KP Flood Response Plan

KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
FLOOD RESPONSE
PLAN 2022
Damage Assessment & Adaptive Climate Strategy
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
FLOOD RESPONSE
PLAN 2022
Damage Assessment & Adaptive Climate Strategy
“
CHIEF MINISTER’S
MESSAGE
MAHMOOD KHAN
Chief Minister
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Words cannot capture the extent to which these floods have devastated one-third of Pakistan. Lives have
been lost, entire villages have been nearly washed away, and landscapes have fundamentally changed.
Upon going to the flood affected areas in my province, I was struck by the sheer scale of destruction that
climate disasters can inflict in a matter of days. In simultaneity, another feeling took hold of me upon
realizing the scale of effort required to appropriately respond to the challenge at hand.
Climate calamities are becoming more frequent and impactful, for which our response must be equally - if
not more—impactful. As a Government, we are determined to rise to both the current challenge of
rehabilitating the province and preparing it against, I fear, probable future climate disasters. This Flood
Response Plan (FRP) is an immediate product of our commitment, laying ground for further climate-
resilient growth and development.
In order to deliver immediate relief and repair major damages, the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(GoKP) has already committed as many resources as it could. However, in the interests of the people of
the province, we would be poor planners if we did not acknowledge our need for assistance in delivering
a safe and secure future for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). For this, the Federation must come together. We
turn to the Federal Government and our development partners for their support, in terms of funding and
expertise, in developing and executing our proposed Response Plan. Their support is direly needed to
aid both post-damage rehabilitation and the required resilience-building measures identified by my
government. While KP fared better than other flood-affected areas in Pakistan this time, we are well
aware that this will not always be the case. As such, we intend to plan for the worst.
Our Flood Response Plan is a road map of systemic reforms and necessary adaptive and mitigative
measures required to rebuild the lives of affected people and reduce their future vulnerability. It is also a
guide for where others may supplement our resources or add their knowledge and expertise to our
proposals. Thus, we hope to work with partners, both national and international, in executing and further
refining this plan.
“
CHIEF SECRETARY
MESSAGE
SHAHZAD KHAN BANGASH

Chief Secretary
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The 2010 floods in Pakistan were a shocking testament to both the reality of climate change and how little
we were prepared for it. Immediately acting to rectify Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s shortcomings, the provincial
government developed a fundamental Climate Change Policy and began inculcating climate-related
considerations in majorly susceptible sectors. Despite this, the floods of 2022 were a bolt out of the blue.
This year’s calamitous combination of extreme rainfall, large glacial melt volumes, and runoffs were
beyond the scope of any of our predictive weather models based on data from the 2010 floods. Visuals of
entire dwellings being swept away, of people clutching their belongings, and of scores of survivors in
emergency relief camps, have garnered notice from both national and international empathisers.
Yet, we responded well. While areas were still submerged and rains carried on, the GoKP operated on a
basic principle of rescuing as many people as possible and ensuring an uninterrupted delivery of
essential services. This required quick and effective coordination between all our departments and
officials within a seemingly impossible timeframe; when considering this, I am proud of our collective
response and emergency performance. Early warning systems were operationalised and evacuation
operations were conducted in extremely difficult situations. The Rescue 1122 teams were timely and
effective in saving entrapped affecttees, while District Commissioners proved their adeptness at
delivering immediate relief goods, planning logistics for temporary relocations and managing overall
integrated response. Thus, in an unprecedented state of emergency, we managed our disaster response
well.
We have now moved out of this emergency phase and are gearing ourselves to an equally dire challenge:
the rehabilitation of both the people and the areas affected. There are homes that are damaged,
compensation to be delivered and essential post-disaster rehabilitation services to be provided.
Simultaneously, our government is dedicated to ensuring that it is never caught unprepared for another
freak by-product of climate change. To this end, concurrent to planning for reconstruction and
rehabilitation, we have also planned for enhanced resiliency of people and structures. This Flood
Response Plan, thus, forms GoKP’s preliminary response to the two types of challenges it currently faces:
those invoked by the floods and those invoked by the greater, looming threat of climate change.
Our Flood Response Plan identifies what needs to be done, and what funding deficits are currently
preventing the Government from doing so. We hope this plan will both communicate our willingness to
adapt and prepare for climate change, as well as our openness to support from others. Together, we can
co-ensure a safe and resilient future for the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
“
ADDITIONAL
CHIEF SECRETARY
MESSAGE
SHAHAB ALI SHAH

Additional Chief Secretary
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
After the devastating floods, our initial priority is to get back to where we were before the monsoons in the
least possible time. This is a challenge on two fronts. First is the sheer scale at which damages have been
sustained throughout the province. Second, and perhaps more significantly, is the longer-term question
of how we ensure that the province is equipped to respond to such natural disasters in the future and
increasingly is able to adapt and mitigate the risks of climate change-caused disasters.
On the first challenge, GoKP provided immediate and sustained attention to relief and rehabilitation,
aiming to mitigate the effects of floods on lives and short-term sustenance. On the second challenge, the
Planning and Development Department (P&DD) is steering a multi-departmental effort led by P&DD to
create an effective rehabilitation response, parts of which are delineated in this FRP 2022.
The fundamental objectives of the Flood Response Plan are to: (a) reach every affected household with
immediate relief supplies; (b) restore essential public services and prevent disease breakouts; (c)
prioritize restoration; (d) adopt a data-driven approach to direct resources to priorities and identification
of key adaptation and mitigation opportunities; and (e) develop adaptation and mitigation strategies for a
resilient Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
KP has begun its work to adopt adaptative and mitigative measures in its policy frameworks; realign
institutional roles and responsibilities for their implementation; identify critical changes in its flood basin
management and infrastructure regulations; initiate plans to implement local mitigation measures
including but not limited to watershed management, afforestation, master planning and land use
planning; engage and empower communities as partners in climate change response modulation; and
explore climate financing to improve infrastructure resilience.
We, thus, plan to deal with both the climactic and incipient effects of climate change. These are major
challenges and will strain our fiscal space. Hence, as we embark on planning a climate resilient future for
our province, we aim to engage with local and international sources for finance to help implement
adaptation and mitigation initiatives.
The FRP 2022 is our initial effort and, while it delineates some immediate steps, it more importantly sets
out an agenda of work for the next many months. We intend to continue further work on developing local-
suited adaptation and mitigation measures and culminate this endeavor in a Resilience Attainment Plan.
I acknowledge Mr. Kamran Afridi, Special Secretary-P&DD, in leading the development of this Flood
Response Plan. In this, he was supported by our line departments and district administrations.
Additionally, this document is a product of GoKP's long-standing partnership with the United Nations
Development Programme's Merged Areas Governance Project (UNDP MAGP). Their technical assistance
and support was highly valued throughout the making of this document.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary 01
1. Introduction 13
2. Immediate Relief Measures 17
2.1. Monsoons as a Recurring Seasonal Event and Relief Requirements 17

2.2.Recent Manifestations of Climate Change and Relief Planning 17
3. Private Sector Damages Assessment 21
4. Public Infrastructure Damages Assessment 23
4.1. Methodology of Damages Assessment 23

4.2.Disambiguation from the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment 23
4.3. Sectoral Damages Assessment 26
4.4. Aggregate Public Sector Damages Assessment 37
5. Sectoral Response Plans 38
6. Financial Requirements and Financing Gap 74
6.1 Indicative Funding from Development Partners 74

6.2 Annual Development Programme Repurposing 74
6.3 Prioritisation of Financial Requirements 75
6.4 Standing Financial Gap 76
7. Monitoring and Evaluation 77
Flood Response M&E Plan of 2022 77

8. Responsive Data-Driven Development 81
8.1 Preparedness Assessments 81

8.2 Vulnerability Indices 82
8.3 District-Specific Response Plans 82
9. Achieving Heightened Preparedness 83
9.1 Current Limitations in Response Preparedness 83

9.2 Preparedness and Institutional Readiness Drills 84
9.3 Key Agency Plans 86
9.4 Assets Management Systems 88
9.5 Short-Term Measures 89
9.6 Medium-Term Plans 92
10. Building Resilient Systems 94
10.1 Watershed Management 95

10.2 River Basin Management 96
10.3 Afforestation 97
10.4 Scientific and Technological Solutions 99
10.5 Addressing Desertification 106
10.6 Flood Insurance 107
11. Institutions for Adaptation and Mitigation 111
11.1 Climate Change Governance in KP 111

11.2 Essential Institutional Adjustments for Adaptation and Mitigation 112
11.3 Development of Climate Response Systems and Capacities 116
11.4 Public Communications and Community Engagement 118
11.5 M&E, Reporting and Governance 120
12. Establishment of a Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund 123
13. Climate Change Financing Options 126
14. Conclusion 130
Annex 1: Components of Flood Response 132

Annex 2: Financial Compensation Requirements as Part of Disaster Risk Management 147
Annex 3: Role of Administrative Departments in Disaster Management 148
Annex 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Forms 155
ACRONYMS
ADP Annual Development Programme
AC Assistant Commissioner
AAC Additional Assistant Commissioner
ACEP Afghan Clean Energy Project
ALP Accelerated Learning Program
AD Assistant Director
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIP Accelerated Implementation Programme
AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir
ADC Additional Deputy Commissioner
BTAP Billion Tree Afforestation Project
BoS Bureau of Statistics
BECS Basic Education Community School
BBB Build Back Better
BHU's Basic Health Units
BTT Billion Tree Tsunami
C&W Communication & Works
CRIF Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund
CRA Climate Risk Assessment
CAC Claim Assessment Committee
CBDRM Community-Based Disaster Risk Management
CDGAD Community Development and Gender Development
CPO Chief Planning Officer
CM Chief Minister
CS Chief Secretary
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CBO Community Based Organisation
CCAP CCAP -
DC Deputy Commissioners
DDMO District Disaster Management Officers
DHQ District Headquarter Hospital
DI Dera Ismael Khan
DWSS Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation
DRMM Disaster Risk Management Measures
DCMA Data Collecting and Monitoring Assistants
DCE Detailed Cost Estimate
DRM Disaster Risk Management
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DEOC District Emergency Operations Centers
EOP Emergency Operating Plan
EMA Education Monitoring Authority
EN Eurocodes
EWS Early Warning System
EIA Environmental Impacts Assessment
E&P Energy and Power
E&SE Elementary and Secondary Education
EST Environmentally Sound Technologies
EAS Emergency Alert System
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERF Emergency Response Force
FRP Flood Response Plan
FAO Food Agricultural Organization
FFMT Forest Fire Management Team
GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
GDP Gross Domestic Products
GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
GIS Geographic Information System
GEF Global Environment Facility
GCF GCF- Green Climate Fund
HPP Hydropower Project
IMU Independent Monitoring Unit
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International Standards
ICT Information Communications Technology
INGO International Non-Government Organisation
IEEE Institute of Engineering and Electronics Engineers
IBM International Business Machine Cooperation
KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
KFW German Development Bank
KITE Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Tourism
LG Local Government
LIDR LIDR -
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MA Merged Areas
MAGP Merged Areas Governance Project
MRS Market Rate System
MW Megawatts
MET Pakistan Meteorological Department
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NCHD National Commission for Human Development
NAWAS National Warning System
NFI Food Items
NOC Non objection Certificate
NGO Non- Government Organtisation
ORI Operation Risks Insights
PKR Pakistani Rupees
PNA Preparedness Needs Assessment
PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority
PSC Provincial Steering Committee
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
P&DD Planning and Development Department
PEOC Provincial Emergency Operation Cell
PEDO Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization
PTC Parents Teachers Council
PTA Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
PC-I Planning Commission-I
PD Project Director
PMRU Performance Management & Reforms Unit
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Project
RHC Rural Health Center
RNA Ribonucleic acid
SOP Standard Operating Procedures
SE's Sub-Engineer
SEA Strategic Environment Assessment
TMO Tehsil Municipal Administration
TLCs Temporary Learning Centers
TNA Training Need Assessment
UN United Nations
UCDMC Union Council Disaster Management Authority
UNRC United Nations Resident Coordinator
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
QPF Quantitative Precipitation forecast
UADA Urban Areas Development Authority
UC Union Council
VDC Village Development Committee
WEF Water Energy Food
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
FLOOD RESPONSE PLAN 2022
Executive Summary
Despite keeping carbon emissions to less than 1 percent of global carbon emissions, Pakistan is in the
midst of a climate disaster. Torrential monsoon rains triggered the most severe flooding in Pakistan's
recent history, submerging one-third of Pakistan. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) alone in the immediate
aftermath of the floodwaters, 311 deaths were reported, with 381 people sustaining major injuries. The
floods triggered severe repercussions for human life, property, infrastructure, disrupted livelihoods and
public services, and brought losses to the economic infrastructure in the affected areas. Further, areas
adjacent to water bodies and reservoirs incurred massive damages and thousands of people living in the
surrounding regions found themselves homeless overnight with their belongings and agricultural fields
completely ruined. A total of 91,468 houses have been completely or partially damaged leaving
approximately 674,318 people internally displaced. KP has struggled to cope with the consequences of
the natural disaster, including displacement, growing food insecurity and the imminent risk of system
breakdown as all essential services-water, electricity, sanitation systems, and healthcare system teetered
on the edge of fragility. Crops grown over 107,220 acres have been washed away and over 39,000
livestock have been lost. Heavy rain and flooding have also increased the spread of seasonal and
waterborne diseases like cholera, dengue fever and malaria, which continue to claim lives in a context
where health facilities and communication networks have been greatly affected due to flooding. In
addition to the emerging scale of damages, the Government of KP is cognizant of the challenge that is
manifesting itself in the shape of floods but is yet to be completely scaled for its effects on the natural
resources, economy and people of the province¹.
GoKP provided immediate and sustained attention to relief and rehabilitation, aiming to mitigate the
effects of floods on lives and short-term sustenance. This was closely followed by a multi-departmental
effort led by the Planning and Development Department (P&DD) to create a rehabilitation response, parts
of which are delineated in the Flood Response Plan 2022 (FRP 2022). The provincial leadership is
cognizant of the fact that climate change has instigated climactic effects on the mountains, rivers and
rainfall patterns of the province; at the same time, parts of the province face depleting water resources,
threats to crops and tree cover, and heightening incidences of heat waves and freak weather, in turn
devastating farm yields and adversely affecting livelihoods. As part of the FRP 2022, P&DD is leading an
effort to identify areas for adaptation and mitigation actions that will commence immediately and
continue in the medium term to create a resilient Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP).
Thus, GoKP has developed the KP FRP of 2022, for both the fixative and the preemptive measures.
Reflecting both, the FRP is organized as two parts. Part A lists actions for short-term rehabilitation while
Part B delves into adaptation and mitigation endeavours that cannot be postponed without accumulating
costs for lives and livelihoods. Therefore, overarchingly, the cardinal principles of FRP 2022 are: (a) reach
every affected household with immediate relief supplies; (b) restore essential public services and prevent
disease breakouts; (c) prioritize restoration over other public expenditures; (d) adopt a data-driven
approach to direct resources to priorities and identification of key adaptation and mitigation
opportunities; and (e) develop adaptation and mitigation strategies for a resilient KP.
1
Latest figures taken from the KP Flood Damages 2022- Provincial Dashboard.
https://datastudio.google.com/reporting/2b726786-5451-419a-b737-f2a40f0e25f4/page/p_zb2c82f5xc
01
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Part A: Assessment of Damages and Immediate Response

Policies will only bear fruit if accurately cost estimated and adequately funded. The GoKP therefore
assigns high priority to estimation of financial requirements to bring the adversely affected local
economies and conurbations back to at least pre-disaster levels of development and livelihoods-and
preferably with disaster-resilient attributes-while working along with societal groups, as well as seeking
support from the international community in recovery and reconstruction. To this end, GoKP has
conducted a detailed survey aimed at estimating damages and losses to the public infrastructure and
privately owned assets. Estimating damages to privately owned assets are critical for ensuring fair
compensation to those affected by the floods. Estimates indicate that around a staggering PKR 164 billion
is required to reconstruct and rehabilitate public infrastructure damages and compensate private losses
to some extent.
Moreover, damages sustained by infrastructure were significantly noteworthy during these floods, with
most sectors reporting either complete or partial destruction of their public sector assets. The medium to
long-term effects on natural resource systems, lives and livelihoods are yet to be completely ascertained.
GoKP makes a beginning of grappling with these effects in the latter FRP 2022 Part B.
GoKP's Immediate Relief Measures
GoKP's emergency response aimed to provide: (a) immediate support and food materials to people
rendered homeless; (b) evacuation and safe placement; and (c) ongoing risk mitigation and attention to
daily needs and requirements to households exposed to the effects of floods. It brought a heightened
focus to provide relief in hotspots where poverty and flood exposure coincided. The government
response took steps to provide clean drinking water and restrooms to prevent the spread of waterborne
diseases, which remained a high post-flooding priority.
Further, food and shelter arrangements were made to save people from worsening food availability and
weather extremes. A total of 406,538 people have been evacuated of completely submerged areas to
date, while 69,775 people receiving emergency rescue services. The GoKP immediately set up 130
campsites and supplied 153,772 people with Non-Food Items (NFls) while 866,363 were provided with
cooked food. In terms of restoring critical infrastructure, the GoKP restored 52 bridges and 288 water
supply systems within the first few weeks of the disaster.
A total of 34,426 applications have been referred to the Government, thus far, for
financial compensation, of which 7,964 were scrutinized for eligibility and 1,677
applications approved. So far, 542 cheques have been issued to those most
in need, while remaining are currently being processed.²
² Ibid
02
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Public Infrastructure Damages Assessment
KP FRP 2022, as the next step, takes into account the damages and systematically seeks to organize the
governmental efforts at restoring livelihoods and public services and also identifies actions required to
building back with resilience. It is an effort towards comprehensively and robustly establishing a
quantitative foundation of estimated damages to public and private assets, as well as incipient and
deleterious effects of climate change that are creeping upon the KP's natural resources, people,
economy and society. As it delineates initial estimates, amounts, priorities, conditions, and targets of
resource allocations for restoring public infrastructure and compensating the flood-affected citizens, it
presents a way forward for governmental action. Further, the FRP also covers the monitoring mechanisms
put in place by the GoKP to ensure transparency and accountability at all levels and ensure optimal
utilization of funds as intended. Very importantly, the FRP takes stock of the governance mechanisms and
institutional scheme required to build, maintain and manage resilient structures and systems to mitigate
the effects of floods and climate change.
The carefully assessed damages incurred on public infrastructure are the first step in the right direction
and restoration of essential functionalities. The assessment, so far, has estimated losses to public
infrastructure at around Rs. 121 billion across sectors, with connectivity and irrigation infrastructure
incurring the most damages. Road infrastructure, indeed, has suffered extensively with several segments
of roads completely wiped out, especially in the Malakand Division. Infrastructure disruptions are an
everyday concern that affect people's well-being, economic prospects, and quality of life hence their
rehabilitation remains a key priority for the GoKP. The financial requirements for the climate-resilient
rehabilitation of the road network, alone, is currently estimated at Rs. 63 billion.³ Similarly, flood damages
to critical facilities such as power generation, education infrastructure, agriculture and public health
engineering sectors is significant. The following graphical illustration projects a sectoral breakdown of
identified damages and their costs.
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGES

(IN PKR MILLIONS)
63,000
22,386
11,590 8,394 6,751
4,857 1,091 1,130 924 505 373 230 52
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Public Infrastructure Damages
Financial Requirements and Financing Gap
To meet these financial needs, GoKP carried out an extensive internal budget assessment and intra-
departmental reappropriation process, which enabled the diversion of around Rs. 19 billion from the
Annual Development Programme to restorative and rehabilitative works. Additionally, GoKP's
development partners have so far indicated financing repair and rehabilitative efforts of up to Rs 61.5
billion. This support extends to eight of the total 13 sectors affected. Thus, five of the sectors in need of
support are currently unfunded under donor support. These are namely in the domains of local
government (a major sector), higher education, food production and security, board of revenue
infrastructure and multisectoral development.
Even with the GoKP's secured commitments from its development partners and its own fiscal resources,
the rehabilitation requirements still fall short of its total need by around Rs. 125 billion. The following figure
summarizes financial requirements, current arrangements and the standing deficit.
³ Of which around PKR 18 billion form damage rectification to pre-crisis levels.
03
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, REQUIRED FUNDS, PLAUSIBLE

ARRANGEMENTS AND STANDING DEFICIT (IN PKR MILLIONS)
205,601
121,283 124,989
80,612
61,518
42,526 35,000
6,792 19,094
Disaster Climate Intra
Total Public Private Departme- Total
Risk Resilient
Funds Sector Sector ntal Indicative Plausible Financial
Managem- Infrastruc-
Required Damages Compens- Reappro- Commitment Arrangem- Deficit
ent ture
ation priation ents
Measures Fund
205,601 121,283 42,526 6,792 35,000 19,094 61,518 80,612 124,989
Figure: Overall damage assessment, financial arrangements and standing deficit
Reversing climate vulnerability entails more than just reconstruction. An effective response must also
plan for the systematic inculcation of resilience-enhancing measures throughout KP, such that provincial
susceptibility to climate change and natural disasters are minimized. Taken together, the immediate costs
of damage rehabilitation and future resiliency requirements equal a total financial requirement of around
PKR 206 billion. For instance, to secure the province against the extremities of an increasingly disaster-
prone world, it is imperative that the financing of infrastructure be intertwined with climate-proofing best
practices. Therefore, while focusing on reconstruction and rehabilitation, GoKP is developing the
Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund (CRIF), mentioned above.
Rehabilitation Plan: A Phase-by-Phase Addition
Given the sheer quantum of public rehabilitation and reconstruction work required and its financial
constraints, GoKP is considering a phase-wise rehabilitation spanning over two years. Higher priority has
been accorded to restoration work on the basis of the criticality of infrastructure. The assets shall be
restored in two phases; with each phase lasting a year. The financial requirements to execute the
envisaged plan have been assessed; a conservative estimate suggests that all 13 sectors will require the
release of around Rs. 51 billion, Rs. 70 billion for the execution of phase-1 and phase-2 respectively.
The following charts present the total phasing in terms of top using reported damages and their phase-
wise rehabilitative financing.
TOTAL FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT AND PHASED FINANCING
OF MAJORLY DAMAGED SECTORS
(IN PKR MILLIONS)
116,978
68,774
48,204
FUNDS REQUIRED 2022-23 2023-24
Figure: Total financial requirements for six majorly damaged sectors and their financial rehabilitation
PHASED FINANCING OF MAJORLY DAMAGED SECTORS

(IN PKR MILLIONS)
Funds Required 2022-23 2023-24
0
0
,0
63
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3500
,0
,0
86
28
,3
86
22
90
,8
4
,5
16
5
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0
7
11
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75
20
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85
92
08
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82
18
6,
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6,
4,
5,
3,
5,
1,6
2,
2,
PHE E&SE ENERGY & LOCAL C&W IRRIGATION

POWER GOVERNMENT
Figure: Prioritization of financial requirement for six majorly damaged sectors
04
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Based on the criticality of infrastructure, Public Health Engineering (PHE) (i.e, the supply of safe drinking
water), Energy and Power (E&P), Local Government (LG), and Communication & Works (C&W) have been
prioritized for funding allocations during the first year of rehabilitation. For the other seven sectors which
have been less affected comparatively, approximately PKR 4 billion is estimated in total damages. The
illustration below shows the total funds required for rehabilitation in each sector. Due to their nexus with
livelihoods and economic restoration, multi-sectoral development, agriculture, and higher education
have been given due attention for the second set of funding allocations during the first year of
rehabilitation.
TOTAL FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT AND PHASED FINANCING

OF REMAINING SECTORS
(IN PKR MILLIONS)
4,304
2,732
1,572
FUNDS REQUIRED 2022-23 2023-24
Figure: Total Financial Requirements for Remaining Sectors and Phased Rehabilitation
PHASED FINANCING OF REMAINING SECTORS (IN PKR MILLIONS)

30
30
91
1,1
1,0
1,1
4
92
3
3.
76
0
55
5
50
3
4
3
3
7.
37
37
37
32
5
30
0
23
0
20
0
0
13
10
52
52
0
HEALTH HIGHER SPORTS MSD FOOD BOR AGRICULTURE

