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Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor using Variable Frequency

Derive Control System

Article · January 2020

DOI: 10.14741/ijcet/v.10.1.2

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International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161
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Research Article

Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor using Variable

Frequency Derive Control System
Muhammad Ahsan Niazi#*, Qaisar Hayat^, Basit Khan! and Muhammad Afaq‡
#Electrical Engineering Department, Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
^Electronics and Communication Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
!Electrical Engineering Department, Comsats University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
‡Electrical Engineering Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh, Pakistan

Received 10 Nov 2019, Accepted 12 Jan 2020, Available online 15 Jan 2020, Vol.10, No.1 (Jan/Feb 2020)

Abstract

Three-phase AC induction motors play a very important role in industry due to its low price and simplicity. The
induction motor is used to convert three-phase AC power into mechanical power. When the load on an induction
motor increases the percentage of slip is increase, which leads to decrease the speed of induction motor while
constant speed in industry is very important. This paper presents a simple converter for driving three-phase Induction
motor from three-phase AC supply by using the variable frequency drive in feedback. So the speed of induction motor
is controlled by variable frequency device automatically through controller. It is simple and efficient method to
control the speed because speed depends upon voltage, pole and frequency. Poles are fix inbuilt in the motor so we
cannot change it and speed control through VFD is simple and energy efficient method. This technique implemented
on hardware. So this technique is robust and simpler to implement.

Keywords: Three-phase induction motor, VFD, Speed control

Introduction speed of motor is compared with the reference

frequency. Transducer is an encoder which is used to
1 When the load on an induction motor increases the find the stator frequency as well as speed. If the output
percentage of slip is increase, which leads to decrease frequency is decreases due to load then speed of motor
the speed of induction motor. The aim of this research is also decrease, so transducer compare it with
to control speed of three phase induction motor and reference frequency and increase the output frequency
maintain it to its rated speed by using feedback control so speed of motor is increased (Moffat et al, 1979).
system. Induction motor is used in place of DC motors Variable speed of the induction motor closed loop
because of high initial and maintenance cost, it cannot have a dynamic behavior and motor control derive
be used for explosive and hazard condition and un- system consist of SCR was connected the motor in
availability of DC supply. The use of induction motor is three phase star configuration at the open side of star
very large from domestic level to industry level. circuit (Romamoorty et al, 1979).
In early the cost of variable frequency derive is very To observe the motor performance under load by
high so cannot use at that time. Technology improve changing the frequency through VFD and check the
the VFD and nowadays VFD is available at very low total loss of energy by using VFD and without use of
price. VFD(Burt Charles et al, 2008).
Three phase induction motor speed control by Power cable control application was also used to
using TRIAC in line rather than SCR in series and control the speed of induction motor. The power cable
TRIAC are used in phase control mode. The firing angle use as feedback loop in inverter fed electric drive.
from 00 to 1800 is controlled by using TRIAC so the Communication channel was made from power cable
voltage phase angle is controlled which control the which verify and model in laboratory. Communication
speed of motor (Kenly et al, 1976).This method is not through PLC takes time delay in communication and
efficient due to commutation. having limitations to use at home but communication
through power cable have no time delay constant and
Speed of induction motor is controlled through
fast response(Konate et al, 2009).
digital phase locked loop in feedback system. The
The simple method to control single phase
*Corresponding author ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2042-3209 induction motor by controlling the frequency. The
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.10.1.2 frequency control device consist of AC to DC and DC to
5| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.10, No.1 (Jan/Feb 2020)
Muhammad Ahsan Niazi et al Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor using Variable Frequency Derive Control System

