and Wavelet transforms.
They are suitable for extracting the abundantly present textural data that is in an iris.
The technique proposed here uses the ridgelets to form.

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1.4 Exogenous Contrast
Much like the BOLD method described above, the use of an exogenous
contrast agent in functional imaging depends on the eventual change in local
concentration of a magnetically active substance. A wide variety of contrast agents
are used clinically for diagnostic purposes, with gadolinium – a compound long
known to affect magnetic relaxation rates(Bernheim et al., 1959) – perhaps being the
most common (Gries and Miklautz, 1984; Villringer et al., 1988). Super paramagnetic
iron oxide agents, such as Ferridex, also have use in the imaging of organ tissue, but
can be readily adapted as a functional contrast as well. Recently, the agent MION has
been developed specifically for MRI and demonstrates improvements over other iron
oxide contrasts in terms of spatial and temporal resolution (Shenetal., 1993;
Mandeville et al., 1998).
In this case, when an areas of cortex becomes active, the local vasculature
expands with an increase in cerebral blood volume, resulting in a given volume of
brain having relatively more of the iron oxide agent. This local concentration of iron
oxide produces a focal in homogeneity in the magnetic field of the scanner. Nuclei
affected by this in homogeneity de-phase quickly producing a drop in T2*. Much like
the effects then of deoxygenated blood, a drop in signal intensity is observed. It is
important to note that this is the opposite effect of the BOLD signal: with an iron
oxide contrast agent, an increase in activation yields a decrease in signal intensity.

1.5 MRI Investigation of the Visual Motion After effect

Similar to the electrophysiology, investigation of the time course of MRI
activation during a MAE task shows a correlation between perceived strength of
motion and the MR signal strength (Tootell et al., 1995). Furthermore, this technique
allowed the anatomical localization of an area in human cortex which responded
similarly to the macaque motion sensitive areas MT and MST (Tanaka et al., 1986).
This early study did not have the spatial resolution to separate the two regions
functionally, and the area was therefore termed the MT+ complex in human. More
recent investigations involving hemifield stimuli similar to those used here were able
to functionally dissect human MT+ into putative MT (pMT) and MST (pMST)
regions posteriorly and anteriorly, respectively (Dukelow et al., 2001). A separate

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study has linked the effects of selective attention to an up regulation of the response
during the MAE (Huk et al., 2001).
As the technique begins to proliferate, macaque cortex beyond the primary
visual areas is currently being investigated. Anterior regions in the ventral stream of
object and shape recognition are being described (Denys et al., 2004) and are
demonstrated to show selective activation for the presentation of intact versus
scrambled objects. Similarly, these areas have also been found to respond to images
of faces (Tsao et al., 2003). Beyond passive viewing experiments, areas of cortex
responsive to the execution and direction of saccades have been functionally imaged
in frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex (Koyamaet al., 2004).

1.6 SURGICAL PLANNING

Secondary only to primary diagnostic imaging, MRI finds clinical use as a
surgical planning tool. Whether the procedure demands the targeting of a structure for
repair or stimulation, or the demarcation of the extent of a region to be excised, as in
the case of a 12 tumour, the high-resolution of MRI clearly provides a major aid.
Indeed, beyond investigation in humans, anatomical imaging has been used for
localization and differentiation in species useful in experimentation, such as the
rhesus monkey (Price et al., 1997). Adapted to the neuroscience laboratory, medical
uses may still be prevalent, but in the case of single and multiple cell
electrophysiology a prime concern is the targeting of implanted electrodes or
recording chambers (Asahi et al., 2003; Scherberger et al., 2003). Precise drug
delivery, necessary in lesioning, also benefits from image-based targeting (Blaizot et
al., 1999). While use of a magnet-compatible and visible stereotaxic device has been
developed for surgical planning in the macaque (Saunders et al., 1990), such a
technique requires specialized equipment that may not be readily available.
Fortunately, anatomical landmarks commonly used in stereo taxic positioning, such as
the internal auditory meati, can be visualized by imaging. The acquired image can be
modified by computational methods (Cox, 1996a) to any alignment, in this case
orthogonal to a stereotaxic setup.
Using anatomical or functional landmarks to identify the structures of interest
on the MRI image, the surgeon is then able to position chambers and/or electrodes by
using the coordinate frame of the stereo taxic device inside the operating theatre