EDUCATION
Figure: Prioritization of Financial Requirement for Remaining 7 Sectors
In this manner and to provide immediate financing to restoration and rehabilitation works, the FRP 2022
has repurposed funds from within the development portfolio. This came out of a detailed response plan
for each sector whereby each government department has delineated respective sector-wise damages,
funds that can be repurposed within the sector and additional funds needed for rehabilitation. The
response plans lay out implementation and monitoring arrangements of their entire rehabilitation plan.
This rebudgeting of the development portfolio has freed up nearly Rs. 19 billion for all sector-wide relief
activities.
To ensure high level oversight and efficient decision making, each concerned provincial secretary for
each department will be the team lead for the FRP 2022.
The FRP 2022 also identifies medium-term initiatives that shall contribute toward climate-proofing the
infrastructure. Some of the needs identified in the process will be channeled toward the CRIF mechanism
for financial support and advisory services to buttress departmental efforts both financially and
technically. As another initiative, flood insurance will be instituted which will be contingent upon
compliance with appropriate land use policy and master planning. These initiatives will be implemented
for consequential results in mitigating the risk of climate-driven devastation and adapting to climate
change in the longer run.
05
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Effective Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting
An indicator-based M&E framework is currently being, and will continue to be, applied to all GoKP's
climate resilience efforts, at multiple levels. The currently operational Flood Response M&E Plan is
overseeing the progress of rehabilitative and restorative works through a triangulated, three-tiered
approach. This involves first tier central monitoring by the relevant provincial department, second tier
district/divisional monitoring and third tier external monitoring by P&DD's monitoring system.
Given the central role in effective M&E in future climate change governance, GoKP will further develop its
climate-tailored M&E capacity. This document, therefore, details a number of environmental and climate
related outcomes as indicators to be further inculcated in the system. This includes infrastructural outputs
such as lining of canals; system upgradation such as development and rollout of early warning systems;
and institutional upgrades such as the formation of flood zoning maps.
06
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Part B: Laying Foundations for a Mitigative and Adaptive Climate Strategy
Having learned lessons from the current and previous disasters, the government is revitalizing its climate
change policy and augmenting it with a comprehensive cross-sectoral responsive policy development
which assesses current flood- induced damages; lays out restorative steps; and, to the purpose of this
document, considers plans for enhancing provincial resilience against probable future natural
catastrophes.
Responsive Data-Driven Development
FRP 2022 gives importance to the fact that all aspects of public planning will continually explore, evaluate
and incorporate future climate scenarios, projected risks and climate-related vulnerabilities in their
everyday work. This involves the successful integration of scientific research and investigation with
government planning and policymaking, such that insights gained from the former can bolster overall
preparedness and resilience of the latter. The Data-Driven Development (3D Development) approach of
the government's, will substantively focus on climate change vulnerabilities. Furthermore, this
information will be made readily available to the general population as well, so that private vulnerabilities
alongside public ones are minimized. To facilitate GoKP and the people of KP in this, the Merged Areas
Governance Project (MAGP) is conducting a Preparedness Needs Assessment (PNA) survey to gauge
community and departmental preparedness for the effects of climate change and risk perceptions. How
the survey is conducted and what measures are taken are mentioned evidently in this report.
While this document contains sector and department-specific climate response plans, a medium-term
objective of GoKP's is to achieve area specificity by augmenting district administrative and governance
systems with enhanced disaster preparedness. It will also generate local data. Not only will well-designed
plans be able to capture between-district weather and topographical nuances; they will also empower
districts to become self- reliant climate disaster responders without need to evoke provincial or central
assistance.
Achieving Heightened Preparedness
The current floods have revealed both deficiencies in KP's flood response, and vulnerabilities in its overall
preparedness against extreme weather events. These primarily take the form of a general unawareness
around the full extent of climate change; weak environmental trespassing regulations; deficient early
warning systems; and climate-susceptible infrastructure planning and designs.
Key Agency Plans and Systems Reforms for Preparedness
GoKP has identified and is aware of the limiting influence of these factors on its overall disaster
management. To rectify this and soften the impact of disasters in a timely fashion, it is currently working on
revamping readiness for climate emergencies in critical responding agencies. This FRP, therefore,
focuses on the internal adeptness of local district administrations, local government bodies, and
preparedness capacities of central planning and relief bodies.
Plans for the immediate future include a confluence of necessary equipment procurement, specialised
personnel training in both a priori climate change data management and a posteriori damage
management; legal mandate review and delineation of agency roles and responsibilities in the event of a
disaster; and development of overarching coordination and cooperation-enhancing mechanisms for
integrated response.
These departmental capacity-building measures will be further propelled through the development of
asset management systems that are tailored for climate change. This involves setting up systemic
processes and protocols which: (i) first, identify all critical assets within a system's domain which could
affect, or be affected by, incidences of disaster; (ii) second, assess and identify the level of disaster risk
that each asset faces and how equipped it is to handle it; (iii) third, delineate how assets are interrelated,
and how overall risk levels and response adeptness is determined by the level of risk that an individual
asset poses; and (iv) fourth, utilise and present all this information to relevant decision-makers and
disaster resilience stakeholders.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Department-Specific and Department-Common Plans: Short and Medium Term
Due to climate change's multifaceted and all-encompassing nature, general government bodies other
than first responders will have to build their adeptness at steering and managing its effects. Therefore,
GoKP will implement a number of short-term fixes as well as larger scale, medium-term plans across and
within its stakeholder departments.
Cross-departmental resilience-enhancing measures include:
a. Well-enforced climate screening of all proposed projects whereby projects identified with
heightened vulnerability undergo a more rigorous process of climate proofing and adaptation.
b. Inculcation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in public planning and policymaking.
Though this already exists to varying degrees in various departments, this need to be more
systematically implemented through well-defined data protocols, regular updating, and will
extend to include information about vulnerability of all public assets to various natural hazards.
c. Trainings and awareness campaigns in the community on how climate change can manifest in
several ways and affect several aspects of life, along with appropriate mitigative and adaptive
measures that can be practiced in everyday life
d. Exploration of all possible means of raising revenue for flood management and flood relief.
Department-specific reforms cover the entire range of relevant planners and policymakers that could
affect, or are affected by, climate change and the disasters associated with it. These include C&W; PHE;
health; agriculture; LG; irrigation; education and Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA).
Building Resilient Systems
FRP initiates policy consideration on important natural systems. Having considered immediate needs,
damages and reparations, GoKP situates climate change and extreme weather events management in a
broader policy framework, identifying adaptive and mitigative measures across a range of areas critical to
climate change governance and the creation of disaster resilient systems. These currently extend to
integrated watershed and river basin management; afforestation endeavors; combatting desertification
and increasing aridity; systematic application of scientific and technological solutions to climate-based
challenges; and the development and rollout of sufficiently comprehensive flood insurance packages to
atrisk individuals.
Watershed Management
Watershed management pertains to the process of implementing correct land use practices and water
management practices to protect and improve the quality of the water and other natural resources.
Currently, watersheds in KP are marked by ill-advised land use changes, including share rises in
deforestation and dry land farming; poor irrigation and drainage practices; inadequate soil conservation;
poor agricultural terracing and over-grazing. The consequences of these are severe, especially in
downstream watersheds and areas.
Extracting key lessons from the current floods, GoKP plans to extend its watershed management
approach to areas that lie in the southern and western parts of KP, with a large portion lying in South
Waziristan, North Waziristan and Kurram districts, in addition to its work in the Tarbela Basin. They also
include the western border areas of Tank, D.I. Khan and Bannu districts.
River Basin Management
Another form of water resource planning, river basin management entails monitoring and optimising
water body and water body-adjacent areas against overflowing. If this overflowing is substantial, it can
cause losses to lives, property and infrastructure if they are situated within natural flood plains. River
basin management, therefore, entails assessing and planning for possible natural damage due to floods.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
To this end, GoKP will work on developing flood forecasting which anticipates and preempts flooding
incidences, based on real-time monitoring and calculations made from current water levels in river
basins. It will also review and revise current zoning and building regulations which permit public and
private construction in river basins; this will be seen through with the application of effective enforcement
regimes.
Afforestation
Rampant deforestation has been identified as a primal cause behind the floods of 2022. To counter this,
GoKP will conduct wide-scale strategic afforestation and reafforestation in degraded and in-need areas
throughout the province. To this end, based on lessons learned from the Billion Tree Afforestation Project
(BTAP), GoKP is currently implementing its Ten Billion Tree Tsunami- one of the largest such efforts in the
world. Various smaller afforestation projects are also concurrently active, such as those in Accelerated
Implementation Programme II in the Merged Areas (MAs).
To maximize the benefits of these programmes and their impact on climate mitigation, GoKP also plans to
upscale certain salient aspects and prioritise their implementation in flood-prone areas. These include
river training and stream bank stabilization; rehabilitation of degraded watersheds (especially in
upstream catchments); and dry afforestation in hillsides through techniques such as contour trenches.
Furthermore, the Suleiman Catchment and certain southern areas have been identified as future hot-
spots for freak monsoon rainfall. Therefore, in the spirit of adapting catchments to become resilient to
future disasters, the Forest Department will be expanding the scope of its programmes to these areas.
Finally, all these interventions will be backed by accurate, specific and complete climate change data and
other effective planning arrangements.
Addressing Desertification
Increasing desertification has been described as the greatest environmental challenge of our time' and,
indeed, is particularly manifest in South Asia. Moreover, accelerated desertification is an issue that
extends far beyond those living in arid and semi-arid regions; in this increasingly interdependent world, it
affects people living in non-desert areas through heightened food and livelihood insecurity. Efforts to
mitigate desertification will aim to protect fertile soil and agricultural land from erosion and degradation.
Work will be carried out on rangeland management projects to counter tendencies towards
desertification through rehabilitation of soil and water schemes in the province.
This includes investing in the rehabilitation of denuded and degraded wastelands through improved
water harvesting techniques. In terms of freshwater revitalization, GoKP will establish and rehabilitate
water ponds, water conveyance systems, irrigations systems, soil and water conservation structures,
shelter belts and water diversion dyke. As exploitative land use is a direct cause of increasing aridity,
GoKP will also be educating farmers on integrated land use techniques and methods, with due
consideration paid to sustainability, and promoting the integrated use of farmlands.
The Application of Scientific and Technological Solutions to Climate-Driven Problems
While good climate change governance is foundational in paving the way for more resilient systems,
certain technological and scientific aids have been known to expand the scope within which
governments, and the median citizen, can either combat or prepare themselves for climate change. In
this regard, the Climate Change Policy and Action Plan of KP⁴ as well as the Technology Action Plan⁵ of
the Ministry of Climate Change have listed several technologies and approaches for climate compatible
development. This includes employing tools to mitigate the risks of food insecurity, spatial modelling,
clean fuels and other such measures.
Moving forward, technological advancements will be tailored to fill institutional and systemic
preparedness gaps. This includes the development of research-based climate resilient infrastructure; the
rollout of interventions that sustain the water, energy and food nexus; and the development of human- in-
the-loop Artificial Intelligence-informed multi hazard warning systems. Moreover, data systems
developments and integrated platforms will inform the above-mentioned cross-sectoral resilience
attempts.
⁴ https://epakp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/KP-Climate-Change-Policy-Approved-2017.pdf
⁵ https://mocc.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/TAP_Adaptation%202017.pdf
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Increasing Access to Flood Insurance
Natural disasters generate significant fiscal risk and budget volatility. The estimated damages to the tune
of PKR 164 billion in the province in recent floods of which PKR 121 billion were inflicted on the public
sector and PKR 43 billion on the private sector⁶ are an unplanned demand on public funds. While GoKP
did mobilise several official funds (through a mixture of intra-departmental reappropriation and
development partners' assistance) towards compensating those who were made worse-off by the
flooding, there is no comprehensive system in place for flood insurance (or insurance against other
climate extremes), in either public or private domains in the province.
This necessitates immediate rectification. In this regard, GoKP will plan to institute feasible and pursuable
flood and disaster insurance options for its citizens, including the specifics of its coverage, costing and
premium characteristics.
Institutions for Adaptation and Mitigation
For the past 20 years, Pakistan has consistently ranked among the top ten most vulnerable countries to
climate risk in the world⁷. Considering this vulnerability, it becomes all the more necessary to analyze the
institutional arrangements and capacities at various levels for a quick and effective response. The GoKP
conducted its own institutional analysis of the current systems, policies, programs and institutional
arrangements and identified shortcomings and specific governance reforms needed to organize optimal
climate change governance in the province. This analysis reveals that, at present, government agencies
work in largely reactive modes and most of the departments operate in fragmentation, without the benefit
of information sharing and effective coordination mechanisms.
Essential Institutional Adjustments for Adaptation and Mitigation
KP was the first province in Pakistan to develop a dedicated Provincial Climate Change Policy,
recommending multisectoral measures towards effective mitigation and adaptation for the province. In
light of the recent havoc, it has revised this policy statement to more actively inculcate climate resilience
in both at-risk and polluting sectors. However, GoKP still faces enormous challenges in dealing effectively
with the devastation of the recent floods damages. While departments responded well, considering the
scale of the damage and their own limitations, there is great scope for institutional optimization.
To this end, GoKP aims at establishing and strengthening an overarching, central coordination authority,
which manages interactions between the several departments working on climate change and
implementing measures for adaptation and mitigation. As a result, it is establishing a Provincial Steering
Committee (PSC) on Climate Change. The PSC will be led by the Additional Chief Secretary (ACS),
Planning and Development Department, and will comprise of all pertinent secretaries, including those
from the Forest, Environment and Wildlife; Planning and Development, Agriculture, PDMA, PMD, EPA,
Finance and C&W. The PSC will evaluate the progress made on the indicators set by the committee; the
information of which will be supplied by the Bureau of Statistics.
As part of its duties, the PSC will submit an annual Climate Change Adaptation Report to the Assembly,
which will relay each department's progress on the task assigned in the report. Given this information, the
Assembly will then debate on policy compliance and make policy directions accordingly.
The Role of Public Communications and Community Engagement
State-citizen communication is an integral part of ensuring that disaster effects can be contained and
prevented. Communications, in this regard, will be leveraged in the following ways: (i) by operating as a
medium through which the Government can educate the public on risks and preventive measures; (ii) by
providing the public with adequate notifications, warnings and situation reports during an ongoing
disaster; (iii) by supplying the public with usable information on how to receive disaster relief; and (iv) by
promoting those actions that will reduce the loss of lives and property in future disasters based on
learning from current and past disasters.
⁶ Siddiqui, Jumaina. 2022. Pakistan’s Climate Challenges Pose a National Security Emergency. United States Institute
of Peace. https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/07/pakistans-climate-challenges-pose-national-security-emergency
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Thus, GoKP will create a Flood Response Communication Strategy which ensures that strategic
communications will be at-play throughout the climate resilience cycle: from preparedness to response,
to recovery and, finally, mitigation.
Developing a Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund
Damages sustained by infrastructure were significantly noteworthy during these floods, with most
sectors reporting either complete or partial destruction of their assets. To prevent this in an increasingly
disaster-prone world, it is imperative that the financing of infrastructure be intertwined with climate-
proofing best practices. Therefore, GoKP is developing its Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund (CRIF)
that will be a non-banking financial institution, connecting both public and private developers for the co-
development of public and private infrastructure including development through public-private
partnerships. In addition to providing financial assistance, the fund will provide advisory services to
infrastructure developers and ensure that local engineers and contractors include climate adaptative and
mitigative considerations in their designs. CRIF will work to assign continued salience to rejigging
infrastructure to resilient designs.
Climate Change Financing Options
A necessary step in fulfilling all the above-mentioned obligations is the mobilization of financial resources
in order to fuel mitigation endeavors in the province and enhance adaptive capacity. Disaster risk
financing is essential to recalibrating systems and adopting practices and achieve climate resilience
systems, resources, livelihoods and society. Climate finance can draw on local, national or transnational
financing—from public, private and alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support mitigation and
adaptation actions that will navigate climate change while mitigating losses. A variety of financial
institutions play a role in climate financing – both public and private funding are needed to address the
scale of environmental challenges. There are various vehicles available in global financial markets that
can be used to avail climate financing, debt forgiveness and grants. These include; debt for climate
swaps, carbon credit capital, global mandates for climate financing, and green bonds (the details of which
are further discussed in the chapter).
Conclusion
To conclude, this Flood Response Plan and its various components are immediate programming products
of a more systemic shift within GoKP. Delayed action is costly and, therefore, the Government has now
broadened its governance responsibilities to include both post-disaster restorative measures as well as
climate resilience planning.
Considering various immediate requirements and immediately critical priorities, GoKP has identified a
total requirement of around Rs. 206 billion to both rehabilitate flood-induced damages and enhance the
province's overall preparedness and resilience against future climatic disasters. Support in this regard
from development partners is expected to be around Rs. 61.5 billion (though GoKP has only received
expected and verbal assurances, with no material transfers as yet). However, their commitment,
combined with GoKP's own reallocations, still falls short against the total sectoral and preparedness
requirement by around Rs 125 billion. Realising this, GoKP has appealed to the Federal Government and
development partners for financial support to execute the envisaged Flood Response Plan.
KP's FRP 2022 is linked with federal efforts at evolving a national approach to flood damages
management and climate change. It has been developed in response to the federal request to provide
provincial perspectives and policy actions. The FRP 2022 organizes the Government's efforts cogently to
ensure rehabilitation work is carried out expeditiously and optimally and that the financial requirements
are aligned with priority works.
Moreover, as part of good climate change governance, the Government has identified a need to
formulate more sustainable, planned solutions to damage caused by weather extremes in KP, especially
considering the increasing likelihood of such extreme weather conditions as climate change worsens.
Thus, in FRP 2022, the GoKP has introduced short-term measures and medium-term plans towards
resilient systems but has also brought to light action plans for disaster mitigation and adaptation to a
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
changing climate. To be able to deliver on both fronts, GoKP has appealed to the Federal Government
and development partners for financial support to both execute and expand its envisaged Flood
Response Plan.
With FRP 2022, GoKP has initiated work on a set of critical policy, programmatic and fiscal measures,
aiming to achieve optimal restoration of public infrastructure, support private damage compensation and
place governmental efforts on a mitigation and adaptation trajectory.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1. Introduction
The effects of climate change are now far higher in impact and frequenter than what they were about a
decade ago. In the summer of 2022 alone, KP witnessed both multiple, crippling heat waves (with the
Meteorological Office reporting temperatures as high as 8 degrees above the normal average) and the
more recent flash floods. All this is reflected in the fact that Pakistan has recurrently been ranked amongst
the most affected countries both in terms of the current time period's climate related losses and long-term
vulnerability.
The scale at which these floods have wreaked havoc is, as yet, only partially understood as the extent to
which they have taken peoples' lives, property, health and well-being continue to unfold in KP. Preliminary
official surveys reveal that 600,000 men, women and children are seriously affected by the floods, with
around 40,000 houses decimated and some 54,000 houses sustaining serious damages. Death toll has
currently surpassed 311 people, with this number likely to swell as more information. While the magnitude
and incidence of this disaster came as an external shock to the system, the Government of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (GoKP) took immediate action and managed the disaster in a noteworthy way. A central
component of this flood management was the assessment of disaster damages; forecasting of costs of
their repair and rehabilitation; and, finally, immediate funding adjustments to begin this work. In
simultaneity, GoKP is looking towards the future; specifically, towards building a climate-resilient future
for the people of KP in an increasingly vulnerable world.
Thus, GoKP has developed the KP FRP 2022 to address both the fixative and the preemptive. Reflecting
this, the FRP is organized as two parts. Part A lists actions for short-term rehabilitation while Part B delves
into adaptation and mitigation requirements that cannot be postponed without accumulating costs for
lives and livelihoods. Pertaining to the latter, this Part B paves way for a more sustainable climate
response strategy in KP, encompassing more than just post-disaster reflexive measures.
The KP province has faced calamitous damages worth around PKR 164 billion rupees in thirteen major
public sectors due to floods. While these are current estimates, multidimensional welfare losses to the
people of KP in the coming years are likely to multiply this sum many-fold. The province has faced
unparalleled destruction with regards to livelihoods and essential public services which are disrupted in
many important geographic locations, with thousands of people losing their jobs and economic assets.
The destruction caused by the floods gives substantial evidence of KP's vulnerability to climate change
and the provinces' precariously balanced ecosystem.
In consideration of the catastrophe, the GoKP is trying to scramble towards and getting to organize a
climate resilient system, which is both data driven and sustainable. As part of the provincial government's
efforts, a comprehensive multi-sectoral damage assessment exercise has taken place. Unfortunately,
despite interdepartmental reappropriation and indicative donor commitments, the financial deficit
remains to be at an overwhelming PKR 125 billion. Traditionally, KP has always been a leading advocate of
environmental change, the Provincial Climate Change Policy 2022 is one such example. Overall, this
Policy is reflective of KP's untiring commitment towards resilience and climate change commitment.
Reflecting the components of this Plan, the Governments' future strategy is two-pronged; first the focus is
rehabilitating the public sector damages and private properties and bringing normalcy to the displaced
communities.
The ability to steer these mitigative and adaptive measures, for both the citizenry and their governance
structures alike, is dependent on the availability of accurate, specific and usable information. Data-
informed climate policies and planning is therefore the fundamental basis upon which GoKP is designing
its climate resilience plans for all its sectors. Thus, a central feature highlighted in this report, is that of the
high importance of granular and sufficiently disaggregated climate-related data in the province. Indeed,
countries and global governance institutions which have managed climate change successfully around
the world have developed not only sub-regional and locale-specific informational sources, but even
watershed-specific ones. Aiming for climate-resilient planning, GoKP is, thus, working on gaining a more
detailed picture of its climate vulnerabilities in order to redesign and correct the province's current lack of
preparedness. Crucially, this information will no longer operate in institutional isolation but will readily be
relayed to all governance bodies at all levels, as well as the general public.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The rest of this document is structured as follows: it first reports on GoKP's province-wide relief measures
in the wake of the devastating floods of 2022. Having done so, it presents immediate private and public
infrastructure damages in summary to explain the extent of damages. The document then goes on to
assess sector specific flood response plans, including immediate restorative and rehabilitative measures
both being implemented and planned for future implementation. Significantly, it also reports on allocative
arrangements made by the Government and its development partners, and the subsequent funding
deficit which still remains. Sectoral and overall monitoring plans for climate response measures are also
highlighted.
Shifting towards pre-hand preparedness, the FRP stresses on the foundational role of data-driven climate
planning for future mitigation and adaptation. This includes compiling vulnerability indices and devising
individual district response plans. Having done so, it outlines necessary measures to heighten
institutional preparedness to respond to such future disasters. These apply to both first responders as
well as other relevant governance bodies, and take the form of both immediately executable measures
and medium-term plans. The document then considers enhancing systemic resiliency through
interventions in various critical areas (including the often over-looked need for financial resilience).
Reflecting on the ideal institutional configuration for FRP implementation, the document also considers
the whole-of-government approach required for effective climate change governance in KP.
Infrastructural vulnerability to climate disasters emerged as a significant cross- sectoral finding in the
latest damage assessment. As such, GoKP has introduced its plans to launch a fund for climate-resilient
infrastructure, the focus of which will be to mitigate current vulnerability in this FRP. Finally, the document
culminates in an exploration of climate change financing options, both in terms of sources and
instruments.
14
PART-A
ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES
AND IMMEDIATE RESPONSE
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2. Immediate Relief Measures

The GoKP as an immediate response focused on putting together a number of relief measures. These
were largely focused on the flood-affected areas in the province with a population of 35.53 million.⁷ The
relief measures faced challenges from the unique geography and terrain of the province, which makes it
especially vulnerable to natural disasters including hydro-metrological and geological in nature. All these
factors exacerbate the vulnerability of the province and demand effective strategies for coping with
emergency situations.
2.1 Monsoons As a Recurring Seasonal Event and Relief Requirements
The Monsoons span from 15th June to 15th September in the annual calendar. This year, the country has
received nearly twice as much rain than the 30 years average in the quarter through August totaling 390.7
millimeters.
This is manifestation of the adverse effects of global climate change which fall disproportionately on
developing countries like Pakistan. As such, the country is ranked 8th at Global Climate Change Risk
Index.
2.2 Recent Manifestations of Climate Change and Relief Planning
Due to accelerated climate induced events, KP, is exposed to a multitude of risks. These range from
unprecedented heat waves and forest fires to glacial lake outbursts and torrential monsoon flooding and
further to growing desertification and increasing water scarcity. Damage to agricultural productivity,
livelihoods, human health and economic stability have been some of the irreversible losses leading to
massive internal displacements as well as Gross Domestic Products (GDP) losses. It is a province
burdened with an alarming and diverse portfolio of natural disasters.
The monsoons are getting worse over time. A retrospective description outlines some of the major
monsoon incidents that have occurred during the last decade in KP is as follows:
1.Mega floods of 2010;

2.Floods of 2015;
3.Glacial Lack Outburst Flood (GLOF) events 2014-15 and onward;
4.Cloud bursting and the medium flood monsoon of 2020;
5.Glacial Lake Outburst at Golain and the Chitral Monsoon 2020;
6.Heavy rains/Thunder storms in Shangla Swat Monsoon 2020;
7.Yearly recurrent severe rain damages in various districts;
8.Landslides in the northern districts.
A trend analysis of some climate variables (temperature and rainfall) show that in the month of June, as
high as 47 degrees temperature and above has been observed in Peshawar, DI Khan and Lakki Marwat
districts. During August the temperatures came down significantly; however, the humidity level went very
high.
During the monsoon period of June, July and August, mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures
range between 48 degrees and 18 degrees.
During the month of June, the districts of Kurram, Swat, Shangla, Mansehra, Abbottabad and Battagram
experienced rains exceeding 185mm, significantly more than the rest of the districts. In July, the same
areas received rains in excess of 270mm.
⁷ Population census of 2017
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Major Climate Events in the Summer of 2022
Heat wave
The province was gripped by a crippling heat wave before the monsoon. May 15th, 2022 was recorded as
the highest temperature at 42 degree Celsius which was six degrees above normal and eight degrees
above the temperature on the same date in the previous year. The months of June and July were
predicted by the MET Department to maintain 41-42 and might touch 50 degrees Celsius. This heat wave
resulted in GLOF events in the northern areas and forest fires (with 83 reported incidents) and shortage of
water in southern parts of KP.
Floods of 2022
Pakistan experienced 243% above average rainfall in the August of 2022, at 192.7 mm (area-weighted)
against its normal of 56.2mm. On a regional scale, it manifested as the 4th wettest August for KP since
1961.
The riverine floods and GLOF events in KP wreaked havoc in the province on a massive scale, the events
of which are summarized in the figure below.
June 18, 2022 July 12, 2022 July 15, 2022 August 24, 2022 August 25, 2022
GLOF FLOOD FLOOD FLOOD FLOOD
Upper Chitral Karak Lakki Marwat Lakki Marwat DI Khan
June 29, 2022 July 11, 2022 August 17, 2022 August 24, 2022 August 26, 2022
GLOF FLOOD FLOOD FLOOD FLOOD
Lower Chitral DI Khan DI Khan Tank Swat
July 03, 2022 July 11, 2022 August 19, 2022 July 24, 2022 August 27, 2022
FLOOD FLOOD GLOF/FlOOD HEAVY RAIN/FLOOD FLOOD
Upper Chitral Swabi Upper Chitral Tank Charsadda
July 05, 2022 July 11, 2022 August 20, 2022 July 24, 2022 August 28, 2022
GLOF/FLASH FLOOD FLOOD GLOF/FlOOD HEAVY RAIN FLOOD
Upper Chitral Tank Upper Kohistan Mohmand Nowshera
July 09, 2022 July 11, 2022 July 22, 2022 July 23, 2022
CLOUD BURST/
FLOOD FLOOD HEAVY RAIN TORRENTIAL RAINS
Upper Chitral Upper Chitral DI Khan Lower Chitral
Preparedness
Heatwave
The Prime Minister of Pakistan chaired a meeting on 16th May 2022 to discuss the heat wave.
Consequent to the meeting a Task Force on Global Warming and Heat Wave was notified by the Ministry
of Climate Change.
In order to cope with the heat wave at the provincial level, the Relief Rehabilitation and Settlement (RR&S)
department/PDMA, in consultation with all relevant departments, developed a Heat Wave Action Plan
2022 which covered forecast, early warning and alerts, surveillance, coordination strategy, roles and
responsibilities of the departments, immediate and long-term actions .
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
In order to tackle forest fires, fire anticipatory actions were taken by the provincial government and
detailed Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for forest fire prevention and mitigation were notified by
the forest department. The SOPs acted as an early response mechanism through a divisional Forest Fire
Management Team (FFMT) headed by the concerned commissioner and including all stakeholders.
Monsoon
Each year the PDMA prepares a contingency plan for the monsoons. This process was initiated in
consultation with all stakeholders from February 2022. Initial consultations were held in National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA), followed by a consultation with Federal Flood Commission (FFC) and
Pakistan Meteorological Department.
A series of monsoon preparedness conferences were conducted by the NDMA wherein preparedness
measures were chalked out. After which PDMA commenced with provincial and district level
consultations for the monsoon contingency process, consulting with all District Disaster Management
Officers (DDMOs), Additional Deputy Commissioners (ADCs) (Relief), divisional reporting officers,
provincial line departments, federal departments, Pakistan Army and humanitarian assistance partners.
One of the prominent features of contingency planning was the collection of weather and forecasted data
from all relevant sources through an e-planning system housed at PDMA KP.
Following the above activities, the monsoon contingency plan 2022 KP was developed which included:
a. Hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment;

b. Monsoon anticipatory actions for relevant federal and all provincial departments and special
directives for different preparative and mitigative actions
c. Monsoon anticipatory actions for district disaster management units
d. Anticipatory actions for humanitarian partners and at-risk communities
e. Preparedness strategies for monsoon emergency 2022 which pre-identified camp sites and
stocked on relief supplies and operational vehicles
f. Detailed coordination plans and coordination pathways for emergency response
Damages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Response
The torrential rains in the upper catchment area of the province resulted into unprecedented floods in the
northern parts of KP, high water inundation in the central part (Charsadda, Nowshera, Peshawar districts)
and the southern districts of the province. However, preparedness of the PDMA, district administrations
and all relevant provincial departments proved fruitful and due to early warning to the districts lying on the
lower riparian plains, the damages were minimized. Consequently, a total of 674,318 people were
displaced, 69,775 were rescued and 406,538 were evacuated. A total of PKR 1,848 million has been
released to districts for monsoon relief. Additionally, the following emergency relief efforts were
coordinated with district administrations:
Ÿ Evacuation from vulnerable areas