AC conversion, H-bridge, IC and MOSFET (Latt Aung proportional to the stator voltage so torque is
Zaw et al, 2009). controlled by voltage as well as speed. The starting
The voltage and frequency ratio is adjusted in such current of motor is very high because at starting it
a way that the voltage and frequency ratio kept requires high torque. So reduced the starting current
constant by keeping the v/f constant so the speed of by varying the voltage and frequency and achieve the
motor is constant. When the speed of motor is rated speed and torque through changing the voltage
decreased it mean frequency or voltage is also and frequency(AL-Naib et al 2017).
decreased to kept the voltage and frequency ratio In this paper variable frequency derive is used in
constant to achieve the required speed. By using this feedback control system. Motor speed has directly
technique different speed and torque can be achieved relation to the frequency and inverse relation to the
(Arulmozhiyal et al, 2009).
poles.
Multi-cell inverter includes an array of the single
phase inverters have the ability to control the higher Constant speed achieved by variable frequency
rating voltage device from lower rating device. A Real drive and this is very efficient low cost and power
Time Digital Feedback Controller (RTDFBC) combined saving method.
with the Repetitive Controller which is proposed to
control the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) fed by the Methodology
multi-cellular inverter. This digital control
characterized by very fast transient response and low
In VFD three phase AC voltages are converted into
switching losses, and the proper compensation for
cyclical fluctuations and load disturbances(Ben-Brahim pulsating DC voltages where ripples are minimized by
et al, 2010). using low pass filters. Converted DC is applied to the
Direct Torque Control method provides the IGBT’s to invert it into three phase square waves AC.
decoupled control of flux and torque of induction Phase sequence of three phase AC is adjusted by using
motor. This method has a simple control structure and gate driver. Inverted AC is applied to three phase
provides good and fast dynamic torque response. It induction motor. An encoder is adjusted with the shaft
also provides the indirect control stator currents and
of motor to measures motors RPM, which is then sent
the voltages (Sobha et al, 2011)(Verma Vimlesh et al
2013). to controller where it compares reference to update
The fault tolerant of speed control of five-phase the required speed.
induction motor drives with ability to run the system In three phase full wave un-controlled rectifiers 6-
after and before an open-phase fault situation using an diodes are used to obtain six numbers of pulses known
FCS-MPC plan. The Experimental results which are as six-pulse Bridge. Each diode having current rating of
provided the rated currents, fast and ripple-free torque
10A and voltage rating of 1200V are used. A 3-phase
response(Guzman Hugo er al, 2013).
Stator is a primary part and rotor of the motor act AC-DC rectifier is shown in Fig 1.
as a secondary part of the transformer flux produce in
secondary winding due to the flow of current in
primary winding through mutual induction. Observe
the different parameter of the motor behavior of motor
changes when load increase flux frequency and flow of
current in primary and secondary winding is also
change. Observe all these parameter and then verify
these parameters by the modeled circuit on Simulink
(Batool Munira et al, 2013).
When the motor operate at low frequency flux in air
gap is also decreased due to impedance decreased in
stator so the stator voltage maintain in such a way to
get the flux constant at the same time the input
frequency is also varied according to the output speed
to get the voltage and frequency ratio constant (Petal Fig. 1. Three-Phase AC to DC Rectifiers
jay et al, 2014) .
The speed and torque of motor control and improve Opto-coupler or optical isolator uses light while
through direct torque control (DTC) from zero to transferring electrical signal between two circuits.
maximum rated speed and torque (Alsofyani et al, Opto-isolator consists of a phototransistor and LED in
2015). parallel opaque fashion. The 6N137 is an Opto-coupler
The variable voltage and variable frequency derive consists of a 850nm AlGaAS LED, coupled to a very high
is very efficient through variable frequency speed photodetector logic gate storable output.
derive(Park et al 2016). The torque produced by the Temperature ranges for coupled parameters is-40°C to
motor has direct relation to the magnetic field which +85°C. The symbol an Opto-coupler and an IC is also
produced by stator and stator magnetic flux directly shown in Fig 2.
6| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.10, No.1 (Jan/Feb 2020)
Muhammad Ahsan Niazi et al Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor using Variable Frequency Derive Control System

motors. Electric load would be resistive or inductive.

Electric load is connected in parallel. Complete
hardware is shown in Fig 5.

Fig. 2. Working Principle of Opto-coupler

Variable frequency derive have different types v/f,

vector and flux. The most commonly used method is
v/f other two method is also used but v/f most efficient
method. Speed of motor controlled from zero to
maximum speed through VFD. VFD operation circuit is
shown in fig 3.
Fig. 5. Complete Hardware

Flow chart

Fig. 3. VFD Operation

Following equivalent circuit shows the complete

circuitry of three phase induction motor speed control
by using frequency control scheme in Fig 4.