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(Dubowitz, 2002a). Such precise targeting helps to ensure that neurons of interest fall
near subsequent electrode penetrations, paring the time and effort of the experimenter
and subject.
Visual motion is an integral and vital facet of sensory perception. While
information may certainly be conveyed by a static scene, it is changing or moving
scenes which are most prevalent in daily life. A simple, yet striking, illustration of the
cortical processing of motion is the visual motion after-effect (MAE), an early subject
of psychophysics (Addams, 1834; Wohlgemuth, 1911).
After viewing a scene with a constant direction of motion for several seconds,
the opposite of that motion is perceived upon subsequent viewing of a static image.
The percept of the after-effect can be extended by the placement of an intervening
dark, or storage, period between the two phases of the stimulus. Investigation of
motion and its after-effect has been pursued in many species, with fundamental
studies of neuronal activity performed using single unit electrode recordings (Barlow
and Hill, 1963; Maffei et al., 1973; Petersen et al., 1985). The MAE has also served as
the subject of previous fMRI investigations (Tootell et al., 1995);
He et al., 1998; Culham et al., 1999; Culham et al., 2000; Seiffert et al., 2003).
A human homologue of macaque cortex area MT and MST, fundamental in motion
processing, has been identified and is commonly referred to as V5, MT+, or the MT+
complex. Both areas respond to motion in the visual field with MT responding
preferentially to simple motion, while MST has a role in more 16 complex processing
such as object motion (Tanaka et al., 1993; Vanduffel et al., 2002) and the perception
of heading and self-motion (Andersen et al., 2000). When functionally identified, this
area typically is found on the lateral aspect of the occipital lobe, within or about the
posterior reaches of the inferior temporal sulcus. Like macaque MT and MST, the
area responds to stimuli such as first- or second-order motion, and shares anatomical
similarities with the macaque region (Seiffert et al., 2003).
Recently, further functional subdivision of this area has been possible using
fMRI, such that putative homologues of the specific areas MT and MST, dubbed pMT
and pMST in the human, can be identified based on their response to partial visual
field stimuli (Dukelow et al., 2001). The areas differ in the important aspect that
receptive fields of area MST are much larger than those of area MT, reaching 30
degrees or more across the vertical visual meridian into the contralateral visual field
(Desimone and Ungerleider, 1986; Tanaka et al., 1986; Raiguel et al., 1997). Tootell

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et al. (1995) demonstrated that human visual areas from V2 to MT+ have an
increasing activation during a MAE stimulus but did not differentiate between pMT
and pMST. Towards that end, this study combines the investigation of the MAE with
the use of a hemi field stimulus to attempt the analysis of the after-effect in both
subdivisions of the human MT+ complex.
Storage of the MAE is known to occur when a blank field is presented
between the moving and static stimuli (Thompson and Wright, 1994; Verstratenet al.,
1994), and has been shown to prolong and postpone the functional activation during
fMRI investigation (Culham et al., 1999). A storage period is used in this study to aid
in the separation of activity resulting from real motion vs. perceived motion.
All data was collected on a 1.5 T Magnetom Vision clinical MRI scanner
(Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with 25 mT/m (300 μs rise time) gradients. A
conventional “birdcage” head coil was used for all measurements. Anatomical
imaging was performed using a magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient
echo sequence (TR 14 ms, TE 4 ms, 30 degree flip angle) with a 256 x 256 mm field
of view on a 256 x 256 matrix yielding a native in plane resolution of 1 x 1 mm. 150
slices were acquired sagittally at 1 mm spacing to preserve voxel isotropy. Functional
imaging was performed using a custom low-bandwidth (833 Hz/Px) echo-planar
gradient echo sequence (TE 50 ms, TR 2 s effective, 90 degree flip angle) with a 256
x 256 mm field of view on a 64 x 64 matrix yielding an in plane resolution of 4 x 4
mm. 16 slices were acquired coronally at 4 mm spacing giving a final isotropic voxel
resolution of 4 mm.

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 CHAPTER-5

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

RESULTS:

Figure: This is the image of RGB to gray scale color converted image where we can
read the pixels as per segmentation process.

Figure: These are the resultant clustered images of the gray scale image.

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Figure : This is the resultant image representing boundaries.

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