Ÿ Relief camps were established in schools and colleges for the displaced population
Ÿ Rescue and civil defense teams were mobilized and emergency declared in hospitals
Ÿ Communication routes were restored
Ÿ Provision of clean drinking water was ensured
Ÿ Dewatering operations executed
Ÿ Heli-services extended for rescues and transport of food and NFIs
Ÿ Additional funds and NFIs provided to districts
Ÿ PDMA staff was made available at all times
Ÿ The Provincial Emergency Operation Cell (PEOC) was informed by real time data collection from all
districts and line departments through web portal for ongoing effort mobilization and actions
Ÿ Extensive site visits and data sharing with different stakeholders was conducted
Ÿ Coordination forums were established with the United Nations (UN) and other humanitarian
19
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
organizations by notifying the core coordination committee and sectoral working groups.
Ÿ A multi-sectoral rapid need assessment was initiated with the help of United Nation Resident
Coordinator (UNRC) and efforts are ongoing to update this with incoming information on damages
Ÿ Initiation of the rehabilitative phase of flood response (like resettlement of evacuated population) was
carried out
Ÿ For complete rehabilitation, discussions are ongoing between provincial departments, the federal
government and other humanitarian partners to coordinate, streamline and allocate funds
Latest Situation Report and Sectoral Damages

Deaths Injuries People Dislocated Houses Damaged Cattle Losses
Fully Partially
311 381 674,318 6,577
37,525 53,943
Numbers of Infrastructural Damages

Heath Agricultural Water Tube Water Water Roads
Bridges Roads School
Infrastructure Land Supply Wells Channels Tanks (in Km)
107 964 1,458 256 107,220 1,093 172 1,333 477 1,575
acres
Relief and Immediate Response
People People People Length Water

People People Camp Sites Provided Provided Provided of KM Bridges Supply
Evacuated Rescued Established NFIs Dry Food Cooked Restored
Food Restored Restored
406,538 69,775 130 153,722 286,224 866,363 1,300 52 288
Compensation to Flood Affectees 2022

Applications Received Application Scrutinized Applications Approved Cheques Issued
34,426 7,964 1,677 542
Non-Food Items Distributed

Tarpaulin Water
Family Tents Blankets Kitchen Sets Hygiene Kits
Sheets Containers
Distributed Distributed Distributed Distributed
Distributed Distributed
53,587 25,051 28,473 14,884 18,139 15,839
Plastic Life Mosquito Search Sleeping Pedestal

Saving Mattresses Nets Lights Towels Bags Pillows Fans
Mats Jackets
15,529 1,640 30,633 12,551 1,660 1,756 113 14,161 469
PDMA Flood Response Plan 2022

The PDMA response plan 2022 was prepared and consisted of supplying compensation to the affected
population for the currently reported damages in addition to funds required for rehabilitation. It also
includes the work required for carrying out effective Disaster Risk Management Measures (DRMM) to
avoid such losses in the future through enhanced preparedness. Indicative financial requirements for
both are :
A. Relief and Response: PKR 35.9 billion
B. DRMM: PKR 6.8 billion
20
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3. Private Sector Damages Assessment

Losses to private sector are broadly categorized as:
1. Personal losses
2. Economic losses
The total death toll currently stands at 311 deaths across the province. GoKP intends to compensate each
fatality with PKR 800,000. The total compensation is thus estimated at PKR 245 million. Furthermore, 381
people have sustained major or minor flood-related injuries, who will also be compensated with PKR
200,000 each. Thus, the total financial implication for GoKP amounts to PKR 74 million. Providing shelter
to people whose homes have been collapsed or partially damaged is also an urgent priority as living in
open camps exposes survivors to disease vectors and sporadic diseases. A total of 91,468 houses have
been completely or partially damaged; the compensation of which to each household ranges between
PKR 160,000 to PKR 400,000. Overall, the total amount to be disbursed by GoKP for housing
reconstruction is currently estimated at PKR 23,780 million.
Agriculture and industrial sectors have also been majorly hit by the recent floods. To mitigate private
economic losses, PKR 2,089 million and PKR 16,000 million will be distributed against loss of livestock
and crop losses, respectively. For agricultural compensation, the mechanism has been tailored for
different classes of land owners. Details of the compensation mechanism are illustrated below:
Personal Compensation Estimated Cost of Damages

Sectors Loss/Damages Number (in PKR millions)
in PKR
Deaths 311 800,000 245
Injuries 381 200,000 74
PDMA
House Damages 160,000 to
91,468 23,780
(Partially/Fully) 400,000
Personal Compensation Estimated Cost of Damages

Sectors Loss/Damages Number (in PKR millions)
in PKR
Livestock 39,160 8,000 to 60,000 2,089
PKR 10,000/-per
acre maximum
100,000/- per
family for crops
107,220
Agriculture Crops and PKR 700 per 16,000
Acres
tree, maximum
80,000/- per
family for
orchards.
Industries Private Entities 104 338
21
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Intent
In order to provide immediate relief to the affectees, GoKP is expediting the compensation process to
support affected people. The process is designed to incorporate modern technical support to ensure
transparency and also to help field formations to assess genuine claims in an efficient and timely manner.
Revised Structure of Claim Assessment Committee
The existing Claim Assessment Committee (CAC), specified in the PDMA Relief Compensation
Regulations 2019, will be strengthened by including one member from the Pakistan Army and one from
the Education Monitoring Authority and Independent Monitoring Unit (IMU) health, as the latter two have
an extensive network of 692 and 271 Data Collecting and Monitoring Assistants (DCMA) in the education
and health sectors, respectively. The amended structure of the CAC is as under:
1. In-charge AC of the Tehsil (Chairperson)

2. AAC of Tehsil concerned (Member)
3. Representative of district C&W department (Member)
4. Representative of district irrigation department (Member)
5. Tehsildar of concerned Revenue circle (Member)
6. Representative of Pakistan Army of concerned formation (Co-opted Member)
7. Representative of Education Monitoring Authority (EMA) (Co-opted Member)
8. Representative of IMU health department (Co-opted Member)
Revised Assessment Procedures through Digital App
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa IT Board will provide a customized digital app for submitting claim assessments in
the field through the above committee. DCMAs will be given hands-on training on how to use the digital
app and DCMAs along with notified sub-divisional committees shall visit and input data from every house
which has either been fully or partially damaged
22
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4. Public Infrastructure Damages Assessment

4.1 Methodology of Damage Assessment
The FRP takes advantage of its province-specific nature and benefits from GoKP's direct access to, and
human resources for, KP's affected districts. To efficiently utilise resources at its disposal, and ensure the
timely relay of accurate information, GoKP organised its damage assessment in three tiers. These take
the form of:
1st Tier of Damage Assessment: Under the overall leadership of the responsible department, on-ground
personnel within this primary tier conducted extensive field inspections (including pictorial evidence)
through divisional field teams. Here, GoKP deployed its district administration to provide reliable and
granular data on district damages.
2nd Tier of Damage Assessment: This secondar tier consisted of the relevant department. For instance,
the E&SE department, through their monitoring formation- the Education Monitoring Authority- was
responsible for identifying and validating damages to school buildings and other infrastructure.
3rd Tier of Damage Assessment: The final tier was formed by the provincial Planning and Development
Department's Directorate of Monitoring and Evaluation, through the development of a weekly monitoring
and evaluation report.
As an additional check, GoKP restructured its pre-existing Claims Assessment Committee (described in
Section 3 as well) to better serve its damage assessment. The Committee verified data on district
damages and engaged all relevant stakeholders, including military personnel, district administration and
local government representatives, in doing so. This exercise culminated in a total sum of PKR 164 billion in
public infrastructure damages and private compensation liabilities.
4.2 Disambiguation from the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment
To provide a quantifiable foundation for immediate flood response, the Government of Pakistan launched
its country-wide Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) to gauge the extent of flood-induced damage
and estimates of loss that now fall upon the state. This assessment contains broad overviews of sectoral
damages, such as in areas of education, health, food security (and others), as well as losses and needs for
Pakistan's three flood-affected provinces: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and Balochistan.
The PDNA's Assessment of Damages, Losses and Needs
Due to its different scope and purpose, the PDNA adopts definitions of damages, losses and needs which
deviate from those employed within the FRP. This note clarifies and disambiguates these differences. The
PDNA's approach to assessing each of the above is, in simple terms, as follows:
1. Damages
The PDNA identifies calamity-caused damages as the direct costs of damaged physical assets. This cost
is computed as a product of the scale of damage and the price of replacement which prevailed before the
calamity. This extends to both the public and private domains.
The identification of these damages was informed by various sources. The PDNA received both direct
damage profiles from provincial governments and federal ministries. The PDNA checked this information
through the remote-sensing, including the use of visual imagery; stakeholder consultations; and desk
reviews of whatever open data is available.
23
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2. Losses
Losses are defined as deterioration in economic activity as a consequence of the crisis and its lingering
aftermath. They are indicated through reported declines in outputs, revenues and higher operational
costs of delivering essential services during and post-floods.
3. Needs
The PDNA attempts to value the needs of each calamity-hit province based on two considerations: (i) the
resources required to counter the immediate effects of the floods and (ii) the resources required to build
back better.
The PDNA does not cost needs as the sum of damages and losses. While this approach draws on the
monetary value of damages and losses, it considers their combined monetary value to equal the (slightly
different) replacement costs of destroyed assets.2 Furthermore, to satisfy its latter objective, these needs
contain an additive 'premium' for future climate and disaster resilience. This premium is costed as the
indicative price of adopting and implementing cleaner and greener planning and development practices.
Crucially, the PDNA is overarching in nature and meant to spur further province-specific analyses. Thus,
taking its cue from the federal government, the GoKP identifies the costs it must meet to reconstruct and
fully rehabilitate its assets. It does so for 13 sectors (contained in this document) with which human welfare
and government functioning are inherently tied. As the FRP is fundamentally intended to steer GoKP's
response to the floods, it defines damages as the destruction of government infrastructure within each
sector. However, to mitigate the effects of asset and subsequent income losses, the FRP identifies
GoKP's compensation responsibility to calamity-stricken people across the province. Significantly, for this
purpose, GoKP has set compensation amounts that vary with the extent of private destruction of physical
and economic assets. However, due to the sheer burden of costed damages, and emerging resilience
demands, on the provincial exchequer, GoKP's compensation amounts could not fully absorb the private
sector's costs. Instead, the Government is delivering fiscal assistance based on certain destruction or
damage thresholds, the details of which have been outlined in Section.8
Moreover, due to the time-sensitive nature of informing immediate government response, the FRP left
accounting for economic opportunity costs within the province to a subsequent effort. The above-
mentioned government assistance, however, is intended to cushion private losses to some extent.4
Moving toward the future, the FRP is targeted in its identification of resilience-building needs, which the
PDNA (by its own declaration) is not. While the PDNA approaches preparedness requirements from a
broad-brushed perspective of adding a resilience-building 'premium' within each sector's overall funding
requirements, the FRP is more tailored to current provincial needs. To this end, the FRP focuses on the
specific costs of rehabilitation and an initial estimate of implementing GoKP's future adaptation and
mitigation strategy. Having been designed to do so in a cost-efficient manner, the FRP identifies specific
sectoral and provincial vulnerabilities- a major part of which is current infrastructure- and includes them in
the province's overall financial requirement. These financial needs for preparedness are primarily
derived from the costs of setting up GoKP's proposed CRIF and improving its Disaster Risk Management
Measures (DRMM).
Thus, the FRP is GoKP's translation of the Federal Government's initiative. Moreover, true to the province's
history of climate-forwardness, the Flood Response Plan attempts to holistically cover climate resilience
by planning for: (i) the fulfillment of after-the-fact relief and rehabilitation needs; and (ii) the inculcation of
effective adaptation and mitigation in planning and development. While the floods of 2022 have been
noted for their extremity by both national and international observers, the Provincial Government is
aware that they are symptomatic of a more overarching climate mutation which is not short-term and
would require response beyond the immediate. Climate disasters, thus, are no longer a possibility, but a
probability; and GoKP intends to prepare appropriately for them.
⁸ For instance, if a house is damaged to the extent of PKR 5 million, GoKP will be able to compensate a maximum of PKR 0.4 million (as per
policy).
24
Interpretation Financial Interpretation Financial Interpretation Financial Interpretation
Assessment of Damage Implication Implication Implication Deficit
of Loss of Needs of Deficit
The Flood Cost of repairing PKR 164 Costed PKR 206 billion (Costed damages + PKR 125
Response Plan's and rehabilitating billion damages + CRIF + DRMM) billion
Approach public
infrastructural CRIF + – Arranged or
destruction + - - expected
DRMM commitment from
Government's development
private sector partners or own
compensation resources (Annual
liability Development
Programme
reappropriations)
The Post-Disaster Direct costs of PKR 201 Deterioration in PKR 141 billion Replacement⁹ PKR 168 billion
Needs destroyed public billion economic flow costs of
Assessment's infrastructure + and activity damages - -
Approach
Direct costs of +
destroyed private Indicative
infrastructure resilience
premium
Table: The FRP approach juxtaposed with the PDNA approach

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
⁹ N.B: This replacement cost is not a summation of the PDNA's damage costs and loss costs. Rather, provincial recovery and reconstruction costs are calculated in
terms of replacement costs according to current prices.
25
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4.3 Sectoral Damages Assessment
All government departments were commissioned to carry out damage assessments, described in
greater detail in sections 5 and 6. At the same time, departmental level portfolio assessments were
carried out to identify fiscal space for intra-sectoral repurposing. In addition, departments were asked to
provide initial plans towards reorienting sectoral programmes towards mitigation and adaptation. The
following section lays out sectoral assessments. Additionally, sectoral repurposing and immediate steps
towards programmatic reorientation with cost estimates are also elaborated in a subsequent section.
Communications and Works
Roads and bridges built over time provide essential linkages across the province. In KP, where other
infrastructure connecting settlements are almost negligible, the movement of passengers and goods is
heavily dependent on the availability of an expansive and robust road network. The province has
accordingly assigned high priority to this sector, with nearly 20% of the budget being allocated in its
Annual Development Programme for this purpose. Flood damages to road and bridges have therefore
caused an inescapable dent on years of governmental progress.
According to an assessment carried out by the C&W department, a total of 1,503 km of roads and 117
bridges across 31 districts have been either badly damaged or completely destroyed. In terms of road
length, the worst hit districts include Dera Ismail Khan (with 226 km of roads damaged), Tank (with 185 km
of roads damaged), Karak (with 175 km of roads damaged), and Swat (106 km of roads damaged).
DISTRICT BREAKDOWN OF ROADS DAMAGED

250 226
185 175
200
150 106
94 87
100 57
46 36 47 50 45
21 32 36
50 22
9 13 18 1313 13 25 10 11 1 3 7 8 3 0 5
0
Swat
D.I.Khan
Tank
Dir Upper
Kohistan Lowr
Dir Lower
Peshawar
District Chitral Lower
Abbottabad
Battagram
Malakand
Lakki Marwat
Bajaur
District Chitral Upper
South Waziristan
Mansehra
Karak
Nowshera
Kohistan Upper
Charsadda
North Waziristan
Buner
Khyber
Haripur
Mardan
Swabi
Kohat
Orakzai
Torghar
Figure: District-wise breakdown of number of roads damages
COST OF DAMAGED ROAD BY DISTRICT (IN PKR MILLIONS)

3,400
4000
3500
3000
2,109
2,071
2500
2000
1,091
1500
977
912
1000
519
488
489
412
389
360
350
297
264
250
223
206
190
1/6
144
500
123
122
118
99
92
82
57
42
37
36
20
0
Swat
D.I.Khan
Tank
Dir Upper
Kohistan Lowr
Dir Lower
Peshawar
Shangla
District Chitral Lower
Abbottabad
Battagram
Malakand
Lakki Marwat
Bajaur
District Chitral Upper
South Waziristan
Mansehra
Karak
Nowshera
Kohistan Upper
Charsadda
North Waziristan
Buner
Khyber
Haripur
Bannu
Mardan
Swabi
Kohat
Upper Kurram
Orakzai
Torghar
Figure: District-wise costs of reconstructing and rehabilitating damaged road infrastructure
26
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The C&W department, based on commitments from donors, has proposed the reconstruction of 600 km
climate resilient roads with estimated cost of PKR 63,000 million.¹⁰ Against this requirement, the
Department received verbal commitments from the World Bank and the ADB of PKR 25,000 million.
Irrigation
The floods have caused damages of more than PKR 22 billion to irrigation infrastructure across twenty-
four districts. Damages have mainly been sustained by irrigation channels (1,366 in number) and flood
protection works (1,457 in number). To counter this, the department has devised a two-pronged strategy
to cater to the catastrophe and achieve optimal restoration and functionality: (1) medium-term
rehabilitation and (2) medium to long term reconstruction.
Table: Five categories of major damages and required restoration identified by the Irrigation Department
S. No Proposed Restoration Estimated cost (in PKR Millions)

Restoration of water supplies and irrigation system and
1 2,457
channels in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Restoration of damaged flood structures and
2 3,245
drainage system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Rehabilitation of damaged irrigation system and channels
3 6,224
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Rehabilitation of damaged flood protection structures in
4 9,880
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Restoration and Rehabilitation of damages Patrol roads/bridges
5 along canals and drains damaged in flood 2022 580
through-out Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Total 22,386
Energy and Power

This sector sustained enormous damages to the tune of PKR 11,590 million. Under heavy rainfall, the
power plants and schemes of the Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organisation (PEDO) suffered
significant damages, namely to the following:
1. The 17 megawatts (MW) Ranolia Hydropower Project (HPP) in Lower Kohistan is almost completely
damaged.
2. A total of 114 Mini Micro Hydropower projects in 11 northern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are
damaged, of which 19 are completely damaged and the remaining 95 have sustained a mixture of
minor and major damages.
3. A total of 176 solar systems in schools and Basic Health Units of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa under the
Access to Clean Energy Program (ACEP) are damaged in 8 districts
4. 36.6 MW Daral Khwar HPP is partially damaged due to heavy erosion damages in the weir/intake
(including upstream of the power house) and protection support
5. A transmission line of 4.8 MW Reshun HPC in Upper Chitral is damaged
¹⁰ Of which in indicative PKR 18 billion will be required to rebuild to pre-existing levels
27
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
While most PEDO projects were in their early inception and feasibility stages during the 2010 floods
(hence no major damages were reported), the floods of 2022 were multifold in their effects and have
caused damages to various sectors including energy and power generation and distribution, wherein five
above listed schemes are majorly affected.
Significant losses were reported on social and electronic media, and later verified by field formations, to
projects of national importance. Two such schemes, namely mini/micro hydro projects and solar system
in schools and BHUs, have been damaged across the flood affected regions. A total of 114 mini/micro
HPPs out of 312 mini/micro HPPs have been affected across 11 districts of KP. Additionally, 176 solar
systems in schools and BHUs have been damaged across eight districts. While direct and indirect
impacts of the damages vary across the population, they include damages which have completely cut off
energy generation and supply for domestic use, as well as use in schools and health units.
The 17 MW Ranolia HPP supplying electricity to the national grid got severely damaged. This damage is
palpable on a national scale with a loss of 100 GWh/a costing PKR 462 million annually. It is expected to be
non-operational for at least 24 months until complete restoration.
The 36.6 MW Daral Khwar HPP is partially damaged. Heavy erosion damaged the weir/intake, including
damage caused by land sliding upstream of the powerhouse. Protection support was eroded by the flood
water, thus increasing the risk profile of the powerhouse. Restoration is thus required on an urgent basis
to protect the weir/intake and the powerhouse.
The Transmission line of 4.8 MW Reshun HPC in Upper Chitral requires restoration. The project was
providing electricity to nearly 75,000 people in the area and, due to damages sustained, is currently not
able to provide electricity at its regular capacity to the region.
28
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Pictures of Energy and Power damages across KP
29
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
A by-district report of the scale of damages sustained to mini/micro hydropower projects and solar
energy-dependent buildings is below.
Damages Sustained by 114 Mini Micro Hydropower Projects under the ACEP
Minor Major Fully damaged Total Projects
District Damaged (No) Damaged (No) (No) (No)
Abbottabad 2 0 0 2
Battagram 9 3 0 12
Chitral 13 5 2 20
Dir Upper 10 4 0 14
Dir Lower 2 0 0 2
Swat 12 9 6 27
Shangla 8 5 1 14
Kohistan 2 4 7 13
Mansehra 3 2 3 8
Torghar 0 0 0 0
Buner 2 0 0 2
Total 63 32 19 114
S. No District Name Number of School/BHUs with Damaged Solar Systems

1 Charsadda 5
2 Swat 12
3 Chitral 5
4 Karak 28
5 DI Khan 85
6 Kohistan 20
7 Dir Lower 18
8 Nowshera 3
Total 176
Elementary and Secondary Education
Education is a priority in the government portfolio and the flood damages have exacerbated the
challenge for the department. The KP E&SE department is the largest department of the province
managing 33,840 government schools, 2,201 girls community schools, 380 Accelerated Learning
Programme (ALP) Centres, 1,836 Basic Education Community Schools (BECS) and National Commission
for Human Development (NCHD) Centers. There are currently 5.45 million children in government
schools, 154,000 children in girls community schools, 10,648 in ALP Centres, and 86,715 children in BECS
& NCHD Centers. Additionally, the department oversees 175,848 teachers in government schools, 3,300
in girls' community schools, 380 facilitators in ALP centers, 2,241 teachers in BECS & NCHD centers.
Currently, the department is facing a serious challenge of accommodating out of school children on
annual basis due to high population growth. The GoKP has tagged the education sector as its top priority
and has diverted significant resources towards providing quality education for all children of school-
going age. However, due to the emerging climate disaster, huge damage has been inflicted on the
education sector. A total of 1,790 schools have been partially or fully damaged with estimated damages of
around PKR 8,394 million.
30
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Of this, 150 schools are fully damaged and the remaining are partially damaged. MRS 2022 has been
used for costing of fully damaged schools, as per the criteria of the E&SE department, whereas, the
estimated cost of partially damaged schools is based on the criteria of Parent Teacher Councils used by
the District Education Officers. An education-level breakdown of costing is as under:
Number of
Level Completely Estimated Cost Number of Partially Estimated Cost
Damaged Schools (in PKR Millions) Damaged Schools (in PKR Millions)
High 7 404 125 286

Higher 5 1.5
HSS 3 147 34 98
Middle 8 200 115 241
Offices 2 7.5
Primary 132 4,271 1,359 2,739
Grand Total 150 5,021 1,640 3,373
Local Government
The Local Government and Rural Development Department provides essential micro infrastructure and
municipal services to residents of urban and rural areas of KP. However, recent floods have made
substantial damages to the existing infrastructure of 437 schemes producing municipal services, with the
damages amounting to PKR 6,751 million. Major damages have been inflicted on roads and bridges, water
supply schemes and sanitation networks. The effects of these damages will have further repercussions
on the transportation of construction materials, food items and lifesaving drugs. The damages alone
cannot be reversed by Government funds and will require additional funds from development partners.
Total funding required for the rehabilitation effort is estimated to be PKR 7,751 million. Approximately 437
schemes (at an estimated cost of PKR 6,751 million) have been completely or partially damaged. Roads
and bridges are the worst hit and, hence, would require funding amounting to PKR 3,605.5 and PKR 109.4
million respectively out of the total. This is followed by the financing needs of sanitation schemes,
amounting to PKR 1,427 million, then DWSS and other schemes amounting to PKR 387 million and PKR
464.5 million respectively. The required funding share of damaged rest houses and machinery &
equipment are PKR 256.2 and PKR 19.1 million respectively, while shops and slaughter houses require
PKR 3 million and PKR 27 million respectively for rehabilitation/reconstruction. Lastly, PKR 15 million and
PKR 99.6 million will be required for building and a bus stand; and PKR 337.05 million for offices.
Name of the scheme as per Priority Total Fund

DWSS 387
Sanitation 1,427
Roads 3,606
Bridges 109
Building 100
Bus Stand 15
Machinery/ Equipment/ Furniture/ Fixture 19
Office 337
Rest House 256
Shops 03
Slaughter House 27
Others 465
Resilience Requirements 1,000
Total 7,751
31
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Public Health Engineering
The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is the leading government agency for drinking water
supply and sanitation services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The recent floods of August 2022 have
caused extensive damage to drinking water supply and sanitation (DWSS) infrastructure across 16
districts of the province. Although relief activities commenced immediately, the scale of damages is such
that many systems can only be functionalized after substantive rehabilitation and rebuilding works.
A total of 844 schemes have been identified for rehabilitation with an estimated cost of PKR 4.86 billion.
Water supply and sanitation schemes are the lifelines for human settlements. The recent floods have
disrupted these vital infrastructure systems and resultantly heightened morbidity and mortality rates,
which continue to rise even as the flood waters recede. Until public water supply systems are not restored
to fully functional status, affected populations will have to continue consuming water supplies that are
unsafe for drinking purposes and, in some cases, continue being deprived of any water at all. Similarly,
damaged sanitation systems will continue to prevent wastewater being carried away and disposed of in a
safe manner, thereby exposing communities to diseases.
Furthermore, pre-existing socio-economic conditions in the flood affected districts limit coping capacity
and peoples' ability to make private arrangements for drinking water supplies or warding off of water-
borne diseases. With low literacy rates, poor access to healthcare (exacerbated further with the damages
to health facilities) and low living standards, large fractions of the affected population cannot be expected
to practice household level water treatment and safe storage.
The 16 districts that have experienced damages to DWSS have a combined population of 19.61 million,
constituting 53% of the province's population³. In terms of geographic area, these districts include some
of the larger districts in the province with sparse populations (such as Upper Chitral, Upper Dir, the
Kohistans, DI Khan, and Tank districts). Hence, in terms of land area fraction, these 16 districts together
comprise almost 70% of the provincial land mass.
PHED oversees a total of 3,511 water supply systems in these districts. Of these, 844 (24%) are now
damaged. However, PHED's priortisation of damages varies according to district dependence on
damaged water supply schemes (see figure below). For instance, while the highest number (252) of
schemes requiring rehabilitation are in Swat, they form only 72% of the total district schemes. On the
other hand, in Lower Dir, there are only 24 damaged schemes, but they represent 100% of all the PHED
schemes in that district.
No of intact Schemes No of damaged schemes
600
500 252 51
43
400 129
300 9 53
1 449 40 25
200 79 16
202 55 286 3 209 24
100 186 24 176 40
0 46 104 176 123 99 94 15
0 25
Lower...
Upper ...
Charsadda
D.I Khan
Lower Chitral
Malakand
Nowshera
Shangla
Upper Chitral
Lower Dir
Upper Dir
Peshawar
Tank
Karak
Swat
Lakki Marwat
Figure: District-wise breakup of damaged and unaffected water supply schemes.
32
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Furthermore, the extent of damages to individual schemes is not uniform; some schemes require
reconstruction of only some components to become fully functional. While in others, almost complete
systems have been damaged and thus have much higher associated costs per scheme. This is illustrated
in the figure below:
2000 Cost of district schemes 252 250