1-
2- Power on to run the hardware. The 3-Φ supply is
applied to hardware to turn on the controller and other
electrical components.
3- First of all system needs mode selection from user:
with feedback or without feedback. Press the desired
Fig. 4. Equivalent Circuit Diagram with VFD system button to proceed further. Secondly speed in rpm as
input from user and press “*”. If user don’t enter speed
Complete Hardware then system will runs at default speed.
4- Motor will run only at given input set from the
Speed of induction motor depends upon stator keypad.
frequency, stator voltage, number of poles, constant of5- Motor speed limit is adjusted from 800 to 1300
V/F, and rotor resistance in case of wound type rotor RPM. Motor will operate if we enter values range
etc. Applied voltage of an induction motor has direct between 800 to 1300 RPM. If YES, then it will move
relation with torque. forward and update frequency value. Otherwise NO,
Applied frequency has directly proportional to then motor will run on 800 RPM when entered RPM is
rotor speed and inversely proportional to the number less than 800 otherwise run on 1300 RPM.
of stator pole. 6- Controller receives RPM from encoder and compare
Electric load is connected with generator to vary it with reference RPM. When both RPM’s are equal then
the torque of motor, a variation in electric load on controller do nothing, if current speed is greater than
generator results in change in the speed of induction reference speed controller reduce frequency to
7| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.10, No.1 (Jan/Feb 2020)
Muhammad Ahsan Niazi et al Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor using Variable Frequency Derive Control System

decrease the speed of motor otherwise increase the With feedback

motor speed.
When motor is initially started at 1200 rpm with
Result and Discussion feedback, it approaches 1198 rpm after an overshoot
which is the motor behavior. When 15 watts load is
Results are compared with feedback and without applied its speed is decreased to 1165 rpm, which will
feedback system. The motor is three phase 0.5-hp, 4- approach steady state values (1203 rpm) in 200 msec.
pole, and 2-pole, 1-hp, 500 watts and 220 volts of The graph at 15 watt load and 1200 rpm (reference) is
generator is coupled with motor. Loads of 15watts, shown in Fig 7.
30watts and 45watts are applied on both of technique
as shown in Tables.

Table I. Speed without Feedback at different loads

and 1200 RPM

Current Current
Reference
Sr. Speed Load Speed
Speed
without load With Load
1 1200 1180 15 1145
2 1200 1181 30 1115
3 1200 1179 45 1096

TABLE II. Speed with Feedback at different loads

and 1200 RPM

Current Current Fig. 7. Time vs Speed

Reference
Sr. Speed Load Speed
Speed
without load With Load Case 2
1 1200 1198 15 1203
2 1200 1203 30 1201
3 1200 1201 45 1195
In second case load of 30 watts is applied on motor and
set speed of the motor is 1200 rpm.
Case 1
Without feedback
In first case 15 watts resistive load is connected with
generator and speed of three phase induction motor is When motor is initially started at 1200 rpm without
decreased. feedback, it approaches 1181 instead of 1200 rpm.
When a load of 30 watts is applied its speed is
Without feedback decreased to 1115 rpm, which will never approach
steady state values (1170 or 1200 rpm). The graph at
When motor is initially started at 1200 rpm without 30watt load and 1200 rpm (reference) is shown in Fig
feedback, it approaches 1180 instead of 1200 rpm. 8.
When a load of 15 watts is applied its speed is
decreased to 1135 rpm, which will never approach
steady state values (1180 or 1200 rpm). The graph at
15 watt load and 1200 rpm (reference) is shown in Fig
6.

Fig. 8. Time vs Speed

With feedback

When motor is initially started at 1200 rpm with

feedback, it approaches 1203 rpm after an overshoot
Fig. 6. Time vs Speed which is the motor behavior. When 30 watts load is
8| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.10, No.1 (Jan/Feb 2020)
Muhammad Ahsan Niazi et al Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor using Variable Frequency Derive Control System

applied its speed is decreased to 1135 rpm, which will

approach steady state values (1201 rpm) in 250 msec.
The graph at 30 watt load and 1200 rpm (reference) is
shown in Fig 9.

Fig.11. Time vs Speed

Conclusion

This paper addresses the VFD technique to regulated

the speed of 3-ф induction motor. The hardware of
Fig. 9. Time vs Speed VFD based speed control of induction motor was
implemented to balance the speed at nominal value
Case 3 and to reduce the starting current. VFD controller is
tested under different load conditions. It give
In 3rd case load of 45 watts is applied and results are satisfactory performance. It is possible to implement
compared below. speed control system to control the multiple motors
with the same device. The controller used in this paper
Without feedback is also use to monitor the other parameters of the
motor.
When motor is initially started at 1200 rpm without
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