1,608
No of damaged schemes 1,538
200
1500
129 150
1000
Cost [PKR millions]
Number of Schemes
79 100
434 55 53 51
500 24 43 40 40
196 312 16 25
311
209 58
50
3 74 40 69 32 9
24 3 18 35 24
1
0 0
Charsadda
D.I Khan
Lower Dir
Upper Dir
Lakki Marwat
Lower Chitral
Lower Kohistan
Malakand
Nowshera
Peshawar
Shangla
Swat
Tank
Upper Chitral
Upper Kohistan
Karak
Figure: District-wise details of the number of damaged schemes and their cost requirements
The figure illustrates that Swat has the largest number of schemes requiring rehabilitation with a cost of
PKR 1,538 million. In comparison, Upper Chitral has only 24 schemes for rehabilitation but their combined
cost of PKR 1,608 million is the highest among all the districts.
Health
The flash floods severely damaged health infrastructure in several regions of the province, making it
difficult to provide health care to the people already suffering from the excessive monsoon rains. A
majority of health infrastructure suffered either partial or complete damages. The Planning Cell of the
Department of Health assessed and verified the damages through the District Health Officers of each
district. Damages spanned 17 districts (half of the province), affecting 158 health facilities. The majority of
the damages occurred in the District Tank, followed by DI Khan, Swat, and Dir Upper, with financial
resources required to rehabilitate these facilities highest in District Tank, followed by D. I. Khan, and
Lower Kohistan. The estimated cost to rehabilitate these structures from damages amounts to
approximately PKR 1,091 million.
As per preliminary assessments, 15 health facilities have been completely washed away while 143 have
been partially damaged by the calamity. A detailed overview of damages, disaggregated by district, are
indicated in the figure below.
Kohistan upper
Kohistan Lower
Lakki Marwat
Charsadda
Karak
Chitral Lower
Kurram
Chitral Upper
Kolai Pala Kohistan

Swat
Tank
Dir Upper
Dir Lower
D.I Khan
Nowshera
Shangla
Abbottabad
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
Total Partially Damaged Completely Damaged
Figure: Percentage of flood damaged health facilities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
33
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mulit-sectoral Development
Like other departments, a number of projects are being executed under the Multi-sectoral Development
(MSD) sector under the direct supervision of DC concerned. Recently, this included assessing the scale of
damages in flood-affected districts.
Affected projects include small-scale community-based interventions like DWSS; education and health
infrastructure; irrigation; PCC roads, drains and sanitation and other community-led infrastructure. All
these projects have sustained varying levels of damages during the recent floods. In order to ascertain
the exact of these damages, a rapid assessment activity was carried out by the Sustainable Development
Unit (SDU) in all 28 districts of KP; this has informed the Government's response strategy to restore and
rehabilitate damaged infrastructure speedily and effectively. This immediate data reveals a total loss of
PKR 1,130 million to vital infrastructure across various schemes, described below:
Cost
S.No Scheme
(in PKR Millions)
210552-District Development Plan for Swat, Shangla
1 248
in Malakand Division
210553-District Development Plan for Buner, Upper Dir,
2 147
Lower Dir, Malakand, Upper Chitral, Lower Chitral in Malakand Division
3 210556-District Development Plan for DI Khan Division 105

190448-Regional Development Initiatives for Achievement of
4 12
SDGs (inclusive liabilities under SPDI, PP and DDIs)
5 190447- Malakand Area Development Programme 154

190446-Least Developed Districts Uplift Programme
6 (Kolai Palas, Battagram, Tank, Kohistan, Upper & 258
Lower Dir, Shangla, Buner, Upper and Lower Chitral and Hangu
180620-Special Development Package for Militancy
7 162
Hit/Backward Areas of Swat
190265- Block provision for projects to be funded from

8 44
10% Net Hydel Profit
Total 1,130
These schemes are housed across six districts; namely, DI Khan, Dir Lower, Kohistan Upper,
Kohistan Lower, Swat, and Shangla.
S.No Districts Number of Schemes Cost of Damages
1 DI Khan 22 117
2 Dir Lower 50 147
3 Kohistan Upper 29 54
4 Shangla 146 131
5 Swat 82 481
6 Kohistan Lower 85 200
Total 414 1,130
District-wise depiction of MSD damages
34
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Agriculture
The recent floods have caused devastating damage to assets, livelihoods and recent gains made in the
agricultural sector to the tune of PKR 23 billion. This further boils down to PKR 924 million in public
infrastructural damages and PKR 22,076 million in private losses.
These take the form of crop losses, devastation to farm irrigation channels, soil and water conservation
schemes, fatalities of livestock and destruction of fish hatcheries and farms. The highest agricultural
losses are recorded in crops, fisheries and livestock. Infrastructure damages have also been sustained by
agriculture and livestock research institutions and government fish hatcheries in nine districts.
Crop losses worth PKR 16,171 million have been recorded in twenty districts of KP. Water courses worth
PKR 770 million have been damaged that include 1,116 water courses and channels and 44 water storage
tanks. Gomal Command Area Development Project has reported damages worth PKR 978 million, with
99 water courses fully damaged and 113 partially damaged. Moreover, an area of 2,881 acres of land is
damaged and in need of leveling and rehabilitation, estimated to cost PKR 95 million. Furthermore, 575
soil and water conservation schemes are reported as damaged with a total loss of PKR 620 million.
Regarding livestock damages, a total loss of PKR 1,879 million are recorded including losses from the
deaths of 22,218 animals. Damages in the fisheries sector are worth PKR 1,823 million with 305 private
fish farms being washed away by the recent floods.
1,879 AGRICULTURE AND ITS SUB SECTOR LOSSES

1,823 (IN PKR MILLIONS)
Crop losses
978
Water courses damages
95
Soil conservation structure damages
620
Land damages
Gomal command area water courses damages

770
1,6171.48
Fisheries farm damages
Likewise, the recent floods also caused infrastructural damages to Agriculture extension, agriculture
research, livestock research and fisheries departments. These damages have been sustained by offices,
stores, germ-plasm units, laboratories, dairy farms, mosques and boundary walls.
S.No Directorate Costed damages (in PKR millions)

1 Agriculture Research 283
2 Agriculture Extension 66
3 Fisheries 527
4 Livestock Research 48
Grand Total 924
Table: Public infrastructure losses in agriculture sector
35
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sports, Tourism, Archeology, Culture and Youth Affairs
The Department of Sports, Tourism, Archaeology, Culture and Youth Affairs, recorded losses to property
across the province. Field formations deployed by the department immediately went forth and recorded
damages by visiting affected sites and reporting on estimated damage costs.
The following summary tabulates by various directorates of the department along with estimated costs of
rehabilitation.
Estimated Cost of Rehabilitation based on Damages Reported

S. No Directorate
(in PKR millions)
1 Directorate of Sports 215
Directorate of
2 270
Archaeology & Museums
3 Directorate of Tourism 20
Grand Total 505
Higher Education
Field formations have reported a total of 3 universities and 9 colleges as damaged by recent flooding,
estimated to cost an approximate PKR 373 million in reconstruction and rehabilitation works. These
damages lie in Charsadda, Dir Upper, Nowshera, Swab and Dera Ismail Khan. The following table names
universities and colleges that have been damaged thus far.
Districts Damaged Universities and Colleges
Charsadda Bacha Khan University Charsadda

Ÿ Degree college (Dir Upper)
Dir Upper
Ÿ Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir Upper
Ÿ Degree College (Male) Zaida

Swabi Ÿ Degree college (Female) Marghuz
Ÿ University of Swabi
Ÿ Degree College (GPGC Nowshera)

Ÿ Degree College (Female) Nowshera
Nowshera Ÿ Degree College (Male) Khan Kohi
Ÿ Degree college (Female) Khan Kohi
Dera Ismail Khan Ÿ Degree College (Male) Kulachi DI Khan

Ÿ Degree college (Male)Town Ship DI Khan
Board of Revenue
As an immediate response to the flood emergency, Deputy Commissioners from all KP districts
conducted an assessment of infrastructural damages sustained by property under the Board of Revenue
(BoR) department. Seven districts reported flood-related damages. These are, namely, Shangla, Lakki
Marwat, Tank, South Waziristan, Charsadda and D.I. Khan. Damages include destruction of administration
offices and residence buildings.
This yielded a total damages estimate of PKR 230 million in restorative and rehabilitative works.
36
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4.4 Aggregate Public Sector Damages Assessment
The floods in 2022 caused massive losses and damage to public infrastructure. These damages have
been sustained across several sectors, with huge financial implications. KP's flood damage assessment
currently estimate cross-sectoral losses at Rs. 121, 283 million.
Several segments of roads were wiped out especially in the Malakand Division. The rehabilitation
requirements of roads are approximately 1,503 km and about 117 bridges – with an estimated monetary
value of Rs. 63,000 million.11
Irrigation infrastructure was also heavily affected, as rains engendered the flow of water much above the
designed capacity of the canals. The damage to irrigation sector is currently priced at an enormous Rs.
22,386 million.
Considerable damage has been done to the power generation equipment in Malakand Division including
mini and micro hydro power projects, solar panels, as well as power transmission lines; the losses are
estimated at Rs. 11,590 million.
About 1,790 school buildings under the E&SE department have been either washed away completely or
have suffered significant damages. The total estimated loss to E&SE department's properties is
calculated at Rs. 8,394 million.
Local Government assets have also suffered significant losses and small roads, water and sanitation and
other infrastructure worth Rs. 6,751 million have been destroyed.
Agricultural and public health engineering infrastructure- that are critical for agricultural produce and
intricately tied with the welfare of vulnerable populations- bore losses worth Rs. 924 million and Rs. 4,857
million respectively. Infrastructure within the domains of health, higher education, multisectoral
development, tourism and culture, higher education and food production suffered notable losses as
well.
The following graph depicts the damaged assessment in monetary terms.
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGES

(IN PKR MILLIONS)
63,000
22,386
11,590 8,394 6,751
4,857 1,091 1,130 924 505 373 230 52
Local Government
Higher Education
Energy & Power
Agriculture
Irrigation
Health
Sports
MSD
BOR
Food
E&SE
C&W
PHE
Public Infrastructure Damages
¹¹ Of which around PKR 18 billion is required to rectify road damages to pre-existing levels
(without the added resilience element)
37
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
5. Sectoral Response Plans

Communications and Works
At this stage, an important challenge ahead is to plan the reconstruction of damaged roads and bridges to
restore connectivity of the flood affected areas. To prevent and mitigate such destruction in the future,
the province will adopt the Build Back Better (BBB) approach.
The sectoral response emphasizes the need for strategic planning in implementing restorative and
rehabilitative activities, which includes identifying efforts required to enhance the institutional readiness
of the C&W department to cope with such disasters in the future. This requires collective response and
efforts from the Provincial and Federal Governments for early restoration and reconstruction of roads and
bridges destroyed by the floods. While the provincial government has mapped out its efforts in
accordance with its resources, it requires the Federal Government and development partners' support
for speedy restoration of damaged infrastructure. A cost-sharing arrangement with the Federal
Government and development partners would, thus, be beneficial.
The specific objectives of this plan are to learn from flood experience, develop institutional capacity to
cope with such emergencies in the future, map out roads and bridges prone to floods and modify design
and construction standards based on hydraulic data from the floods. It will also serve as a reference
document for mobilization of funds through internal and external sources.
Restoration Activities
The C&W department responded to the emergency and accordingly carried out restoration works by
utilizing available resources at the district-level. To this end, all the field formations were directed to
submit district-specific flood damage reports and prepare detailed cost estimates for restoration and
rehabilitation of damaged roads and bridges. To ensure the authenticity of these Detailed Cost Estimates
(DCE), various committees were formed which carried out physical verification of the damage
assessment and DCE submitted. Hence, an integrated and transparent approach was adopted to handle
emergency response at the departmental level.
Just after the disaster, several field formations of the C&W department were mobilized to assess the
destruction to roads, provincial highways and bridges. These situation reports were then assessed and
shared with the district administration for planning and arrangement of funds. Simultaneously, field
formations mobilized available resources for immediate infrastructure restoration. Out of total 1,029
affected roads and bridges, around 1,020 ( 99 %) were restored in this way, while the restoration activities
for the remaining 1% are in progress.
Financial Plans
Financial needs assessment for the restoration and rehabilitation of infrastructure was also carried out by
field officers of the department. Requirements coming out of this assessment were rechecked through
district level committees. The requirement for resilient rehabilitation and restoration is estimated at PKR
63,000 million¹². The donors have given verbal commitment of PKR 25,000 million towards the
reconstruction model based on climate resilience.
The C&W department has also carried out a detailed exercise to identify unspent funds within its
development budget, under the Annual development Programme 2022-23. This revealed a sum of PKR
6,952 million can be re-appropriated for restoration and rehabilitation of flood affected road
infrastructure. In addition, the World Bank and ADB have verbally agreed to provide PKR 25,000 million
for flood resilient road infrastructure. A summary of this funds mobilization is produced below:
¹² Of which around PKR 18,147 million is required just to reconstruct roads to pre-flood levels
38
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(in PKR Millions)

Total Cost of Funds Available Funds Committed
Category from Intra-Sectoral Remaining
Restoration and by Development
Reappropriation Balance
Rehabilitation Partners
Provincial & 63,000 6,952 31,048
25,000¹³
District Roads
The balance requirement of PKR 31,048 million will either be arranged through inter-sectoral re-
appropriation of funds from the Annual Development Progamme (ADP) 2022-23, or through the federal
government and development partners' support resilient roads and bridges.
Implementation Strategy
A comprehensive strategy has been worked out for restoration and rehabilitation of damaged roads and
bridges. Key features of the strategy are as under:
i. Connectivity of all flood affected areas is ensured so that relief, rescue and rehabilitation operations
are not obstructed.
ii. Major highways and roads connecting large population settlements are prioritized in the restoration
phase.
iii. Alternate temporary or belly bridges will be erected to connect the population with rest of the
province.
iv. Secondary roads and village link roads will be restored depending on population and severity of
crisis.
v. Special care will be exercised from falling stones and landslides to save the loss of lives.
vi. A DCC is appointed to prioritize rehabilitation depending on criteria which include population,
strategic importance of a road or bridge, area served by the road or bridge, alternate routes
available etc.
vii. Rehabilitation work shall be taken on hand only after availability of funds required for completion.
viii.Roads and bridges will be resilient to floods and must be designed on the hydraulic data recorded
during recent floods.
ix. In order to accelerate pace of work, Fast Track procedures be will be adopted for procurement,
approvals, release of funds etc.
x. Execution responsibility is delegated at the district-level with internal and external monitoring in
place to ensure efficiency and transparency.
Prioritisation of Financial Requirements
The provincial government is currently struggling with finance relief and rescue operations which,
despite intra-departmental reallocation efforts, will be insufficient in financing current restoration and
reconstruction activities. To fill this deficit, the department requested development partners to
accommodate and finance some of the reconstruction activities from the ongoing programme. Financial
requirement below:
Estimated Cost of Long-

District Roads Financial Year
Term Reconstruction
Restoration and 2023-24 28,000

resilience works 2024-25 35,000
¹³ With an additional PKR 25 billion expected from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank
39
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Details of works to be executed in the two years are given below:
Early recovery phase. (Financial year 2023-24)
In the early recovery phase, the department will be utilising PKR 28,000 million to initiate the climate-
resilient reconstruction of damaged road infrastructure.
Medium to Long Term Recovery (Financial Years 2024-25)
Rehabilitation and reconstruction of the remaining climate resilient roads and bridges will be completed
during 2024-25, utilising the remaining PKR 35,000.
Monitoring Plan
A robust monitoring mechanism is essential for timely implementation of restoration and rehabilitation
works.
M&E activities will be arranged at two levels,
Ÿ Level 1 is based on the three tiers within the department i.e. at District, Division and Provincial level.
Ÿ Level 2 is based on an external monitoring mechanism and includes district M&E Committee
under the DC for monitoring of works implemented under the flood rehabilitation programme, and
the provincial Directorate of M&E under the P&DD.
The District M&E Committee will conduct monitoring of all developmental works in the flood affected
areas and send fortnightly reports to the P&DD. The DC shall hold monthly review meetings to ascertain
progress and quality of work.
Of the two levels mentioned above, internal monitoring at departmental level, particularly at the divisional
level, is very important and shall be encouraged by the Chief Engineers.
All the levels of monitoring will draw an M&E plan, which may be coordinated by the DC to avoid
duplication and also to facilitate monitoring of all projects under the flood restoration programme.
Sector Resilience Plan
The C&W department is a premier government agency dealing with roads and bridges all across KP. The
department has always been at the forefront to cope with natural calamity responses. Given its central
position, a multipronged approach is therefore needed to enhance the capacity and capability of the
Department to cope with such emergencies. Thus, the following areas are identified for strengthening:
40
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1. While some snow clearing machinery is available in the C&W department for clearance of snow,
earth moving machinery is required. This machinery in normal circumstances may be rented out to
contractors for use in the departmental works and can be mobilized when needed in emergencies.
2. Design parameters of the roads and structures will be revised to increase climate and flood
resiliency.
3. Modern GIS tools need to be developed for identification and verification of the road damages.
4. Coordinated efforts are required under the district administration to control construction activities in
river basins and avoid such situations in the future.
The following measures are proposed to avoid and minimize the intensity of future floods and natural
disasters.
a.Structural Measures
1. Repair, strengthening and up gradation of existing flood protection works on an immediate basis to
protect the population and infrastructure against natural disasters.
2. Roads and allied structures be designed and constructed in a manner that is resilient to floods.
3. Construction activities will not be allowed along river banks. Private dwellings shall be constructed
at high levels.
4. River and stream basins will not be encroached on, and all such illegal constructions must be
removed.
5. The river regime will not be disturbed and levees and spurs will be designed and constructed far
from river banks.
b.Non-Structural Policy Measures
1. Watersheds will be protected and managed through reforestation, soil conservation and control on
land use.
2. Formulation of a watershed management policy and legislation at national and provincial level.
3. Preserve habitats against excessive grazing and deforestation.
4. Locale-specific climate studies
5. Awareness enhancing trainings of the community to strengthen knowledge of climate change and
other environmental issues.
6. Curriculums at university levels will inculcate environmental issues and natural disasters.
7. Governance frameworks to be developed for climate governance and enforcement.
8. Explore options for climate change financing, particularly for disasters.
9. Flood Early Warning System will be upgraded on an immediate basis to include catchment areas
upstream of water reservoirs.
10. Stronger implementation and enforcement of the 'River Act' by removing encroachments,
permanent settlements and undue developments in flood plains.
11. There is strong need to prepare Floodplain maps and zoning in areas affected by the floods.
12. Governmental will play an active role in enhancing awareness and preparedness in community to
fight against floods and natural disasters.
13. Concrete steps will be taken to legislate against permanent settlements in floodplains and enhance
awareness and preparedness to cope in emergency situations.
41
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Irrigation
Keeping in view the seriousness and potentially major implications of the damages sustained by water
infrastructure, the Provincial GoKP approved a non-ADP scheme in a special PDWP meeting held on 7th
September, 2022 for which a number of sub-PC-1s have been proposed.
As a consequence of departmental and government-wide efforts, supplies have been temporarily

restored in the the Upper Swat canal system, along with lift irrigation systems and several civil channels
that off take from the Swat river. However sustainable long-term solutions will be developed and rolled
out shortly.
Table 2: Five categories of restoration work planned by the irrigation department

S. No Proposed Restoration Estimated cost (in PKR Millions)
Restoration of water supplies and irrigation system and
1 2,457
channels in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Restoration of damaged flood structures and
2 3,245
drainage system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Rehabilitation of damaged irrigation system and channels
3 6,224
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Rehabilitation of damaged flood protection structures in
4 9,880
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Restoration and Rehabilitation of damages Patrol roads/bridges
5 along canals and drains damaged in flood 2022 580
through-out Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
PC-Is for all restorative schemes have been approved in the PDWP mentioned above, while those for
rehabilitation schemes have been submitted to the P&DD and are expected to be approved very shortly.
Individual PC-Is for sub works under the first two umbrella schemes, falling under the jurisdiction of the
northern region, have also been approved by DDWP, opening the way to expeditious implementation.
Sector Integrated Flood Response Plan
The department has devised ways and means to fill the gap between previous services and the current
situation. To achieve the desired objectives, a well-coordinated response strategy, including necessary
financial planning, has been chalked out which focuses upon cost-effective service delivery.
Financial Planning
PHASED FINANCIAL REHABILITATION (IN PKR MILLIONS)
10000
8880
9000
8000
7000
6000 5224
5000
Phase 1
4000
Phase 2
3000
2000 1500 1750 1495
957 1000 1000
1000
250 330
0
Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Scheme 4 Scheme 5
42
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Table: Financial assessment and forecasts

Total Damages Intra-Departmental Donors' Expected Funding Gap
(in PKR Millions) Reappropriation Commitment
22,386 1,200 13,124 8,062
The department has identified restoration works which amount to PKR 5.7 billion (for immediate
restoration of schemes 1 and 2 depicted above).
This amount of reconstruction work will be executed on an emergency basis while the remaining work will
follow a paced out process matching the availability of funds.
Development Partners' Commitment
The ADB has committed a total of PKR 13 billion to recovering irrigation infrastructure and assets to date.
Implementation Plan
For effective implementation, a comprehensive strategy has been adopted by the department, and
detailed guidelines have been issued to the field formations and Chief Engineers. Efforts have been
directed towards keeping the process simplified so minimal approvals are needed and timely disposal is
ensured. A comprehensive strategy has been put in place which comprises of clear goals, objectives, and
targets.
Monitoring and Evaluation Plans
Departmental, regional and district level committees will monitor and review the restoration,
rehabilitation, and reconstruction of developmental restoration; ensure quality of works; coordinate, and
facilitate relevant stakeholders to ensure early restoration of civil amenities; and dispense other task
assigned by the competent authority in the public interest for restoration and rehabilitation works.
43
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Energy and Power
This overview includes detailed accounts of the five damaged schemes, the relief activities carried out by
line departments, financing requirements for restoration and rehabilitation, implementation and
monitoring plans and timelines for each task associated.
Flood Response Team in the Department
1. The Secretary of E&P will be the team lead for FRP of E&P 2022
2. The CPO of E&P will be the Focal Person for data provision to the provincial government and P&DD
3. A nominated Project Director (PD) of each damaged scheme will be the focal person for
implementation and monitoring updates.
4. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms are put in place for further streamlining of the flood response
process.
Immediate restoration activities were informed by an extensive damages survey, identifying cites in need
of reconstruction and eventual rehabilitation
Damage Assessment and Restoration
I. Rehabilitation and Restoration of 17 MW Ranolia Hydropower Project in Lower Kohistan
Damage assessment for this scheme is segmented into three parts: civil works, electrical and mechanical
works and miscellaneous.
Civil Works Assessed:
Access road to the powerhouse weir structure.
1. Intake weir structure

2. Syphon inlet and outlet pond
3. Sand trap and headrace channel
4. Power house and tailrace
5. Switchyard civil works
6. Protection wall
Electrical and Mechanical Works Assessed:
1. Transformers, switchgears, protection relays etc

2. Metering panels including CTs/PTs
3. Emergency diesel generators & auto transfer switch
4. Transmission line & grid interconnection
5. Fire alarm etc
6. Cabling, earthing, instrumentation
7. Turbine including inlet valve & governor
8. Cooling water & dewatering system etc
9. Generator including excitation, protection etc
Due to the extent of damage to this specific scheme, the restoration of one unit will be carried out on an
emergency basis to restore supply within six months
II. Rehabilitation and restoration of 114 Mini/Micro Hydropower projects in 11 northern districts of KP
44
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
A by-district report of damaged mini/micro hydropower projects, demanding repair, are found below
Rehabilitation and Restoration of 114 Mini Micro Hydropower Projects under the ACEP
Minor Major Fully damaged Total Projects
District Damaged (No) Damaged (No) (No) (No)
Abbottabad 2 0 0 2
Battagram 9 3 0 12
Chitral 13 5 2 20
Dir Upper 10 4 0 14
Dir Lower 2 0 0 2
Swat 12 6 27
Shangla 8 5 1 14
Kohistan 2 4 7 13
Mansehra 3 2 3 8
Torghar 0 0 0 0
Buner 2 0 0 2
Total 63 32 19 114
Due to the distribution of assets (solar systems) in various localities, immediate restoration is linked with
restoration at the school and BHU levels.
III. Rehabilitation and restoration of flood damages of 176 solar systems in schools & BHUs of KP
under the ACEP
A district-wise report of schools and basic health units with solar systems in need of repair, is found below
S. No District Name No of School/BHUs Name

1 Charsadda 5
2 Swat 12
3 Chitral 5
4 Karak 28
5 DI Khan 85
6 Kohistan 20
7 Dir Lower 18
8 Nowshera 3
Due to the distribution of assets (micro/mini hydro) in various localities, immediate restoration is linked
with restoration of access roads and associated infrastructure and machinery.
IV. Rehabilitation of flood damages of 36.6 MW Daral Khwar Hydropower Project, Swat
The assessment of damages revealed the following:
I. A flood protection wall is required upstream of the Daral Power House

ii. Restoration of the weir/intake structure required
45
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
These restoration activities will include risk assessment of the infrastructure
V. Restoration of Damaged Transmission Line of 4.8 MW Reshun HPC, Upper Chitral
The transmission line and allied structures of Reshun HPC in Upper Chitral have been damaged and will
be restored under the rehabilitation plan.
An integrated flood response plan is a multisector effort for optimal recovery. This entails integration of
the E&P department's FRP with the response plan of C&W, and other relevant departments.
Rehabilitation strategy:
Rehabilitation strategy includes an assessment of damages and identification of funding requirements.

This involves prioritizing schemes for rehabilitation based on overall sector financing requirements. For
the E&P department, most of the rehabilitation work is financed by the ADB and only one scheme is to be
financed by ADP.
Financial Assessment with Proposed Sources of Financing:
Several meetings with the ADB concluded that the department can utilize its available budget form the
existing loan for rehabilitation activities. Total funding requirements are estimated at PKR 11.59 billion, of
which the first year's financing requirement is at PKR 6.5 billion and second year's is PKR 5.08 billion.
Detailed financing requirements are depicted in graph below:
PHASED FINANCING OF RESTORATION SCHEMES
Transmission Line of 4.2 MW Reshun HPC
36.6 MW Daral Khwar HPP
174 solar systems under ACEP
114 Mini Micro HPP
17 MW Ranolia HPP
3rd year 2nd year 1st Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Expected Development Partners' Assistance and Reappropriation
On the direction of the provincial government, initial details of damages, restoration costs and tentative
restoration plans were discussed with the ADB for the possible reprogramming of the ADB's savings from
their ongoing project to restoration activities. It was mutually agreed that the restoration cost of PKR 11.59
billion will be accommodated as additional works within the available loan No.3476 for which the loan
period will be extended by two years. A case will be therefore processed for åPKR11.59 billion in the
ongoing loan No.3476-PAK with extension of the loan for further two years' period (until 2025).
Implementation Plan
The implementation of the FRP is dependent on financing needs, access to roads and other connectivity
infrastructure and the ability to establish robust coordination mechanisms among various departments
and stakeholders.
Rehabilitation Action Plan
The following table outlines this sector's rehabilitation plan by identifying appropriate action items for
each damaged scheme, along with timelines for effective monitoring of rehabilitation works
46
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S. No Project Timeline Action Plan

1 17 MW Ranolia HPC 24 months 1. Rehabilitation of access road to the Power house,
district Kohistan weir structure, syphon etc.
2. Cleaning from debris, dewatering & overhauling
etc. of the E&M
equipment's/parts.
3. Hiring of consultant to design the rehabilitation
works on emergency basis
and will be on board in one month.
4. Hiring of contractor on emergency basis and will
be on board in two months to execute the
rehabilitation works design by the consultant.
5. Restoration and rehabilitation of overall plant
including allied structures.
2 Rehabilitation and 18 Months 1. Restoration of access road
restoration of flood 2. Rehabilitation of damaged mini micro hydel
damages of 114 mini stations, restoration of transmission line
Micro Hydropower
projects in 11 northern
districts of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
3 Rehabilitation and 12 months Replacement/repair of solar equipment's, testing &

restoration of flood commissioning & handing over to the concerned
damages of 176 solar stakeholders.
systems in schools &
BHUs of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa under
the ACEP
4 Rehabilitation of flood 24 months 1. Rehab/construction of Flood protection wall

damages of 36.6 MW upstream of the powerhouse complex.
Daral Khwar 2. Restoration of flood damages to weir/intake
Hydropower Project structure.
districts Swat
5 Restoration of 3 months Rehabilitation of transmission and distribution line

Damaged transmission damaged during floods
line of 4.8 MW Reshun
HPC districts upper
Chitral
Monitoring & Evaluation Plan
A dedicated Project Director for each scheme will be the reporting authority. Monthly reporting on
progress will be the responsibility of the PD. These reports will be uploaded on the Planning Commission
Form Management System (PCFMS) regularly.
Monthly reporting will be complimented with quarterly monitoring by the planning cell of the
administrative department (E&P) and executing line department (PEDO).
To verify reporting, a biyearly verification by the M&E systems in P&D will be conducted when required.
However, onsite verification will require departmental coordination.
To enhance long-term resilience, a Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) of existing and planned energy
infrastructure will be conducted. This includes identifying critical and associated infrastructure and key
stakeholders; and describing the hazards, vulnerabilities and resultant risks in the CRA study. The
assessment will also specify what approaches, tools and methods are to be employed to assess key
aspects of risk and vulnerability. This will help create a summary of the key current and expected future
climate hazards relevant in each project, and of potential climate-related risks for critical projects.
47
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Elementary and Secondary Education
Significant learning losses of thousands of students have been incurred throughout the province, while
schooling infrastructure has been decimated or left uninhabitable in its current state. In order to get
educational outcomes back on track, a Response Plan was devised by the department, which will restore
learning activities through medium and long-term rehabilitation, reconstruction and capacity building.
The scope of the plan includes the volume of physical work required with financial assessments and
possible options for financing. Sources of funds include development partners' commitment and intra-
sectoral reallocations, while balance requirements will be arranged by the Government. In sum, our
objectives within this Plan are to:
1. To implement an integrated and coordinated response approach to the current emergency situation
2. To devise a comprehensive rehabilitation and restoration strategy, ensuring a smooth transition from
relief to rehabilitation in its implementation strategy
3. To present a detailed three-tier monitoring mechanism at the district, departmental, and provincial
level for the
Restoration of activities
The E&SE department has already taken the following steps as emergency response to the flood affected
areas.
1. Establishment of Temporary Learning Centers (TLCs)

2. Desludging/dewatering of schools
3. Conducting a survey of flood affected schools
4. Setting up of Flood Response Committees in DI Khan, Tank and Swat for emergency response
5. Provision of shelters to affected families in the schools at safe areas through voluntary participation
by teachers, students and scout teams.
Additionally, the E&SE department also:
1. Collected reliable and verified data on cost assessment for reconstruction /rehabilitation
2. Engaged with development partners to co-formulate a plan for all activities planned by partner
agencies.
The P&DD, District Administration and PDMA as well as Rescue 1122 also extended full support to the
Education department.
Integrated Flood Response Plan
A large number of 1,790 schools have been either partially or fully damaged. All over KP, primary schools
have suffered the maximum damage with 132 primary schools fully damaged, and 1,359 primary schools
damaged partially. Notably, DI Khan, Tank and Swat have been most severely affected. In order to
develop an effective plan for flood response, the E&SE department has defined the damaged schools in
two broad categories mentioned below:
1. Fully damaged schools: A fully damaged school is defined as a school which has been completely
washed away due to floods. It is pertinent to note that a building may comprise of two or even more
rooms.
2. Partially damaged schools: If only a part of a school building, such as a classroom, an office, a
veranda etc., has been damaged, it is defined as a partially damaged school.
Financial Plan
In the first year, the department is planning to spend an amount of PKR 2,186 million on the reconstruction
and rehabilitation of damaged buildings, followed by PKR 6,208 million in the second year. An amount of
PKR 2,523.38 million will be made available through intra-sectoral re-adjustments; while PKR 3,586
million will be provided from our development partners. Additionally, some contribution is expected from
the UNICEF Global Partnership for Education.
48
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
This, however, leaves a requirement of PKR 2,285 million that remains unmet. The E&SE department
proposes to finance the reconstruction/rehabilitation of the damaged facilities through the following
sources:
Source of Funds Amount (in PKR millions)
Intra sectoral adjustment (Departmental Re-App Exercise)

2,523
out of allocation 2022-23
Development partners Funds from existing project
2,703
(Human Capital Investment Project (HCIP)
Funds Committed by development partners for flood relief activities Nil
Development partner funds from pipeline projects Nil
Development partner funds from new financing Nil
Other Financing (UNICEF Global Partnership for Education) 883+
Funds required from provincial government 2,285
To completely reconstruct and rehabilitate damaged infrastructure, the E&SE department will need an
estimated amount of nearly PKR 8.4 billion. This financial estimate is informed by the following:
1. The construction cost estimates for completely damaged schools are based on Market Rate System
(MRS), given by the Finance department. The reconstruction of all the fully damaged schools entails
a minimum of six classrooms for a primary school (as per policy). Whereas, damaged middle, high or
higher secondary schools will be reconstructed such that they maintain their original number of
rooms as existed prior to floods.
2. Budgets for partially damaged schools have been calculated based on estimates received from the
District Education Officers (DEOs).
E&SE department has a strong network of Parent Teacher Councils (PTCs), which have a history of
participating in the reconstruction of school facilities through conditional grants. Quite recently, the PTCs
have been allotted funds of up to PKR 5 million in a financial year. In lieu of this, the budgets and
management for the reconstruction of those schools that are estimated to cost within this upper limit, will
be directed by the PTCs of those particular schools.
Reappropriations
The E&SED has devised a plan to re-appropriate funds to rehabilitate and reconstruct schools which were
damaged during the current flooding. The total damages are estimated to be around PKR 8,394 million, of
which PKR 2,523.38 million will be covered by intra-sectoral readjustments.
An indicative PKR 3,586 million is expected from GoKP's development partners. E&SE department and
development partners have reached an agreement over a sum of PKR 2,703 million, made available from
the ongoing HCIP project for infrastructure activities, for flood affected areas. The remaining PKR 883
million (approximately) are expected to come in from the UNICEF Global Partnership for Education.
Funding Gap
The E&SE department, after its own reallocation efforts and those of development partners, has identified
a financial gap of around PKR 2,285 million which will be required from the government. Below are the
details.
49
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Intra-Sectoral Development Funds Required

Name of scheme, Adjustment from Partner Funds from the
in order of priority Allocations of 2022-23 (in PKR Millions) Provincial Govt.
(in PKR Millions) (in PKR Millions)
Reconstruction of 213 fully/partially

flood damaged schools
(Primary, Middle, High & HSS)
in KP (Settled Areas)
Rehabilitation of 1443 flood damaged
schools (Primary, Middle, High & HSS)
in KP (Settled Areas) through PTCs
flood damaged schools
(Primary, Middle, High & HSS)
in KP (Merged Areas)
Rehabilitation of 88 flood
damaged schools
(primary, Middle, High & HSS)
in KP(Merged Areas) through PTCs
Grand Total 2,523 3,586 2,285
Implementation Plan
For effective implementation of the flood response plan, E&SE department has developed four special
schemes. For the reconstruction and rehabilitation of schools, where a sum of more than PKR 5 million is
projected to be spent, two different schemes (1 each for merged and settled districts) will be proposed; an
umbrella PC-1 will be developed; and a blanket approval will be sought from the relevant forum. The
construction work under these two schemes will be managed by C&W. The funds required for the
rehabilitation work of partially damaged schools under a sum of PKR 5 million will be directed to PTCs,
who will also be responsible to manage reconstruction work. All reconstruction and rehabilitation work is
proposed to be completed over the next two years as per the plan mentioned below:
Total Funds Required (in PKR Millions)

Scheme
1st Year 2nd Year Total Fund
flood damaged schools 500 5,209 5,709
(Primary, Middle, High & HSS) in KP (Settled Areas)
Rehabilitation of 1443 flood-damaged schools
(Primary, Middle, High & HSS) in KP 1,180 500 1,680
(Settled Areas) through PTCs
Sub-Total 1,680 5,709 7,389
Reconstruction of 46 Fully/partially flood
damaged schools (Primary, Middle, High & HSS) 377 500 877
in KP (Merged Areas)
Rehabilitation of 88 flood-damaged schools
(Primary, Middle, High & HSS) in KP 129 129
(Merged Areas) through PTCs
Sub-Total 505 500 1,005
Total 2,186 6,209 8,394
50
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The following guidelines will be used to prioritize reconstruction of completely damaged schools in
settled as well as merged districts:
1. Priority will be given to reconstruction of primary schools
2. Schools with high enrollment will also be prioritized
3. A primary school will be reconstructed on priority basis where there is no other schools within four km
radius
4. If two schools (for boys and girls) meet all the above guidelines the priority for reconstruction will be
given to a girls' primary school.
The E&SE department will immediately start rehabilitation work on 35 primary schools (25 girls' primary
schools and 10 boys' primary schools). Schemes for the schools will be developed and funds will be
allocated based on guidelines mentioned above.
Monitoring Plan
A robust monitoring mechanism will be put in place to maintain the pace as well as quality of work. In
addition to the standard monitoring activities carried out by C&W, the department will follow a three-
tiered monitoring mechanism where district formations of the M&E department, alongside visits from
provincial P&DD and District Education Officers will be used to monitor the quality of work and ensure that
the schemes remain on track.
Resilience Plan
Several significant steps are being recommended to ensure that current substantial investments develop
infrastructure assets that are robust to future climate change impacts. These steps also aim to enhance
the resilience of other undamaged assets around the province, in addition to the infrastructure systems
that are being rebuilt under this plan. E&SE department seeks to implement a future resilience plan, with
the following necessary actions to be taken:
Ÿ For construction of new schools, E&SE department will make sure that structures are made which
are flood resistant to avoid future damages to the infrastructure.
Ÿ The locations of new schools will be such that they are higher locations and also away from flood-
prone areas
Ÿ Teachers and PTC will receive training on disaster risk reduction by the E&SE department so they
can improve their response in the event of floods.
Ÿ The Communication & Works Department must ensure fast execution of the approved PC-Is.
Besides the monitoring mechanism proposed by the E&SE department, the C&W department may also
devise a special monitoring plan to ensure quality work and timely completion.
51
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Local Government
The widespread nature of disaster warrants a collaborative approach to meet challenges, encompassing
the government, different development partners and the communities. This FRP will enable LGE&RDD to
manage funds for early rehabilitation and restoration of services to residents, while additionally enabling
it to plan climate resilient activities for mitigating future damages. It would do so by enabling the
department to put in place effective mechanisms for accurate forecasting and dispatching early warnings
of floods information to vulnerable communities for timely precautionary measures. Primary objectives
and scope of the Flood Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Plan for the LG sector are as under:
1. Repair and restore essential infrastructure including:
a) Repair and continuance of DWSS

b) Repair of access and link roads
c) Restoration of drains and sanitation schemes
d) Repair of bridges
2.Revive the local economy in floods hit areas, and involve local communities in rehabilitation work
through cash-for-work initiatives where hiring preferences will be given to local workers
3.Place emphasis on maintaining disaster risk reduction in early recovery process

4.Carry out quick mobilization of existing resources
5.Implement changes in the department's regulations for effective building controls, removal of
encroachments and enforcement of laws/bye laws,
6.Review and design an implementation strategy to ensure smooth transition from relief to rehabilitation.
The department has conducted a number of activities, through its own departmental reallocation,
towards restoring the provision of essential services. In addition to these immediate activities, a number
of sessions were held with communities for awareness raising and encouragement of precautionary
measures. The LG department has also mobilized all its development partners to gather resources. Due
to limited financial capacity, the department has currently prioritized its initiatives; the first being the
restoration of damaged water supply schemes; followed by the rehabilitation of damaged sanitation
infrastructure to avert spread of water borne diseases. Roads and bridges restoration would also be a
priority as they provide citizens with basic access to health and education facilities and enable the
transportation of construction materials and lifesaving drugs.
52
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
A glimpse of flood relief activities across KP
53
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Financial Plan
LGE&RDD has followed the provincial government's instructions by reviewing all its ongoing and new
schemes in the ADP, such that emergency response can be at least partially funded from its own
resources. The deficit, however, requires development partners' attention.
Reappropriation
The total requirement of the LGE&RDD currently stands at PKR 6,751 million to rehabilitate local
government provisions throughout the province. An internal approximate PKR 1,000 million has already
been provided for.
FUNDING REQUIREMENT (IN PKR MILLIONS)
Series 1
Demand From Prov Gov 5751
Re-appropriation intra sector 1000
Total funds requirement 6751
Development Partners Commitment
As of now, no clear commitment has been made by development partners; however, efforts will be made
to engage development agencies for either possible financial support or other financing arrangement
such as debt-for-climate swaps or further staggered loan repayments.
Funding Gap
The current gap of PKR 5,751 million has to be provided by provincial government either of its own
resources or through development partners. A proposed financial phasing by the Department is as
under:
FINANCIAL PHASING IN LG (IN PKR MILLIONS)
8,000 6,751
7,000
6,000
5,000 3,927
4,000 2,824
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Total fund requirement Year 1 Year 2
Total fund requirement Year 1 Year 2
54
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Implementation Plan
The schemes will be implemented by the respective Assistant Director (AD) LG&RDD, TMOs and Urban
Areas Development Authorities (UADAs), in accordance with their share of damaged schemes reported.
Implementation will follow the regular departmental protocols., including the observance of all codal
formalities.
Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
Schemes will be internally monitored by divisional monitoring teams, along with ADs, TMOs and UADAs
at field formations. The Secretary LGE&RDD, DG LG&RDD and Secretary LCB will also be monitoring the
reconstructed schemes to ensure quality of work and timely completion to avoid delay and cost
escalation. Additionally, external monitoring will be conducted in simultaneity by the DG M&E.
A Resilience Plan is necessary to enable the LG department to effectively respond to future emergency
situations. The LG department's pre-existing presence and outreach in the field is already quite well-
established; an effective Resilience Plan must be able to tap into these resources to deal with future
emergency situations. The projected amount required for these activities is currently at PKR 1,000 million
over a two-year period. The resilience plan would entail the following major activities, in order of priority:
Ÿ Review of LG laws/rules /bye laws in terms of building codes and their enforcement mechanisms,
Ÿ Capacity need assessment of essentials equipment and systems,
Ÿ Procurement of equipment and installation of systems for early climate warning,
Ÿ Training of staff on how utilize the new system,
Ÿ Operationalization and monitoring of system,
Ÿ Information dissemination programmes for emergency situations
Ÿ Engaging communities through awareness raising campaigns.
55
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
In response to the floods, the PHE department intends:
1. To restore drinking water supply services through rationalized reconstruction and rehabilitation of
damaged infrastructure.
2. To conduct effective coordination with all stakeholders to ensure availability and timely release of
funds
3. To provide equipment (generators/solar panels) for schemes that are left without any energy
source due to damages to grid-supplied electricity.
4. To carry out the reconstruction and rehabilitation such that the rebuilt infrastructure is climate
resilient and safe from future impacts of climate change.
In terms of scope, this plan covers the following elements:
Ÿ The quick mobilization of existing financial resources towards rehabilitation/reconstruction of

flood damaged drinking water supply infrastructure.
Ÿ Exploration of possible international development assistance for reconstruction and
rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure.
Ÿ Review and design effective implementation strategies to ensure smooth transition from relief to
rehabilitation and recovery stage.
In the immediate aftermath of the devastating floods, PHE department mobilized available resources to
the fullest extent possible in restoring the provision of safe drinking water to communities. A few glimpses
of these activities are shown in the pictures provided below. In addition, the department has also been
striving to increase awareness amongst affected communities about consumption of unsafe drinking
water and inform them about low-cost household water treatment options and safe storage practices.
The department has also approached all its development partners for resource assistance to help
alleviate people's suffering.
56
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
A glimpse of relief activities of GoKP in the province
57
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sector Integrated Flood Response Plan Financial Plan
As mentioned earlier, the reconstruction and rehabilitation of a total of 844 schemes require funds
amounting to PKR 4,857 million. PHE department has carried out a critical analysis of its current
development funds and has identified how many funds can be re-directed from ongoing development
plans towards rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Reappropriation
Following a thorough evaluation, the department has identified PKR 825 million worth of funds that can
be re-appropriated towards the activities of this flood response plan.
For the deficit, the department has already approached various development partner agencies. Although
a firm commitment has not yet been provided, it is expected that the Korea International Cooperation
Agency (KOICA) will provide funds worth USD 10 million. A further USD 0.5 million is expected to be
contributed by the UNICEF. Together, the development partner assistance amounts to about PKR 2,625
million.
Funding Gap
Even with both the intra-sectoral adjustments/reappropriation and expected contribution from
development partners, a shortfall of PKR 1,407 million still remains in the total fund requirements of this
plan, as summarized in the table below:
Total Funds Reappropriation Expected from Funding Gap

Required Development
partners
Amount (in PKR Millions) 4,857 825 2,625 1,407
Percentage 100% 17% 54% 29%
Besides this, the department has also developed a financial phasing plan. Total duration for the
implementation of all rehabilitation/reconstruction activities is expected to be three years. However, a
majority of the activities will be carried out in the 1st year – based on the fact that restoration of drinking
water supply is a basic survival need requiring top priority.
Furthermore, the nature and scope of works is such that they can be implemented in less than a year for
most of the damaged schemes. In a few instances, the scale of rehabilitation activities necessitates a
longer duration and, hence, they are spread over another year of the plan. Financial phasing for all the
districts together is summarized in the table below:
Year 1 Year 2 Total
Amount Required (in PKR Millions) 3,189 1,668 4,857
Proportion of Total Funds Required 66% 34% 100%
Implementation Plan
The department has developed extensive field formations to carry out its reconstruction/rehabilitation
activities. They comprise of sub-divisional offices, divisional offices (headed by Executive Engineers),
circles (headed by Superintending Engineers) and will be over seen by the Chief Engineer offices. Well
established procedures are in place for implementation of the works under the normal government
mechanisms already followed for development schemes. All codal formalities will be observed as per
government procedures.
58
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The mechanisms and formations responsible for supervision and monitoring (Sub Engineers (SEs), Chief
Engineers) of reconstruction activities have already been explained in the preceding section. In addition
to this, the department has established an independent Directorate of Monitoring within its Secretariat.
Headed by a Director, the directorate reports directly to the Department Secretary and thus acts as an
additional layer of monitoring. External monitoring will be done as per government procedures by the
provincial Director General M&E.
To ensure that investments being proposed under this plan create infrastructure assets that are resilient
to future climate change impacts, several important measures are being proposed. These are necessary
not only for the infrastructure systems being reconstructed under this plan but improving the resilience of
other un-damaged assets across the province. Among others, the following measures are deemed
necessary:
1. Analysis of various disaster scenarios using climate change models to assess vulnerability of
drinking water supply and sanitation infrastructure to climate related hazards. This information shall
be vital in future planning and design of DWSS infrastructure
2. Relocation of point components (source, reservoirs, etc) and re-alignment of the linear components
(pipe networks) will also be required so that they are safe from future hazards
3. Development of GIS based infrastructure asset management systems that contain detailed
information about the location, condition, and value of various components of DWSS schemes. This
shall help in identification of mitigation and adaption measures required
4. Detailed revision and updating of planning guidelines and design standards that ensure schemes
are either located away from high hazard areas or can withstand climate related hazards
5. Development of adaptation plans setting out priorities for DWSS infrastructure upgrades in high-
risk areas
6. Development of contingency plans, including warehousing of spares, contracting arrangements
with private suppliers, etc., that would help reduce the level of disruption to DWSS services when
climate hazards occur
7. Capacity building of the department to effectively undertake the above activities
Community outreach programmes which increase awareness of low-cost household water treatment
options and safe storage practices.
59
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Health
Based on the current situation, the objectives of works carried out within the health sector are:
I. To restore health care infrastructure through rationalized reconstruction and rehabilitation of

damaged health infrastructure;
ii. To increase human resources in flood affected areas for health services;
iii. To engage in effective coordination with all stakeholders to ensure availability and release of funds
for reconstruction;
iv. To provide equipment for the complete operationalization of damaged health facilities to revive
and sustain health services;
v. To devise an institutional mechanism in the health sector to tackle any emergency with effective
and rapid disaster response whenever required;
Immediate Restoration Plan
To continue health service delivery to the flood affected population, the health department has taken the
following steps: Data has been collected from district formations of the health department to help in
restoration efforts adequate availability of human resources has been ensured in flood affected areas
through medical camps, supply of free medicines, and other daily consumable items.
I. A comprehensive FRP for the year (2022-23 to 2023-24) is being developed for rehabilitation and
restoration of health services delivery.
A comprehensive flood management plan will be formulated to build capacity of the health department in
developing a coordinated approach to effectively deal with the current situation. The response plan will
also consider needs for health services, utilization rate, staff availability, geographical rationalization,
accessibility and time required for the construction work.
Financial Plan
As per data received so far, a preliminary cost estimate of PKR 1091.003 million has been projected for
reconstruction and rehabilitation of the 158 damaged health facilities. Funds could be made available
diverting resources originally designated to existing ADP schemes towards revival of damaged health
facilities. The reconstruction and rehabilitation work of the health sector is estimated to end by 2024.
Financial Phasing of Rehabilitation Works (in PKR Millions)
Sub-Head Phase-I Phase-II Total
Buildings & Equipment 327.3 763.7 1,091
60
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The financial needs to rehabilitate completely and partially destroyed health facilities are greatest in
district Tank, followed by D I Khan and Kohistan Lower districts as seen in Figure 2.
FIG. : PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL NEEDS ACROSS DISTRICT
IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0 Abbottabad
Shangla
Nowshera
D.I Khan
Kolai Pala Kohistan
Kurram
Charsadda
Dir Lower
Dir Upper
Chitral Upper
Chitral Lower
Kohistan Lower
Kohistan Upper
Tank
Karak
Lakki Marwat
Completely Damaged Partially Damaged Total
Implementation Plan
The following steps will be taken to ensure the effective deliver of quality health services during this time:
I. Facilities near affected communities will be identified to cater to the emergency needs of the
population. For example, pregnant women, toddlers, the elderly, and those who
develop/developed infectious diseases will receive immediate treatment in these centres
a. There is a need for inter-sectoral coordination with C&W for roadways, PDMA and the Flood
Response Unit to identify displaced populations, and the transport directorate for the provision of
transport between the camp areas and nearby health facilities.
b. As an alternative, temporary pre-fabricated structures will be provided in areas where health
facilities have been damaged fully in order to ensure health services delivery to affected people.
ii. A “Flood Response Unit” in the Planning Cell of the health department will be created with
development partners to regularly monitor the status and execution process.
iii. As a third priority, a relocation of completely/partially damaged health facilities needs to be
undertaken with assistance from the PDMA to avoid future damages to health facilities. This will
require additional funds to purchase new lands and build new infrastructure.
iv. Only skeletal structures with equipment and furniture will be required on an immediate basis for
reconstruction and rehabilitation.
Action Priority Target Date Cost Funding Source
Reconstruction of fully damaged
1st June 2024 287 Intra-Sectoral
health facilities
Reappropriation
Rehabilitation of health facilities, and Assistance
aiming for expedited work 2nd June 2024 804
Monitoring and Evaluation
The health department will follow all monitoring requirements in collaboration with Health IMU, District
Health Offices, and District M&E, P&DD. The health department will regularly monitor progress and
highlight bottlenecks in implementation activities and recommend appropriate measures. The primary
responsibility of monitoring will be delegated to the IMU, which will report to the health department at the
provincial level. Any concerns raised during the M&E process will be directed to the concerned District
Health Officers for quick and effective remedy.
Ÿ A study must be conducted into the source of floods to assess and identify preventive measures,
particularly in the health sector
Ÿ Training of health professionals in disaster preparedness.
Ÿ Establishment and contingency financial mechanisms for emergency response at district health
formations to deal with emergency situations at the district level.
61
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Multisectoral Development
The overarching objective of multi-sectoral development's FRP is to prepare an immediate-term, medium

and long-term coordinated and effective rehabilitation strategy. This involves restoration and recovery
wherein major re-construction and capacity building initiatives will be executed in consultation with all
stakeholders. For immediate response the available resources will be utilized through prioritization of the
damaged structures.
Scope of Plan
A financial needs assessment is required to determine the resources needed. Resources may come from
within the government or from its development partners.
A rapid assessment was conducted in multi-sectoral projects across KP in all flood affected districts. From
this, preliminary reports reveal that PKR 1,130 million will be immediately required to rehabilitate
community infrastructure. This infrastructure spans DWSS, roads, sanitation, irrigation and other small
community infrastructure projects like community centers, street pavements etc. Available resources
have been mobilized immediately so that essential service delivery is restored in affected districts. A
short-term financing plan has bee
Due to the paucity of resources, the following priority measures are being adopted:
1. The rehabilitation and restoration of schemes will be within the approved cost.
2. Prioritization of sectoral interventions in the districts by diverting funds to the schemes where
damages have been reported.
3. Funds will be diverted to the affected schemes from within the district portfolio. If funds cannot be
arranged by individual districts, they will be accumulated from similar projects in other districts
4. As a last resort, funds will be arranged through intra-sectoral reappropriation put in place to
complete the reconstruction and rehabilitation process by the end of financial year.
Immediate measures will be taken to enhance capacity of the departments to respond effectively to the
current emergency situation. Since all the compact/umbrella schemes are implemented under the direct
supervision of the district administration, the DC always takes a lead role in steering implementation
within their district. Thus, a coordinated response mechanism is already in place in the districts where
mobilized resources are effectively allocated to the benefit of the district. The district administration also
steers data collection and assessment from the departments.
Before rehabilitation can commence, vital infrastructure like roads, DWSS must be (at the very least)
temporarily restored by relevant line departments in tandem with district administration.
In order to triangulate response, a three-tiered monitoring mechanism will be set up at the district,
department, and provincial level.
A three-tiered monitoring and steering mechanism is proposed.
Monitoring Tier Members
Additional Deputy Commissioner (F&P) - Lead

District Level
District M&E
Head of executing agency
Department Level Head of executing agency
Concerned SDO
Rep of F&P Office
Provincial Level: M&E Directorate
Representative from P&DD
62
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sector Integrated Flood Response Strategy Financial Planning (assumptions)
The financial plan for release and availability of PKR 1,130 million is presented below:
Plan Timelines Financial Outlay (Cumulatively)

Immediate Nov, 2022 20 %
January, 2023
Short-term 40-60 %
March, 2023
April, 2023
Medium-term 80-100 %
May, 2023
Implementation Strategy
Departments have begun that restoration and rehabilitation work which can be fulfilled under pre-
existing approved costs. Where revisions in the existing PC-I are required, departments may immediately
process the PC-Is for approval. The execution work is to be strictly overseen by the district monitoring
teams. In order to accelerate efforts, all damages in the aforementioned districts will be clubbed under
one umbrella/compact PC-I, to be approved as non-ADP schemes. Funds for these schemes will be made
available through intra-sectoral reappropriation as soon the scheme gets its approval from the
competent forum.
Activity Oct-22 Nov-22 Dec-22 Jan-23 Feb-23 March-23 April-23 May-23 June-23
Approval of Flood
Response Plan
Preparation of PC-I
Approval
Execution
Monitoring by M&E
Rel of 1st tranche (20%)
10% completion
Rel of 2nd tranche (20%)
20% completion
Rel of 3rd tranche (20%)
30% completion
Rel of 4th tranche (20%)
50% completion
Rel of Final tranche (20%)
70% completion
100% completion
Closure of scheme
63
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Monitoring Plan
A three-tiered monitoring and oversight mechanism is in placed, steered by the SDU in the affected
districts. This will fortnightly review the progress of the affected schemes and will suggest sectoral
adjustments where required to complete these schemes within the given timelines.
Project Approval Mechanism and Timelines
It is expected that the executing agencies may immediately start preparation of PC-Is. All the approvals
will be obtained from DDCs/DDWPs/DDWPs where required and to be completed within one-month time
from the respective forums. Moreover, the umbrella/compact PC-Is where required will also be revised
within one-month time in order to make available the required finances for the damaged activities.
In order to expeditiously direct efforts, a number of planning options will be presented to decision
makers. This includes the possibility of clubbing all damages under one umbrella/compact PC-I, and
introducing such proposals as non-ADP schemes to be properly enlisted and funded by the Provincial
Cabinet.
64
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Agriculture
Agriculture is a primary source of livelihood in the province. An assessment of damages associated to this
sector has been conducted by district administration in coordination with district agricultural offices. The
main objectives of the FRP are:
1. To devise a comprehensive strategy for restoration and rehabilitation of the agriculture sector to
ensure food security and to revamp livelihoods.
2. To reinstate the delivery of services by the agriculture department in flood affected areas.
3. To develop a future resilience plan in flood prone districts for damaged infrastructure.
The scope of this plan encompasses the volume of damages with their financial assessments and
possible sources and options for financing. These will include donor commitment and intra-sectoral
repurposing arrangements under the current ADP while additional requirements will be arranged by the
Government.
During the recent floods, the agriculture department played an important role by providing agricultural
machinery to the district administration for evacuation of the masses and land protection in flood hit areas
on an immediate basis. Similarly, the livestock directorate arranged 38 veterinary medical camps and 17
mobile veterinary clinics for the treatment of sick animals. The livestock department also distributed
33,400 kg feed among livestock farmers. Furthermore, the department has also vaccinated 173,811
animals against different diseases in the region.
The agriculture sector, which employs nearly 40 percent of the workforce in the country, is particularly at
risk with the changing climate. Extremely agriculture-dependent districts of the province may suffer not
only from a loss of livelihoods, but also from increased food insecurity among the poorest households. In
order to address these issues, a well-coordinated response strategy, including financial planning has
been chalked out by the agriculture department.
Financial Plan
In the first year, the department will identify the estimated costs incurred by damaged public
infrastructure, initiate the tendering process and, subsequently, carry out civil work. The proposed
spending in the first year is currently at PKR 550 million, followed by PKR 374 million in the second year for
the completion of all civil work. This entire amount will come from intra sectoral reappropriation within the
Departmental outlay.
Furthermore, an amount of around PKR 3 billion is committed by the World Bank and the work plan for the
said funding is already approved by the provincial government.
Source of Financing Amount (in PKR Millions)

Intra sectoral reappropriation from ADP allocation 2022-23 1,000
World Bank funding from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture
3,000+
Improvement Project (KPIAIP)
Relief department compensation fund for crops & livestock losses 19,100
Funds required from provincial government 0
Grand Total 23,560
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Reappropriation
The Agriculture department will mobilise, through its own intra-sectoral reappropriation, an amount PKR
1,000 million to repair damages to cover the estimated PKR 924 million of damage to public infrastructure.
Implementation Plan
The department proposes rehabilitation of public sector infrastructure over the period of two year and is
allocating an amount of PKR 1,000 million through intra sectoral reappropriation. Additionally, the
Department has approved of a work plan for the World Bank's committed PKR 3 billion. This will be
overseen by a strict monitoring mechanism for identification of sites and beneficiaries' selection.
Furthermore, crops and animal compensation packages will be informed by the Department's damage
assessment.
Financial Year Activity description Expected expenditure
2022-23 Preparation of DCEs, tendering, civil work PKR 277 Million

2023-24 Completion of remaining civil work PKR 747 Million
A three-tiered monitoring system will be put in place to track the pace of work and ensure quality control.
The provincial level P&DD along with the departmental monitoring cell and respective district field
formations will monitor all the rehabilitation schemes. Apart from that, a monthly progress review meeting
on rehabilitation activities will be held under the chairmanship of the administrative secretary. Similarly,
departmental progress review meetings will be held on a weekly basis and the outcome of these will be
presented in the monthly meeting at the secretariat level.
Keeping in view the effects of climate change and its impact on the agriculture sector, the Agriculture
department KP has proposed flood strategies for mitigating the effects of climate change on agriculture
and its sub-sectors in the province.
The agricultural sector is indispensable to the country's economic growth and critical to KP's
development and human wellbeing, food security, employment generation and poverty alleviation, with
direct and immediate effects particularly in the rural areas. It contributes 23 percent to the GDP and
provides employment to around 38.5 percent of the labour force. More than 65-70 percent of the
population depends on agriculture for its livelihood. However, agricultural productivity has been
constrained by shrinking arable land, climate change induced effects, water shortages, and large-scale
population and labour shifts from rural to urban areas. Increasing agricultural productivity, therefore,
requires adoption of new approaches. With strong linkages with industrial and services sectors,
agriculture can play a pivotal role in spurring economic growth. However, this sector has remained prone
to several climate related challenges such as variance in temperature, water shortage, and changes in
patterns of precipitation along with increase in input prices.
Thus, some important recommendations are given below for effective implementation of the Flood
Response Plan:
1. Early approval of required funds with appropriately designed rehabilitation measures for the
rehabilitation of public sector infrastructure damages and restoration of agriculture
2. Ensuring adequate conveyance capacity within rivers and urban channels by removing bottle
necks and encroachments.
3. Construction of various small dams in the province for cumulative impact on flood mitigation and
prevention against future flash flooding.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4. Flood Early Warning System needs to be upgraded immediately for inclusion of catchment areas,
updating of existing rivers and floodplain geometry, study of radar calibrations, enhancement in
reliability of Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) through meteorological studies and
training of metrological professionals.
5. Repairing, strengthening and up gradation of existing flood protection works need to be carried
out on immediate basis to protect the population, productive land and infrastructure against
flood threats.
Flood Mitigation Strategy
S. No Description Interventions Medium of Intervention

Delivery of timely Tele farming system of
weather forecast agriculture department
Emergency Field staff of agriculture

announcements department & district
administration
Text Messages & Robo calls to Bureau of agriculture
the farmers regarding information (BAI)
flood emergency
1 Preparedness
(Early Warning) Pooling of Agriculture machinery Staff of Agriculture &
especially tractor & its allied sub-sectors
trollies / implements for the
evacuation and shifting of
populace, livestock,
grain stock & luggage
Establishment of Agriculture department
emergency relief cell
Updated baseline data of the Agriculture department
flood prone districts
Designing of rehabilitation and Agriculture sector
risk reduction strategies for directorates
mitigation & rehabilitation activities.
Submission of mitigation plans Agriculture department
to the authority concerned
Damages assessment with Field Staff of
coordination of Revenue, CRS Agriculture department
2 Mitigation and other non-governmental
organization both NGO & INGOs
Provincial zoning for livestock Agriculture department
farming/Livestock rearing based
on flood resilience.
Designing measures to be Field staff of Agriculture
adapted for minimizing the & its allied sub sector
risk of the flood devastations.
Intensive social trees plantation, Agriculture department,
de-silting and cleaning of Forestry department,
watercourses, proper field layout other line departments
for cultivation, leveling of & District Administration
crop fields, designing sideline
watercourses for fleshing
3 Adaptation rainwater, storing the grains
in movable siloes especially in
hermetic bags which pest and
waterproof and can easily be
shifted to safe places, fodder,
animal shelters.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sports, Tourism, Archeology, Culture and Youth Affairs
Implementation Modalities
This sector's Flood Damage Plan is prepared on assessment of damages caused due to floods and
available resources to finance the rehabilitation efforts. The rehabilitation effort will be led by Secretary
Sports, Tourism, Archaeology, Culture and Youth Affairs while Chief Planning Officer (CPO) will act as the
focal person on the data collection and rehabilitation process. All directorates will prepare detailed cost
estimates (PC-Is) and submit them to Planning Cell for assessment and relevant approval.
Resource Allocation
Rehabilitation/reconstruction falling in the domains of Tourism and Archaeology sector will be funded
through the available resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Tourism (KITE) project. Additionally,
rehabilitation/ reconstruction falling in the domain of sports will be funded through the department's ADP
allocation.
Procurement Mechanisms
All procurement carried out under the plan shall be carried out under KPPRA rules. In cases where
funding from KITE project is utilized, World Bank rules on Procurement will apply.
Monitoring and Evaluation
The department will carry out M&E through its internal mechanism i.e., by relevant DG at the directorate
level and the Planning Cell at the Secretariat level. Additionally, M&E directorate of the P&DD will carry out
external M&E of the FRP.
Timelines:
The following table shows the expected timeline of the FRP by the department.
Submission of PC-I Expected

Executing
S. No Department Scheme Name to the forum Completion
Agency
(Timeline) Time of Project
Rehabilitation of
1 flood damages 30-10-2022 2 Years
Sports, Tourism, of sports facilities Sports, Tourism,
Archaeology, Archaeology,
Youth Affairs Rehabilitation of Youth Affairs &
& Museums flood damages of Museums
2 30-10-2022 2 Years
Tourism &
Archaeological sites
68
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Higher Education
The recent floods have caused significant learning losses to students in different parts of the province. To
rectify this, the department has devised a Plan to re-establish educational activities through coordinated,
efficient, sustainable rehabilitation, construction, and capacity building. This includes a detailed account
of the thirteen damaged facilities, reconstruction activities to be carried out by various line departments,
financing requirements, the implementation of the actual reconstruction work and a monitoring plan with
timelines for each task associated. The scope also includes the department's flood response team.
The Higher Education Department (HED) initially focused investigating the damages, removing flood
water and drying or removing damaged materials. Moreover, the HED department took the following
steps in its emergency response to the flood affected areas:
1. Mandating visits to universities by provincial officers in order to access damages

2. Coordinating with principles and vice chancellors for data collection through a survey of flood
affected universities and colleges
3. Collection of data with cost assessment for rehabilitation
4. Verification and validation of incoming data
5. Assembling a Flood Response Team
6. The Secretary of HED shall be the team lead for the FRP of HED 2022
7. The CPO to the HED shall be the focal person who provides data and information required by the
Provincial Government and P&DD
8. Department will nominate a Project Director (PD) for each damaged facility to be the focal person
for implementation and sharing of monitoring updates.
The HED in KP is responsible to manage more than 300 further education colleges and 33 public sector
universities in the province. Like other sectors, considerable damage has been caused to the properties
managed by HED as per the details below:
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S.No Institute Details of Damages
1 Bacha Khan University, Charsadda Boundary wall is partially damaged
Following has been completely damaged:

Ÿ Flood protection wall
Ÿ Dug wells
Ÿ Fisheries department
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Ÿ Percolation galleries
2 Ÿ gabion walls
Sheringal Dir Upper
Ÿ Water filtration plant
Following has been partially damage
Ÿ Spring of Beyargu
Ÿ Water supply pipes
Following has been partially damaged:

Ÿ Boundary wall of new campus
3 University of Swabi Ÿ Boundary wall of old campus
Ÿ Main drain wall
Ÿ Inlet & outlet point of flood
Ÿ Development of lawn
4 Degree College (Dir Upper) Boundary Wall has been completely

damaged
5 Degree College (Male) Zaida Boundary Wall has been completely
damaged
Boundary Wall has been completely
6 Degree college (Female) Marghuz
damaged
7 Degree College (GPGC Nowshera) Ground Floor is partially damaged
8 Degree College (Female) Nowshera Ground Floor is partially damaged
Boundary Wall has been completely

9 Degree College (Male) Khan Kohi
damaged
10 Degree college (Female) Khan Kohi Boundary Wall has been completely
damaged
Degree College (Male) Kulachi Boundary Wall has been completely
11
DI Khan damaged
Degree college (Male)Town Ship Drainage, Sewerage system is partially
12
DI Khan damaged
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The floods have caused huge losses to the infrastructure of the HED across the province as shown in
some pictures below. (Damaged boundary wall of Bacha Khan University):
The unprecedented scale at which damages were caused by the floods calls for the development of a
comprehensive FRP to rehabilitate and ensure uninterrupted service in government colleges and
universities. The restoration and rehabilitation work will be financed through ADP funding.
Financial Plan
To reconstruct and rehabilitate all damaged infrastructure, for 12 colleges and universities, the HED will
need an estimated amount of nearly PKR 373 million.
The financial provision for required funds will be made through the ADP. One-time approval for the
provision and consumption of funds will be sought through a summary from the Chief Minister (CM). This
entails intra-sectoral readjustments within the allocations for the 2022 financial year.
Submission of Expected
Executing
Department Scheme PC-I to the forum Completion
Agency
(Timeline) Time of Project
Rehabilitation of flood
Higher Education
HED damaged Higher One Month 1 Year
Department
Educational facilities
71
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Implementation Plan
The floods have affected further and higher education facilities at varying levels of severity across the
province. Hence, response work necessitates a well-thought-out reconstruction plan. To this end, the
following objectives have been incorporated in the integrated FRP by the HED:
Ÿ To rehabilitate partially damaged infrastructure

Ÿ To introduce a mechanism for improved planning to minimize damages in flood prone areas.
Ÿ To ensure effective coordination among all stakeholders for timely availability of funds for
reconstructions and rehabilitation activities.
To meet the objectives mentioned above, the HED has formulated a special scheme: the 'Rehabilitation of
Flood Damaged Higher Education Facilities', towards which the HED will develop an umbrella PC-1 and
seek blanket approval. All construction work under the scheme will be managed by the C&W in the
government colleges while strict monitoring mechanisms will be put in place. At the same time, three
universities will manage the construction work as per their own policies and procedures. Subject to the
timely availability of funds, reconstruction and rehabilitation work is proposed to be completed within the
current year.
M&E Plan
A robust monitoring mechanism will be implemented to ensure the pace as well as quality of work. In
addition to the standard monitoring activities carried out by C&W and works departments of each
university, HED will manage its own monitoring activities through its provincial office. At the same time,
the provincial P&DD will also conduct its routine monitoring visits at the sites.
To ensure that the enormous investments and infrastructure constructed under this plan are resilient to
future climate change impacts, a number of important measures are being advised. These are also
applicable to currently intact assets. In addition to infrastructure, systems are also being oriented towards
resiliency against future disasters. HED is requesting an additional PKR 1 billion to implement its resilience
plan, which includes the following activities: HED will map the colleges and universities that are at risk and
situated in probable flood zones.
HED will create flood storage spaces for universities and colleges which were damaged during recent
incidence. Other than this, the following will also be implemented;
Ÿ During rehabilitation of damaged schools and universities, the HED will ensure that structures are
flood resistant
Ÿ HED will co-arrange trainings with PDMS to s universities and colleges on emergency responses
so that an effective response can be given in the event of future floods and natural disasters.cent
floodings as well as for those institutions which could be affected by rains and floods in the future.
72
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Board of Revenue
The aims and objectives of this sector's flood response plan is to survey damaged sites and buildings,
identify cost estimates and prepare plans to make PC-1's.
Scope of Plan
The plan includes the following:
1. Assessment of damages
2. Data of damages incurred from field formations
3. Tentative cost estimates from field formations
4. Verification of damages incurred from various agencies & departments in district authorized by
government
5. Preparation of detailed cost estimates and drawing design and preparation of PC-1
6. Approval of PC-1 from relevant forum
7. Physical and financial phasing of projects
8. Source of funding for schemes either from ADP or through some development partner agencies
9. Implementation of project through works department
10. Monitoring of schemes through departmental staff and top monitoring by district M&E
11. Submission of PC-IV by field formations
12. Evaluation of information and preparation of PC-V
Implementation
To rehabilitate its infrastructure, the department has planned a twelve-month recovery, for which it will
submit a PC-I in the next three months. C&W will serve as the executing agency in the rehabilitation
73
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
6. Financial Requirements and Financing Gaps

As part of its response planning, GoKP has identified financial requirements and, despite major
repurposing of funds within the development portfolio, a substantial funding gap is currently curtailing
the execution of a complete and comprehensive flood and climate strategy. The sector-level discussion
was presented in the preceding section. The aggregate requirements and funding gap discussed below
highlights an initial challenge to reconstruct climate-resilient infrastructure, systems and organised
responses, as well as essential steps towards mitigation and adaptation. The funding gap was computed
by: (i) considering funds required to overcome current damages and achieve resilience; (ii) accounting for
resources gathered through development partners' pledges and intra-departmental re-appropriations
thus far; and, finally, (iii) identifying what requirements currently remain unfunded.
6.1. Indicative Funding from Development Partners
Of the 13 flood-affected sectors, GoKP's development partners have extended support to eight of them,
listed below. Notably, however, five of the sectors in need of support are currently unfunded. These
unfunded requirements are in the domains of local government (a major sector), higher education, food
production and security, board of revenue infrastructure and multi-sectoral development.
DEPARTMENTAL DAMAGES AND EXPECTED ASSISTANCE (IN PKR MILLIONS)

Estimated Damages Expected Assistance
7
74
2,
11
0
18
0
,0
,5
63
61
0
86
0
,0
,3
11 90
4
80
25
22
,12
PHE 2 57
,5
39
,5
25
6
13
3
00
11
HEALTH 2 91
58
8
8,
31
SPORTS 2 5
90
,6
4
4,
1,0
50
3,
92
,
,
E&SE 3
IRRIGATION
AGRICULTURE
ENERGY & POWER
TOTAL
C&W
Figure: Sectoral pledges by development partners. These, however, have thus far taken the form of
verbal commitments and have yet to materialize.
6.2. Annual Development Programme Repurposing
In simultaneity, GoKP has taken concrete steps to cater to the short-term rehabilitation needs of the flood-
affected people. A significant portion of the development fund has been slashed and resources have
been redirected for relief activities through intra-departmental resource repurposing. As part of the FRP,
the GoKP and line departments have planned to reappropriate approximately PKR 19 billion towards the
flood response component despite the fundamental financial crunch faced by GoKP. The intra-budgetary
repurposing will allow the government to address high priority requirements; this, however, exposes
other needs that were already assessed and programmed in the development portfolio to unfunded
programs. Over time, however, needs that are currently being put on a back-burner will also require
funding.
INTRA-DEPARTMENTAL RESOURCE REPURPOSING (IN PKR MILLIONS)

19,094
6,952
4,065
2,523
1,200 1,026 1,000 825 1,130 373
Irrigation C&W E&SE Local Agriculture PHE Health MSD Higher Total
Government Education
Figure: Sectoral reallocations within relevant departments
74
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
6.3. Prioritisation of Financial Requirements
PHASED FINANCING OF MAJORLY DAMAGED SECTORS

(IN PKR MILLIONS)
00
,0
63
00
35 0
0
,0
,0
86
28
,3
6
88
22
90
,
16
4
,5
5, 5
8
5
39
0
3, 7
7
50
20
3, 4
75
11
08
50
85
92
82
68
8,
18
18
6,
6,
6,
4,
5,
2,
1,6
2,
PHE E&SE ENERGY & LOCAL C&W IRRIGATION

POWER GOVERNMENT
Figure: Prioritization of Financial Requirement for Six Majorly Damaged Sectors
As described in the preceding sections, GoKP conducted an extensive cross-sectoral assessment of

damages along with their financial requirements for immediate restoration and rehabilitation. At the
same time, the government is cognizant of its limitation in terms of financial resources; therefore, a
practicable and phase-wise rehabilitation is being adopted. The following chart shows critical sectors as
well as their fiscal requirements for rehabilitation.
The diagram above reports six major sectors where the estimated cost of damages is approximately PKR
117 billion, which is almost 97 percent of the total damages to the public infrastructure in the province. The
figure above shows the total funds required for rehabilitation in each sector. Preceding these total funds,
the figure illustrates how the funds will be distributed over a two-year phase. On the basis of priority,
public health engineering, energy and power, local government, and communication and works have
been planned to utilize majority of the funds during the first year of rehabilitation.
PHASED FINANCING OF REMAINING SECTORS (IN PKR MILLIONS)

1,1 0
30
91
3
1,1
1,0
4
92
3
3.
76
0
55
5
50
3
4
3
3
7.
37
37
37
5
32
30
0
0
23
20
0
0
13
10
52
52
0
HEALTH HIGHER SPORTS MSD FOOD BOR AGRICULTURE

EDUCATION
Figure: Prioritization of Financial Requirement for Remaining 7 Sectors
The seven relatively less affected sectors have the estimated cost of damages amounting to
approximately PKR 4 billion which is about 3 percent of the total damage to public infrastructure. The
figure above shows the total funds required for rehabilitation in each sector. Preceding these total funds,
each graph illustrates how the funds will be distributed over a two-year phase. Multi-sectoral
development, agriculture, higher education have planned to utilize most of their funds during the first
year of rehabilitation.
75
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
6.4 Standing Financial Deficit 13
Immediate post-destruction financing requirements for the government consist, namely, of the following:
(i) the assessed costs of damage sustained by public infrastructure; and (ii) the government's
compensation obligations for damaged houses (at the minimal government rates) within the FRP. When
combined, these requirements amount to a sum of around PKR 164 billion for public infrastructure and
private sector compensation, the latter on the basis of government thresholds.
Additionally, to improve and bolster the province's emergency response capacity and ensure against
infrastructural vulnerability to probable future climate disasters, GoKP has identified necessary
resilience-building requirements. This namely consists of the proposed PKR 35 billion to create the CRIF
and PKR 6.8 billion to strengthen its DRMM.¹⁴
Thus, cumulatively, the government's total financial requirement for effectively responding to the current
flood and the looming climate crisis, is an estimated PKR 205.6 billion. As chalked out earlier, resources
made immediately available currently cover only around PKR 80.6 billion of this total.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, REQUIRED FUNDS, PLAUSIBLE

ARRANGEMENTS AND STANDING DEFICIT (IN PKR MILLIONS)
205,601
121,283 124,989
80,612
61,518
42,526 35,000
6,792 19,094
Disaster Climate Intra
Total Public Private Departme- Total
Risk Resilient
Funds Sector Sector ntal Indicative Plausible Financial
Managem- Infrastruc-
Required Damages Reappro- Commitment Arrangem- Deficit
Damages ent ture
ents
Measures Fund priation
Series1 205,601 121,283 42,526 6,792 35,000 19,094 61,518 80,612 124,989
Figure: Summary diagram of GoKP's: (i) total damage-financing requirements; (ii) resiliency requirements;
(iii) total plausible arrangements; and (iv) subsequent financial gap¹⁵
Notably, despite pledges from GoKP's development partners and its own extensive resource
reallocations, there still persists a significant deficit in resources required to finance complete
reconstruction and rehabilitation. This deficit is particularly worrisome as in times of emergency
response, even small shortfalls in available resources can translate to large welfare losses and
deprivations for people on-ground.
Standing Financial Deficit = Total Requirement – Indicative Funding from Development Partners –
GoKP's Reallocations = PKR 125 billion
Resultantly, when considering the sheer scale of damages and necessary future preparedness
requirements, the provincial government has identified a financial deficit of around PKR 125 billion which
is not only hindering full restoration, but also GoKP's wish to build back better. In this regard, it appeals to
like-minded development partners, the federation as a whole, and all those who concern themselves with
the welfare of KP in co-delivering current recovery and ensuring a safer future for the people of the
province.
The GoKP is initiating medium-term measures for mitigation and adaptation, spelt out in Part B. The
financing requirements for the set of mitigation and adaptation measures will be worked out along with
their detailed designs.
13
According to the PDNA assessment, KP faces a combined sectoral rehabilitation and resilience-building requirement of PKR 168 billion. As
discussed at the beginning of this document, this is a broad-brushed (non-linear) computation of sectoral reconstruction costs and indicative further
resiliency requirements. The FRP, however, adopts a more linear, targeted approach to calculating its damages; its resilience requirements; its
arranged resources; and, finally, its standing financial deficit. The need for, and benefits of, DRMM and the CRIF are contained in chapter 3 (with
greater details in Annex 1) and chapter 13, respectively.
¹⁴ The need for, and benefits of, DRMM and CRIF are contained in Section 2 and Section 12, respectively.
15
While the FRP conducts extensive deficit calculations, the PDNA does not consider each province's available resources towards financing its total
monetary requirements. However, considering the above-mentioned arrangements, GoKP falls short of meeting its PDNA-identified needs (of PKR
168 billion) by PKR 87.4 billion. This is lower than the FRP-identified deficit due to differential definitions and computational approaches being
adopted by the two assessments.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
7. Monitoring and Evaluation

7.1 Flood Response M&E Plan of 2022
A M&E Framework has been devised to ensure that post-flood reconstruction and rehabilitation activities
are performed effectively and efficiently. This will enable the government to execute a better flood
recovery programme, while emerging lessons learned during implementation will be incorporated in
future programme designs. The mechanism will focus on rehabilitation and reconstruction works.
Throughout all sectors, monitoring will abide by the following three-tiered model:
1st Level of Monitoring:
At the first level, the executing department will be responsible for monitoring of activities through its field
technical staff. The department will share all progress reports on prescribed formats with the provincial
government (via the P&DD); divisional and district administration; and the M&E directorate within the
P&DD regularly. Findings of the reports will be supported by pictorial evidence of the works carried out
showing status of the scheme before execution, during execution and after completion of the work.
2nd Level of Monitoring:
Divisional and district administrations will, through their field formations, also perform regular monitoring
of the flood rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. This tier will ensure that the reconstruction site is
free of issues and that all the stakeholders are onboard, so that the rehabilitation and reconstruction is
effectively completed.
3rd Level of Monitoring:
The M&E system of the P&DD will monitor activities in the third tier. M&E system has divisional formations
in place while the establishment of district-level arms is in process. This will ensure that the projects are
executed in the specified time and cost with improved quality. This M&E level will add another level of
assurance.
Overall, this M&E framework aims to ensure:
i. Adaptation of activities to emerging needs;
ii. Effective utilization of resources to meet targets;
iii. Set up of early warning system which identifies bottlenecks hampering the implementation process;
iv. Progress toward successful recovery of the community and timely reports on progress to all relevant
stakeholders; and, finally, accountability of all stakeholders involved in reconstruction programs.
M&E Reporting Format
The M&E plan lays down reporting variables and explains how to monitor the reconstruction activities
through different departments and levels like district administration, M&E system and P&DD. There are
three major components in responding to the flood affected areas:
Phase-I: Relief Activities
These activities have already been carried out by establishing relief camps, registering the flood
affectees and providing emergency shelters, food, medicine etc. to the affected and vulnerable
populations. The KP PDMA with the help of district administrations, NGOs and other stakeholders has
provided relief items to Charsadda, Malakand, Peshawar, Swat, Dera Ismail Khan, Nowshera, Tank,
Kohistan and Lower & Upper Dir districts. The camps established for the emergency relief are still
functional and ready for all types of relief services. M&E system of P&DD has been monitoring these
activities and reported to the P&DD.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Phase-II: Damages Assessment
The GoKP has carried out for a survey of houses damaged in catastrophic floods to ensure transparent
dispensation of compensation to the householders. Data has been collected from the flood affected
areas. In this activity various stakeholders took part. The major damages reported are to roads, bridges,
and buildings (for various sectors), agriculture and irrigation. sector.
Concurrent to the FRP, the PDNA also identified KP's flood-incurred damages. The identification of these
damages was informed by various sources. The PDNA received both direct damage profiles from
provincial governments and indirect, secondary data from the federal ministry of planning, development
and special Initiatives. The PDNA checked this information through the remote-sensing, including the use
of visual imagery; stakeholder consultations; and desk reviews of whatever open data is available.
The FRP, meanwhile, takes advantage of its province-specific nature. In this respect, it benefitted from
GoKP's more direct access to, and human resources for, KP's affected districts. To efficiently utilise
resources at its disposal, and ensure the timely relay of accurate information, GoKP organised its levels of
damage assessment in three tiers. These take the form of:
1st Tier of Damage Assessment: Under the overall leadership of the responsible department, on-ground
personnel within this primary tier conducted extensive field inspections (including pictorial evidence)
through divisional field teams. Here, GoKP deployed its district administration to provide reliable and
granular data on district damages.
2nd Tier of Damage Assessment: The secondary tier consisted of the relevant department. For instance,
the E&SE department was responsible for the school damages.
3rd Tier of Damage Assessment: The final tier was formed by the provincial P&DD.
As an additional check, GoKP restructured its pre-existing Claims Assessment Committee (CAC) to better
serve its damage assessment. The committee verified data on district damages and engaged all relevant
stakeholders, including military personnel, district administration and local government representatives,
in doing so. This exercise culminated in a total sum of around PKR 164 billion in public infrastructure
damages and private compensation liabilities.
Phase-III: Reconstruction of Assets
The Provincial GoKP has planned to commence the reconstruction activities on emergency bases in
order to restore key infrastructure in province damaged by the floods 2022. Flood damages have caused
havoc, which is worth billions of rupees and the government has to keep a close watch on the
rehabilitation and reconstruction process. The three-tier monitoring system, as discussed above, for
effectiveness and efficient recovery is depicted in a figure below.
For effective monitoring and data collection of the relief/rehabilitation & reconstruction activities two
different formats have been developed for the field officers at various levels.
A technical proforma for reporting the

rehabilitation/reconstruction activities for timely Chief Minister
completion within approved cost and ensuring
quality of works has been notified. A relief- Chief Secretary
related proforma for the monitoring of relief
camps established for emergency relief to the Additional
flood affectees has also been notified Chief Secretary (P&D)
Divisional /District M&E System P&D

Administration
Departments
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PART-B
LAYING FOUNDATIONS FOR A MITIGATIVE
AND ADAPTIVE CLIMATE STRATEGY
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
8. Responsive Data-Driven Development

A robust climate and disaster response requires a complete hub of climate-related information, data and
analytics to inform it. This involves the successful integration of scientific research and investigation with
government planning and policymaking, such that insights gained from the former can bolster overall
preparedness and resilience of the latter.
Such a hub must be both frequently updated and sufficiently disaggregated across space, sectors and
time so that all aspects of public planning can continually explore, evaluate and incorporate future climate
scenarios, projected risks and climate-related vulnerabilities in their everyday work. Furthermore, this
information will be made readily available to the general population as well, so that private vulnerabilities
alongside public ones are minimized.
Moreover, as the previous section explained, there is a general lack of knowledge around climate change
impacts amongst both government officials and the citizenry; a reliable database would rectify this to a
major extent, by supplying usable knowledge on a complete range of climate change topics, including
exposure, vulnerability, sectoral impacts and adaptation options. The following section, therefore, details
necessary collection, analyses and sharing of climate-related information to enhance overall adaptation
and reinforce preparedness for future climate disasters.
8.1. Preparedness Assessments
The recent mass flooding has afflicted, and continues to afflict, a large proportion of KP’s population in
multidimensional ways. In response, GoKP immediately initiated emergency damage control and service
provision to affected individuals. Having carried out its emergency response, GoKP's focus has now
shifted towards preemptive policy thinking and programming, instead of fixative. The floods of 2022
have taught both individuals and their governance structures alike that there is a dire need to mitigate
and adapt to future risks and freak incidents that are all too likely within the global context of climate
change.
To facilitate GoKP and the people of KP in this, the MAGP is conducting a Preparedness Needs
Assessment (PNA) survey to gauge community and departmental preparedness for the effects of climate
change and risk perceptions. The survey does this in a threefold way: (i) by measuring and analyzing
peoples' knowledge, especially their risk perceptions, of their changing climate; (ii) by gaining insight into
their general attitudes on the phenomena of climate change, and mitigated and adaptive measures
against it; and (iii) by identifying their current practices, if any, to increase their flood and climate resilience.
Thus, the survey report will be compiled with the objective to accumulate data on:
(a) Individuals' knowledge, attitude, and practices of climate disaster management
(b) Key gaps in governance systems in terms of disaster response caused by deficiencies in
personnel's knowledge, attitude and practices
(c) Usable and resourceful information that culminates in recommendations for future system
designs
The survey is also designed in such a way that it can further facilitate more nuanced analyses. Climate
governance and future resilience plans can become more targeted and effective through useful
correlations found by the data collection exercise, including:
Ÿ Individuals' education background and their perceptions towards floods and other climate risks
Ÿ Individuals' wealth and whether they could afford to relocate after the floods
Ÿ Individuals' choices to relocate and whether they had a smart phone and internet access (this
would represent greater access to information)
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Ÿ A comparison of individuals affected in 2010 floods with 2022 floods
Ÿ Individuals' keenness to take up adaptive measures against floods and other climate risks (such as
purchasing flood insurance, flood hazards, taking mitigative steps to prevent floods)
8.2. Vulnerability Indices
As already mentioned, the province of KP has a diverse topography and climatic zones. Accordingly, the
impacts of climate change in terms of temperature and precipitation anomalies are expected to be varied
as well. Thus, different climatic zones are expected to face varying climate driven hazards such as
droughts, floods, landslides. As such, it is pertinent to come up with area-specific (e.g. district level)
vulnerability indexes. These indexes will be developed for various kinds of hazards (floods, droughts,
heat waves, etc) and will account for the following features peculiar to each district:
i. Physical factors
These factors account for the main manifestations of climate change such as rise in mean and
maximum/minimum temperatures, anomalies in precipitation (duration, intensity, seasonal variability),
thawing of snowpacks, etc. This would require micro-zonation of global climate models and developing
ensembles of various features for the specific area under possible future climate change pathways.
Besides the climatic factors, other physical features to be taken into account include topography, water
resources (surface and ground), soil characteristics, etc.
ii. Human factors
Human activities profoundly impact the surrounding environment and accordingly influence vulnerability
to various kinds of natural hazards. These essentially involve the type, extent and location (proximity to
waterways, landslide prone areas) of settlements, deforestation, farming, and grazing activities. Other
interactions include riverbed mining, river training works, abstraction of surface and groundwater.
Additionally, the coping capacity of communities to various kinds of hazards is driven by socio-economic
conditions such as poverty levels, access to health, education and other basic services, and thus, have an
important bearing on the vulnerability of any community to climate related hazards.
iii. Institutional factors
These involve the governance structures, legislative and regulatory frameworks, within which various
economic activities take place, and the extent to which communities are enabled to participate in local
decision-making processes. Additionally, these factors also account for the institutional capacities (both
financial and human resources) of all relevant stakeholders to adapt to climate change.
8.3. District-Specific Response Plans
GoKP aims to make sustainability an integral part of districts' development. In relation to this, optimised
preparedness assessment and vulnerability-measuring protocols will culminate in a comprehensive set
of district-specific disaster response plans. Once equipped with usable information on their respective
areas, governance structures of all levels within the district will incorporate data-found vulnerability
analytics and recommendations for resilience in their day-to-day district operations.
While this document contains sector and department-specific climate response plans, a medium-term
objective of GoKP is to achieve area specificity by augmenting district administrative and governance
systems with enhanced disaster preparedness. Not only will well-designed plans be able to capture
between-district weather and topographical nuances; but also they will empower districts to become
self-reliant climate disaster responders without need to evoke provincial or central assistance.
To integrate response, the plans would also succinctly identify the roles and responsibilities for each
action along with specific timelines to achieve the desired outcomes. A monitoring and evaluation
mechanism framework shall be put in place to continuously assess progress on the plans and allow for
corrective measures taken when necessitated.
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9. Achieving Heightened Preparedness

While the challenges of climate change keep manifesting on larger scales in KP, the province's defenses
against them are struggling to keep apace. The province's high pre-existing incidence of
multidimensional poverty (forecasted to grow even larger post flood damages) exacerbate vulnerability.
As the GoKP embarks upon a massive effort to rebuild all that has been devastated in the recent floods, it
is high time that the planning and governance structures of the province move away from the fixative to
the preemptive. This involves a systemic re-orientation towards risk mitigation rather than damage
mitigation.
Response to climate change, thus, cannot be limited to immediate needs assessment and reparations; it
must must work towards enhancing systemic climate resilience to anticipated losses from future hydro-
meteorological threats. This involves actively inculcating climate mitigation, adaptation and
preparedness-enhancing policies and structures not only for the planning, design, construction and
operations of hard infrastructure assets, but also (and perhaps more importantly) for investing in human
resources of the government and the communities for enhanced resilience supported by enabling
policies and legal/regulatory frameworks. In current planning and programming contexts, there are
certain facets of the system which limit preparedness.
9.1 Current Limitations in Response Preparedness
Inadequate Understanding of Climate Change
Both government departments and communities lack the awareness that we are no longer living in a
world where historic patterns of seasonality, temperature and precipitation regimes will keep repeating in
regular rhythms. At the institutional level, government departments do not have the human resources
equipped with adequate knowledge and necessary skills to understand, prepare for, mitigate and
respond to climate change. Similarly, the common citizen is not fully aware of how climate change can
alter the ways in which they work and live.
Weak Regulatory Framework
Be it the conversion of forest cover into farmlands or grazing grounds, building within floodplains or on
fragile hillslopes, altering river courses; mining from riverbeds; sprawling settlements and quarrying
mountains for construction materials or weaknesses in climate regulation are obvious all around. In all
these ecological trespasses, the concept of climate regulation is either non-existent (such as in riverbed
mining, urban stormwater management, watershed/flood plain management) or ineffectively followed
due to overlapping laws and regulations, duplicity and/or irrational assignment of roles and
responsibilities. Finally, the enforcement of regulations, where they are applicable, is ambiguous.
Deficient Early Warning Systems
Much economic and human losses can be avoided if warnings are issued to pre-identified vulnerable
communities in a timely and effective manner. However, in some areas of the province, especially the MA,
a functional early warning system is completely absent. In other areas, the warning issued alerts after the
event sometimes. This is especially problematic and of little use in areas where hill torrents and flash
floods are generated immediately after a precipitation event. In such areas, a warning system would be
much more beneficial that is based on weather predictions and runoff models. Furthermore, timely
warnings with clear warning instructions and information based on locality, expected incidence and
timeframes through effective and strategic communications are important. Currently, there is a notable
coordination failure in delivering effective warnings because a federal agency is responsible for weather
forecasting and flood warnings while the responsibility of provincial warning systems lies with the
provincial government. There is a need to strengthen information generating and coordination
mechanisms, such as the number and distribution of weather stations, streamflow/runoff gauging
stations, data communication protocols, and flood forecast models.
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Climate Susceptible Infrastructure Planning and Design Approaches
Governmental lack of climate change knowledge further leads to planning and design approaches that
are either un-, or under, informed by the potential impacts of climate disasters. For example, in the
establishment of social infrastructure projects such as schools, colleges, health facilities are mainly
driven by political motivation and ease of land acquisition. Besides the likely direct damages to the
facilities themselves, it is important to bear in mind that post-disaster communities are then deprived of
potential temporary shelters (school and college buildings) and essential services (such as health and
water supply). Similarly, current design standards and specifications need to be revised so that where
assets cannot be completely isolated from climate hazards, their flood and other defenses will at least be
strengthened to withstand predicted damages. Besides strengthening features in the design standards,
buildings' configuration/architectural layouts also need to be revisited. Finally, the review and
development of new design standards will account for the differences in the climatic zones and types of
natural hazards that exist in different parts of the province.
Underestimation of Small-Scale Incremental Improvements
There is generally an official preference to opt for climate projects that can be showcased as stand-alone,
they are also often large-budget. The primary motivation of which is the visibility and the accompanying
goodwill that can be engendered from immediate beneficiaries of such projects. However, this often
sidelines investing in much more wide-impact, incremental measures that can considerably fortify the
province's overall flood defense and conservation of natural resources.
Thus, as part of enhancing overall preparedness for climate change, several measures are required in
various economic sectors. These measures are categorized into more immediate, short-term
preparedness recommendations, and medium-term programming and systemic reform initiatives.
9.2 Preparedness and Institutional Readiness Drills
Disasters and emergencies affect people's lives in different ways, causing human and property losses,
food insecurity, health insecurity and many other welfare-compromising damages. However, while the
incidence of natural disasters is beyond the control of any single individual or institution, their subsequent
management and damage mitigation is a matter of governance concern. In this increasingly disaster-
prone climate, it is essential that governance bodies be geared towards risk management readiness. This
entails enhancing their internal disaster preparedness against a wide range of natural disasters.
Due to climate change's multifaceted and all-encompassing nature, most government bodies will have to
build their adeptness at steering and managing its effects. However, this is even more incumbent on
those that are key figures in both a priori risk mitigation and a posteriori damage mitigation. This includes
certain first-responders, especially at local and district levels, who have both immediate access to the
affected people and specialised knowledge of vulnerabilities. Thus, this section focuses on internal
readiness of local district administrations, local government bodies as well as the adaptive and
preparedness capacities of central planning and relief bodies.
While effective relief measures concerted efforts of various government departments, their success is
also hinged upon each responder's self-sufficiency in managing their respective area. This involves
building their capacity in terms of available equipment and latest technological aids, vehicles and
stockpiles of other essential items. The mobilisation of these resources, in times of actual emergency, will
be informed by well-developed simulation exercises in times of calm.
This following section, therefore, considers the import and means through which institutions'
preparedness to respond to emergency situations is an essential part in the province's climate adaptivity
and overall resilience.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Way forward
It will be mandatory at the district level to carry out, at least annually, a thorough preparedness drill which
is supervised by the district's respective DC. This will be prefixed by the development of proper drill
protocols. DCs will have to submit a detailed report to the provincial government highlighting the level of
preparedness and weaknesses noticed during these drills so that corrective measures are taken in time.
Overall, governmental preparedness will be determined by five main categories of activities: planning
(development of Emergency Operation Plans); complete resources and equipment; emergency
response training; exercises; and statutory authority.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9.3 Key Agency Plans
Department Current Short-term Medium-term Long-term

Shortcoming Measures Plans Reforms
National Ÿ Lack of telemetry and Ÿ Need assessment Ÿ Procurement Ÿ Operationaliz
Disaster weather forecasting exercise Plan and ation of HR
Management system Ÿ Compilation of approval of PC- Information
Authority Ÿ Shortage of resources, report and I sharing
Ÿ Effective information recommendation Ÿ Tendering system
sharing system Ÿ Procurement Ÿ Training of
staff
Provincial Ÿ Lack of monitoring, Ÿ Need assessment Ÿ Amendment in Ÿ Operationaliz
Department planning and practical for gaps laws ation of new
Management approach Ÿ Review of Ÿ Provision of system and
Authority Ÿ No contingency plan in rules/regulations/l resources implementation
place to meet the aws and by-laws Procurement
unforeseen situation for more stringent
Ÿ Reactionary approach monitoring and
of PDMA enforcement
Ÿ Lack of proper mechanism
coordination Ÿ Road map for
mechanism institutional
Ÿ Lack of early warning reforms
system
Ÿ No mechanism exists to
evaluate governmental
and non-governmental
organization regarding
their preparedness
Local Ÿ Lack of land use Ÿ Review of rules Ÿ Drafting of Ÿ Operationalizat

Government planning and technical and legal ion of new
knowhow regulations/laws/ instrument and system and
Ÿ Lack of basic by-laws approval implementation
equipment to avoid Ÿ PC-I for missing Ÿ Procurement of
climate risk such as gaps in the equipments
early warning system equipments Ÿ Capacity
Ÿ No communication Ÿ TNA for capacity building plan
strategy building of staff based on TNA
Ÿ Lack of enforcement Ÿ Proper
mechanism to remove enforcement
encroachment, clear mechanism for
drains and approval of implementation
building plan
Ÿ Absence of regulations
governing stormwater
management – at the
level of housing
schemes, institutional
and residential
buildings
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Department Current Short-term Medium-term Long-term

Shortcoming Measures Plans Reforms
Meteorological Ÿ Lack of information Ÿ Review of rules & Ÿ Drafting of Ÿ Operationaliz
sharing system regulations/laws/ rules ation of new
Ÿ Dormant role of by-laws Ÿ Provision of system
Ÿ Need assessment
department in district of missing resources, Ÿ Training of
and provincial level facilities Ÿ Procurement staff
Irrigation Ÿ Lack of equipment Ÿ Review of rules & Ÿ Procurement Ÿ Operationaliz

Ÿ Encroachment of rivers regulations/laws/b and installation ation of new
and drains y-laws of system system
Ÿ Flood warning system Ÿ Provision of Ÿ Training of
Ÿ Lack of infrastructure resources through staff
especially on river side PC-I
Ÿ Construction of
resilient
infrastructure
Public Health Ÿ Restoration of water Ÿ Damaged Need Ÿ Provision of Ÿ Operationaliz

Engineering supplies and sanitation Assessment resources ation of
schemes Ÿ Development of Ÿ Reconstruction system
Ÿ Shortage of equipment resilient along new line
infrastructure of resilient
Ÿ Need assessment infrastructure
of equipment
Communication Ÿ Lack of machinery and Ÿ Need assessment Ÿ Provision of Ÿ Operationaliz

& Works equipment of equipment resources ation of new
Ÿ Poor maintenance of Ÿ Reconstruction system
buildings and roads along new line Ÿ Training of
Ÿ Lack of proper mapping of resilient staff
and evacuation roads in infrastructure
case of floods and
other emergencies
Ÿ Lack of enforcement
mechanism, especially
for building code in hilly
areas
District Ÿ Lack of coordination Ÿ Development of Ÿ Installation of Ÿ Annual

Administration mechanism and coordination coordination inspection
oversight role mechanism and and oversight report
Ÿ Shortage of resources oversight role mechanism at Ÿ Implementation
Ÿ Lack of enforcement Ÿ Notification of district level of
mechanism District Drill Ÿ Procurement of recommendation
committee system and of the annual
Development of installation report
drill protocol Ÿ Training of staff Ÿ Adoption of
on the drill remedial
protocol measures as
per report
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9.4 Assets Management Systems
Asset management systems, tailored for climate change, are designed in such a way that they help
disaster resilience professionals plan for every eventuality. This involves setting up systemic processes
and protocols which: (i) first, identify all critical assets within a system's domain which could affect, or be
affected by, incidences of disaster; (ii) second, assess and identify the level of disaster risk that each asset
faces and how equipped it is to handle it; (iii) third, delineate how assets are interrelated, and how overall
risk levels and response adeptness is determined by the level of risk that an individual asset poses; and
(iv) utilise and present all this information to relevant decision-makers and disaster resilience
stakeholders. Abiding by all these tenets will lay the foundation for disaster-resilient systems.
Practically, this means maintaining proper records of plans, acquisitions, operations, renewals, and
depreciations of departmental machinery. It also entails regular updating of technological system and
stocktaking, and capacity-building of human resource. Significantly, all public departments are required
to maintain an annually updated log of assets. Asset management takes three forms:
1. Physical asset management stands. This encompasses overseeing fixed assets, inventory
management, infrastructure, and general public asset management.
2. Financial asset management refers to the process of managing procurement, developing an

investment strategy, controlling budgets and costs, and handling cash, bonds, and stocks.
3. Contractual compliance streamlines processes like IT management, digital asset management,

contractual maintenance, and management of intangible assets.
Current Asset Management in KP
There currently exists a system of assets management in the province, and it is maintained by different
departments based on their respective assets and liabilities. The system, however, is marred by the
following challenges:
1. Manual data entry

2. The unstructured asset management process; this is a by-product of unclear management
policies and enforcement mechanisms
3. No rating systems for various types of infrastructure assets which properly, and regularly, track
their physical condition and depreciation over time
4. No deterioration models to estimate the remaining service life of infrastructure assets which is
critical for preparing resilient capital improvement plans, investment needs and identification of
resources
5. No tracking and reporting of real-time asset value and location
6. No system to assess the individual vulnerabilities of infrastructure assets to various kinds of
climate driven hazards such as floods, landslides, land erosion, etc
7. No mapping system to track how individual vulnerabilities exacerbate overall vulnerability
8. Inability to assess the potential risks, or correct them
Optimising Systems for Adaptation, Mitigation and Overall Preparedness
Since assets management is critical in both damage mitigation and the continuation of welfare-
enhancing services during and immediately post-disaster, the government of KP is adopting the following
measures for more effective asset management:
1. Development of assets condition rating systems in all its line departments (especially those
creating and managing public infrastructure assets) such as C&W, irrigation, PHE and energy. The
criteria which inform these rating systems will be customized to the particular nature of assets
managed within each department
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2. GIS digital inventory systems will be developed, and then regularly maintained, by every line
department. Necessary information such as the owner department, location, maintenance,
history, current and past conditions, will be recorded for all components of infrastructure systems
3. Detailed protocols for asset management systems will be developed and notified. This will
include the levels of responsibility, access rights, standardized information templates and assets'
attributes. Further, detailed protocols on adding newly created assets to the inventory system.
These protocols will also cover requirements for periodic updating and will be developed
4. Infrastructure assets will be mapped and assessed for vulnerability following an exhaustive list of
natural hazards. This information will be fed into the inventory system
5. The head of every department will organise in-house training for adaptive and mitigative
capacity-building of staff and custodians of public property
6. Regularised inspections of assets by competent officers or committees
7. Assets will be properly accounted for during hand and take overs
9.5 Short-Term Measures
While systems reforms may be implemented at a slower pace, climate change is an immediate threat to
the well-being of the province, against which the province's protective measures have already been quite
delayed. Therefore, these short-term fixes can be initiated immediately and possibly completed within
the timeframe of a year. Moreover, they can also inform the current mass post-flood rebuilding to build
back better. Therefore, the following immediate measures must be adopted by various provincial
government departments:
Cross-Cutting Measures
These cross-departmental resilience-enhancing measures include:
1. Well-enforced climate screening of all proposed projects whereby projects identified with
heightened vulnerability undergo a more rigorous process of climate proofing and adaptation
2. Development of GIS-based infrastructure asset management systems. This already exists to
varying degrees in various departments such as the C&W, PHE, and education. However, these
need to be more systematically implemented through well-defined data protocols and regularly
updated, and must extend to include information about vulnerability of all public assets to various
natural hazards
3. Trainings and awareness campaigns in the community on how climate change can manifest in
several ways and affect several aspects of life, along with appropriate mitigative and adaptive
measures that can be practiced in everyday life
4. Exploration of all possible means of raising revenue for flood management and flood relief
Relevant Department-Specific Measures
Communication and Works
1. Acquiring necessary climate relief infrastructure. Some machinery is currently available in the
C&W department for clearance of snow in snow-bound areas; however, earth-moving machinery
is lacking. In order to maintain a pool of earth-moving machinery, an arrangement could be
reached whereby machinery is rented out to contractors in non-emergency times for
departmental work and mobilized to deal with emergencies
2. Re-designing parameters of connectivity infrastructure to be flood and other hazard-resilient
(such as through uniform construction of fortifying walls, etc.)
3. Strengthening and enhancing the capabilities of modern GIS tools or drones for identification,
and verification the road damages
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Energy
Conducting an immediate CRA of the existing and planned energy infrastructure. This will identify critical
and associated infrastructure, key stakeholders, and describe the hazards, vulnerabilities and resultant
risks. The assessment will also specify what approaches, tools and methods are to be employed to
assess key aspects of risk and vulnerability. The said assessment will help create a summary of key
current and expected future climate hazards relevant in the context of the project, and of the associated
potential climate-related implications for critical projects
a. Immediate vulnerability analysis of drinking water and sanitation infrastructure to climate hazards
through informed climate change models. This information shall be vital in climate resilient
planning and redesign of such infrastructure and the government's ability to deliver these
essential services in the midst of future disasters
b. The development of GIS-based infrastructure asset management systems that contain detailed
information about locations, conditions, and values of various water supply and sanitation
schemes. This will help in informing exact mitigation and adaption measures required
c. Detailed revision and updating of planning guidelines and design standards that ensure
schemes are either located away from high-hazard areas or can withstand climate hazards
d. Development of adaptation plans setting out priorities for infrastructure upgrades in high-risk
areas
e. Drafting of contingency plans, including warehousing of spares, contracting arrangements with
private suppliers, etc., that would help reduce disruptions in drinking water supply and sanitation
services when climate hazards occur
Health
Conducting a study on the source of floods to measure what could be done to prevent flooding in the
future. Even if the facilities are relocated and the prevention mechanisms to prevent floods are not
established, the loss of lands and that of water will still be there. Therefore, the study needs to be focused
not only on the relocation of completely and partially damaged health facilities but also on the
preparedness level to tackle any sort of natural disaster along with the preparedness level in the
provision of health services at the time of disasters.
Agriculture
1. Preparedness – Early Warning

a. Delivery of timely weather forecasts to small-scale farmers and agribusinesses
b. Text messages and robo calls to the farmers regarding flood emergency
c. Pooling of agriculture machinery, especially tractor and trollies, for the evacuation and shifting of
populace, livestock, grain stock and luggage
d. Establishment of emergency relief cells
e. Updating and increasing accuracy of baseline data of the flood prone districts
2. Mitigation
a. Promotion of green agricultural practices amongst the community
b. Estimation of losses caused by recent floods to crops, orchards, vegetables, livestock, fisheries
and other agricultural assets, particularly food crops
c. Development of mitigative agricultural strategies
d. Provincial zoning for livestock farming, based on flood resilience
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Local Government
a. Reviewing local government laws on building codes and strengthening code enforcement
mechanisms
b. Prohibiting construction (of public and private buildings) along riverbanks
c. Conducting a capacity needs assessment of essential equipment
d. Training staff on climate-friendly practices and making optimal use of climate resilient systems
e. Operationalising and monitoring of climate resilient systems
f. Putting plans and protocols in place for effective information dissemination during emergencies
in their jurisdictions
Irrigation
a. Ensuring that the flow of rivers and streams is not obstructed. This requires coordinated efforts
under Department of Irrigation active support of district administration to control construction
activities in river basins
b. Ensuring that river regimes are not being disturbed, and that levees and spurs are designed and
constructed far from the river established banks
c. Protecting watersheds through reforestation, soil conservation and control of land-use.
d. Formulating a comprehensive watershed management policy
e. Effectively implementing the River Act by removing encroachments, permanent settlements and
undue developments in the flood plains so that future flood damages are reduced.
f. Preparing flood plains maps and zoning in the areas affected by the floods.
Elementary & Secondary Education
a. Constructing new schools in locations away from flood-prone areas

b. Providing trainings to teachers and PTC on disaster risk reduction so they can improve their
response in the event of floods.
Higher Education
a. Mapping of colleges and universities that are situated in locations where flooding may occur.
These structures will then be reinforced to withstand future flooding, in close collaboration with
the C&W department
b. Creating flood storage spaces for those institutions which were damaged during recent floods,
and also for those institutions that could be affected by rains and floods in the future. This
necessitates the development of flood and inundation maps by the GoKP
c. Conducting emergency response trainings at universities, in collaboration with the PDMA
d. Inculcating climate response measures in general, and flood response in particular, in university
teachings
Provincial Disaster Management Authority
a. Developing a Provincial Disaster Management Plan 2022-2030
b. Building capacity of DDMUs, especially at district level, and develop District Response Plans
c. Establishing a Strategic Unit at PDMA KP
d. Conducting a Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment for the Province at an appropriate
scale of 1:500,000 or as per requirements (short , medium, and long-term)
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
e. Flood Risk assessment and modelling for all cities, starting with a pilot of three flood-prone cities
at appropriate scale of 1:5,000 or as per requirements (to be Phase 1).
f. Developing comprehensive provincial and district-specific public awareness plans on climate

change
g. Designing a training and research programme through disaster management institutions
h. Improving administration and logistics planning through:
I. Resource mapping of public and private resources
ii. Procurement of heavy equipment required for contingency and Disaster Response
Management Plans
iii.Earmarking resources for specific hazard prone areas
iv. Construction of adequately dispersed disaster management hubs
i. Establishing of District Emergency Operation Centre (DEOC)/ Incident Command System
j. Creating guidelines for recovery needs assessment
k. Creating a database on technical capacity of relevant stakeholders for PDRP
9.6 Medium-Term Plans
Once immediate steps are taken, certain systems-level reforms and multidimensional adaptations will
require more medium-term uptake and implementation by relevant departments.
One reason is the sheer scale of resources required to be mobilized for such measures. Moreover, some
measures are such that need substantive preparatory work in place before these can be implemented.
Therefore, full roll out of these medium-term plans are forecasted to span over three or more years.
Department-wise, they are as follows:
a. Relocation of point components (source, reservoirs, etc) and re-alignment of the linear
components (pipe networks) so that these structures are safe from future hazards
b. Capacity building of the department to effectively undertake the aformentioned activities
c. Community outreach programmes which raise awareness around low-cost household water
treatment options and safe storage practices amongst the general population
Health
a. Training health professionals in disaster preparedness for all threats

b. Raising and mobilising resources for contingency financial emergency response mechanisms at
district health formations to deal with emergency situations at the district level
Agriculture
Sustainable Adaptation – Intensive social trees plantation; desilting and cleaning of watercourses;
proper field layout for cultivation; leveling of crop fields; designing sideline watercourses for fleshing
rainwater; encouraging the community to keep regular contact with the agriculture department; storing
the grains in movable siloses especially in pest and waterproof hermetic bags, which can easily be shifted
to safe places
a. Developing a comprehensive multi-sectoral disaster management plan

b. Devising operational plans on the process of managing relief and rehabilitation efforts for future
disasters. This will also include human-induced disasters and conflicts
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c. Strengthening disaster management institutions in the province

d. Conducting further scientific research on climate change, and its adaptation and risk reduction
e. Establishing and operationalizing a dedicated Disaster Information Resource Centre
f. Enhancing skilled human resources by recruiting a pool of master trainers at village levels in all
districts. This can be piloted in five districts and then expanded
g. Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) related projects through Civil Societies
h. Creating a small grants programme to reduce poverty-exacerbated risk in villages
i. Creating and assessing the outcomes of Model Disaster Resilient Villages in five districts as a
pilot to be replicated further on
j. Piloting technology-based multi hazard Early Warning System (EWS) in five districts
k. Developing sector-specific climate change coping strategies within the Provincial Disaster
Response Plan
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10. Building Resilient Systems
Watershed Ÿ Mitigate flood incidence and magnitude of damages in

Management downstream watersheds
Ÿ Enable effective and sustainable water resource management
Ÿ Apply the results of hydraulic data analyses to river basins

River Basin Ÿ Formulate and enforce regulations against exploitive land use
Management Ÿ Design infrastructure resilient to climate hazards
Ÿ Rehabilitate degraded soil prone to erosion

Ÿ Dry afforestation in hill sides
Afforestation Ÿ Sustainable rangeland management
Ÿ Promote farm forestry
Ÿ Promote low-cost food production and storage techniques

Science and Ÿ Enable reutilization of crop residue and agri-industrial by-
Technology products
Ÿ Identify vulnerable rangeland areas via GIS and remote sensing
Water, Energy & Ÿ Reflects a policy shift away from sectoral development
Food Nexus interventions towards integrated resource use
Ÿ Assess severity of risk and rapidly prioritize when and where to

AI-Informed Early
respond
Warning Systems
Ÿ Real-time monitoring and reporting of risk and hazard levels
Ÿ Combination of management and structural measures adapted

for climate change such as:
Infrastructure Ÿ Adapting agricultural infrastructure to cater to climate
Redesigns change scenarios such as floating agricultural systems
Ÿ Constructing wetlands which can treat sewerage and
industrial wastewater
Ÿ Serves as a financial coping mechanism against disaster risks

Ÿ Comprehensive
Flood Insurance Ÿ Accelerates recovery
Roll-out Ÿ Roll-out by private insurers shifts financial burden away from
government
Ÿ Introduction and promotion of rotational grazing

Addressing Ÿ Establishment and rehabilitation of water ponds and water
Desertification conveyance systems
Ÿ Propagation of drought-resistant, low-delta high-yielding fruit
and vegetation
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10.1 Watershed Management
Watershed management pertains to the process of implementing land-use and water management
practices to protect and improve the quality of water and other natural resources. Flooding and extreme
rainfall events are likely to become a salient challenge in KP's future. This is due to a combination of both
climate change and sub-optimal land use. Therefore, to reduce the magnitude and frequency of further
flooding, comprehensive on-site land use management as well as off-site institutional and financial
initiatives must be pursued. This section pertains to the former from a land use perspective.
The main water-producing watersheds of Pakistan are in the northern and western part of the country and
are sources of the Indus River water systems. These include watersheds of Pakistan’s northern areas,
northern parts of KP, the mountain areas of northern Punjab, and Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) covering
about 24.5 million-hectare catchments of the Indus River and its tributaries. Also, the watersheds of
Sulaiman range that feed the western rivers of Kabul, Kurram, Tochi and Gomal have received massive
amount of rain in this monsoon season.
The watersheds of the Indus basin are the lifeline for the people of KP. River and streams that originate
from these watersheds irrigate farmlands in the plains and provide drinking water and hydroelectricity to
millions of people. Therefore, these watersheds need proper treatment on sustainable basis. The
purpose of watershed management is:
Ÿ To moderate floods in the downstream areas

Ÿ To control damaging run-off and degradation and, thereby, conserve soil and water
Ÿ To manage and utilize the run-off of water for useful purposes
Ÿ To check soil erosion and to reduce the effect of sediment yield on the watershed
Ÿ To enhance ground water storage and
Ÿ To protect, conserve and improve the land of watershed for more efficient and sustained
production
Current Watershed Management in KP
In KP, watershed management was conceived and actualized during 1965 in catchment areas flowing
through tributaries in the drainage system of Tarbela and Mangla Hydropower Projects. These projects
were spread over an area of 17,733 sq. km comprising of Daur, Kunhar, Unhar, Besham and Buner
Watershed Divisions; they aimed to prolong the useful life of Tarbela and Mangla Hydro Power Projects
by 47% and 100% respectively. However, the devastating floods of 2010, and more recently in 2022, have
left less destruction impact in the watershed project areas.
Several other watershed management projects were also launched such as 385-WFP, 2451-WFP, KFW-
WFP Phase-II etc. All the projects aimed at the rehabilitation and conservation of watershed areas
through afforestation and other soil conservation measures. These are intended to mitigate adverse
hydrological impacts and reduce flooding in downstream areas.
Issues and Challenges in Watershed Management
A majority of watersheds in KP suffer from ill-advised land use changes, including share rises in
deforestation and dry land farming, poor irrigation and drainage practices, inadequate soil conservation,
poor agricultural terracing and over-grazing. All these contribute to increasing soil erosion and land
degradation, which reduces water retention and increases the likelihood of flooding during high levels of
rainfall and glacial melting. Moreover, as a result of erosion, topsoil is washed away into rivers, streams
and water reservoirs, which are the main sources of irrigation water and hydropower.
The consequences of degradation of upland watersheds are severe, including annual loss of millions of
tons of fertile soil due to soil erosion sedimentation of different reservoirs, reduced hydropower
generation, devastation by floods, desertification, decline in agricultural productivity, loss of bio-diversity,
and increase in environmental pollution. Reduced supply of irrigation water coupled with inadequate
groundwater recharge is threatening agricultural production and food security of the province.
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Due to these downstream dangers, the forestry department intends to direct greater funding to
watershed management in the upper catchments of the province. The department also proposes that
these projects be co-implemented through a community-driven approach.
Illustrating the strong relationship between poverty and environment, GoKP's launched its present
project of “Poverty Reduction through Participatory Watershed Management in Tarbela Reservoir
Catchment Area”. In addition to afforestation and soil conservation, other rural development and income
generation activities such as the construction of water channels and access roads have also carried out in
partnership with communities.
Way Forward
In lieu of recent flooding, the watershed management approach will be expanded to those areas which
proved to be susceptible to hill torrents, landslides and mudslides. These areas lie in the southern and
western parts of KP, with a large portion lying in South and North Waziristan and Kurram. They also include
the western border areas of Tank, D.I. Khan and Bannu.
Interventions will be a mix of afforestation, rangeland management, rainwater harvesting and correct
zoning of land according to its natural characteristics and use. These measures will be accelerated by
developing strong linkages between communities with stakeholders for effective participatory
implementation, site identification, monitoring and upscaling. This will also entail increasing proper land-
use and environmental impact awareness amongst populations living in watershed areas. This also
includes checking soil erosion through improves terracing and practice of low-tillage agriculture.
Given the integrated nature of watershed management, this approach also entails improving productivity
of forests, rangeland, and sustainable livestock raising and rearing practices. This includes implementing
rehabilitative measures in wastelands and marginal lands where crop productivity is low.
Mitigation, Adaptation and Overall Preparedness Plan
Mitigative and adaptive watershed management includes interventions like the planting of multipurpose
trees on both privately owned and state-owned lands. Critical slopes will also be stabilized through
engineering, bio-engineering and biological measures, soil and water conservation practices; integrated
rehabilitation plans for degraded watershed; and water harvesting schemes.
During execution of proposed projects, respective communities in the areas will be mobilized and trained
to adopt soil and water conservation techniques to combat natural hazards.
The KP forestry department will be working in tandem with the Livestock and Agriculture Departments,
given their major role in land use of watersheds.
10.2 River Basin Management
Every stream and tributary has its own watershed that drains to a larger stream or wetland. These
streams, ponds, wetlands, and lakes become a part of a river basin. The size of rivers and their discharge
areas are proportionate to the extent of their basins and the amount of rain water or glacial melt which
reaches the river channels.
A flood plain is an area adjacent to a river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the
enclosing valley walls, and which experiences flooding during periods of heavy discharge. Flooding
occurs when water from rivers or other water bodies overflows its banks – either due to excessive
snowmelt, rainfall or manmade obstructions, or a mixture of all – in the river regime. The floods often
cause damage to property and infrastructure if they are built in the natural flood plains of rivers. River
basin management, therefore, entails assessing and planning for possible natural damage due to floods,
which encompasses social damage and welfare losses in such an event.
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Optimising River Basin Planning
This involves many aspects of analysis and engineering, including:
Ÿ Observation of previous and present flood levels and inundated areas

Ÿ Statistical and hydraulic model analyses
Ÿ Mapping inundated areas and flood levels for future flood scenarios
Ÿ Long-term land use planning and regulation
Ÿ Engineering design and construction of structures to control or withstand flooding
Ÿ Monitoring, forecasting and emergency response planning
Ÿ Short-term monitoring, warning and response operations
Flood risk management aims to reduce the human and socio-economic losses caused by flooding, and it
is part of the larger field of risk management. It analyzes the relationships between physical systems and
socio-economic environments and action about the risks posed by flooding. This relationship examines
management methods that includes a wide range of flood management methods, including flood
mapping and physical implication measures. Flood risk management includes mitigating and preparing
for flooding disasters, analyzing risk and providing a risk analysis system to mitigate the negative impacts
caused by flooding. Flooding and flood risk are especially important with more extreme weather
conditions and rise in water level caused by climate change as more areas will be affected by flood risk.
Flood forecasting covers anticipating floods before occurrence, allowing taking precautionary measures
and informing people to prepare in advance for flooding conditions. For example, farmers can shift
animals from low lying areas and utility services are relocated at suitable places. The output of a flood
forecast is typically a maximum expected water level and the likely time of its arrival at key locations along
a waterway. It may also allow for the computation of the likely statistical return period of a flood.
The current legislation on management of river basins authorizes Tehsil Municipal Officers (TMO) to
approve building plans in the river basin without any consultation or No Objection Certificate (NOC) from
the irrigation department. Besides that, unauthorized constructions are also not controlled due to
negligence and/or capacity of the designated offices. Such practices cause obstruction in the flow of
rivers particular during high flows seasons. Untreated sewage and solid waste from these buildings is
also disposed off directly in the river bodies posing serious threats of water contamination. Such
buildings during floods are prone to destruction during floods resulting into loss of life and property.
Therefore, important service delivery units such as hospitals, schools, police, fire, and rescue services,
will be built in areas at least risk of flooding. Public infrastructure like roads and bridges in flood hazard
areas will be designed to withstand highest known flood. There is a strong need to carefully determine
the river basins of all small and big rivers and streams. Law governing management and protection of
rivers may be reviewed to identify a suitable agency to exercise complete regulatory control on the water
bodies. No construction particularly of commercial nature will be allowed in the areas prohibited under
the law and will not be regularized on payment of fines or any other penalty prescribed in such laws.
Regular data and reports on the management of rivers basins will be provided under the M&E framework.
In areas prone to urban flooding, it is important to repair and maintain sewer systems and storm water
infrastructure. Additionally, GoKP will reduce impervious surfaces in streets, parking lots and buildings
through natural drainage channels, porous pavings and wetlands. Furthermore, the drainage system is
either inadequate or not maintained to its designed capacity. The adequacy of these systems, therefore,
will be a matter for continuous review.
10.3 Afforestation
Forests and trees contribute to economic growth, employment, food security, and energy generation,
and are key to helping countries respond to climate change. Forests support rural economies in Pakistan
and provide jobs for populations with few alternatives for off-farm employment options. Further, forest
goods provide an important “hidden harvest” for rural populations, keeping many people out of extreme
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poverty. In addition, forests generate essential services that sustain key sectors (agricultural, energy,
water, mining, transport, and urban sectors), by helping to maintain soil fertility, climate cycle regulation,
erosion prevention, protection of watersheds, provision of habitat for a variety of species, and reduce the
risk of natural disasters, including floods and landslides.
However, deforestation, and forest and land degradation threaten these ecosystem services and the
well-being of people that depend on them. Pakistan is making efforts to curb deforestation and forest
degradation, and implementing various initiatives under Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation (REDD+) Project. REDD+ is a global initiative under Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change of the United Nations. Afforestation is a major component of REDD+ initiatives to reduce
the pace of global climate change. A large portion of this programme is focused on the KP province.
Afforestation is usually associated with climate change mitigation through sequestering of greenhouse
gasses. However, strategic afforestation can also help in reducing the impact of climate-related disasters
such as floods, drought, and heat waves. Forests help in reducing run-off in floods, bind the top soil to
prevent erosion and regulate groundwater levels. In hot seasons evapotranspiration and shade reduces
the impact of heat. In addition, it provides scenic beauty, eco-systems restoration, non-timber forest
products, refuge to wild animals and birds, and employment opportunities to local people.
Current State of Forestry in KP
KP province has the largest proportion (20 percent) of its land under forests in Pakistan. It also has the
most experience in mass afforestation. Based on lessons of BTAP, it is implementing the Ten Billion Tree
Tsunami (BTT), which is one of the largest such effort in the world. The first phase of the program (2019-
2023) is currently being implemented with the cost of PKR 27 billion. Various smaller afforestation
projects are also being implemented, such as those in AIP and AIP II in the MAs.
Way Forward
There are salient parts of the program that need to be upscaled to mitigate impact of climate induced
hazards. These interventions are to be prioritized in most vulnerable areas identified as the most
vulnerable in the recent floods. Like the BTAP, a mid-term evaluation of the BTT in these specific
measures needs to be undertaken to identify successes for immediate replication. These include:
1. River training/Stream bank stabilization
With increased variability in water flows, the streams banks and rivers are getting eroded and
increasing in width. These moist areas are highly suitable for new plantation, especially broad-
leaved trees. Vegetation along water channels is a natural barrier to prevent expansion of the bed
and overflows. Forests bind soil around the streams and rivers and reduce erosion, and may even
increase the channels capacity by increasing depth as the banks are no longer easier to erode.
2. Rehabilitation of degraded areas in watersheds (especially in upper catchments)
There have been several successful interventions in watershed management in KP to provide

evidence of their effectiveness. More watersheds (and sub-watersheds) need to be brought
under such interventions for providing natural barriers to extreme events, like floods and
regulating both surface water flows and ground water levels in both floods and droughts.
3. Dry afforestation in hillsides through ditches (and various techniques such as contour trenches)
Soil erosion, land/mud slides and “mass-wasting” have increased with the erratic rain patterns
due to climate change. Stabilization of slopes will decrease the amount of silt mud, and rockfall
into streams and rivers, and reduce the damages both in the area and downstream. It will
effectively decrease the intensity of flooding through natural means. The BTAP and BTT
experience will identify the most appropriate method to the prioritized areas (explained in
following sections).
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4. Establishment of depleted designated forests/private chunks
Many forests, especially in the MAs, can naturally restore themselves if human-induced
pressures are reduced. This is the fastest, most economical, and ecologically sustainable
measure for increasing forest cover.
Adapting to climate change-related weather patterns - new areas of emphasis
Due to the erratic nature of rains because of climate change, stronger emphasis needs to be placed on
Sulaiman catchment that does not flood often. The main rivers in the catchment in order of importance for
afforestation are Gomal, Tochi and Kurram rivers. This order caters to the emerging pattern of early
monsoons rising from Arabian Sea (a repeat of 2010 floods) in a south-to-north direction as opposed to
the historic monsoons coming from Bay of Bengal in mid-July, entering Pakistan from east and northeast.
Also, historically, most of the forestry interventions have been undertaken in the upper catchments of
River Kabul and Indus as a result.
Therefore, southern districts rivers, including MAs, need a higher focus to adapt to these new extreme
weather patterns. These include D.I.Khan, Tank, Lakki Marwat and Bannu. In the MAs, they include South
and North Waziristan along with Kurram.
Additional Measures for Forestry
Range-Land Management
A large portion of watershed fall under the category of rangelands. These are highly degraded and under
threat of desertification. Grasses and scrubs have higher capacity to reduce surface run-off and prevent
soil erosion than trees. Introduction of rotational grazing along with some afforestation will improve their
health and ability to combat climate change.
Farm Forestry
According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other estimates, more than 60 percent
of timber in Pakistan comes from farms. Increase in farm forestry has reduced the pressure on timber
extraction from natural forests, which are home to a great biodiversity and are a natural means of
reducing impacts of climate change. KP has a tradition of planting trees on borders of agricultural fields.
Intensification of these practices along with plantation of marginal agricultural fields with low yield can
drastically increase timber production and provide incomes to the owners. The practice is much less
water and labour-intensive, and it is more suitable for areas with low irrigation potential and high
migration of labour. This shift must be managed with the help of agriculture department and technical
input from forest department on appropriate species and techniques.
Monitoring & Evaluation
Ÿ Like the BTAP, a mid-term evaluation of the BTT in these specific measures need to be
undertaken to identify successes for immediate replication
Ÿ Technologies like remote-sensing, aerial photography and GPS need to be incorporated into
monitoring systems for accurate and low-cost feedback on progress of bigger areas
Ÿ Feedback from Village Development Committee (VDC), Community Development and Gender
Development (CDGAD) and local communities need to be incorporated to accelerate the
progress in the aforementioned interventions
Ÿ A centralized M&E cell for afforestation with GIS technology needs to be operationalized to
monitor progress and make course correction.
The aforementioned measures and interventions are in line with the recently announced Climate Change
Action Plan 2022 of KP.
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10.4 Scientific and Technological Solutions
The effects of climate change in terms of erratic patterns of weather and the manifestations of such
effects in terms of floods, droughts, heat waves, desertification, and wildfires etc have pushed the
development agenda towards climate-resilient pathways for the future. The challenge for climate-
resilient pathways is firstly to identify and implement mixes of technological and governance options that
reduce net carbon emissions consistently, and secondly, to adapt to the changing climate as soon as
possible. Advancement in science and technology provides only certain interventions, which when
complimented with governance options, while considering the socio-economic context, adds resilience
in the face of such extreme climate events.
This section primarily addresses science and technology options to the effect of floods, droughts and
heatwaves on the existing infrastructure and ecological systems, including forestry and agriculture. It also
includes science and technology options for retrofitting existing infrastructure and incorporating such
options in the infrastructure planning process of the provincial government.
International Practices
Countries across the globe have created action plans for disaster mitigation and adaptation to changing
climate. Action plans for mitigation, adaptation, disaster risk preparedness, and critical infrastructure for
Israel, Canada, Sweden, and Denmark were reviewed. European Union (EU) Climate Law as part of the
European Green Deal is a good resource for updating existing codes and standards referred in our
regulations for infrastructure planning. Similarly, case studies from Mexico, Morocco and South Africa are
utilized on a case-to-case basis.
Adaptation action plans of Denmark, Sweden and Canada are relevant for preparedness related to
varied precipitation patterns, including urban flash floods. Such action plan includes bottom-up
approaches where risks and vulnerabilities are identified by local government/municipalities, and cities
act as agents of change for incorporating resilience in their critical functions and infrastructure. The
principle of “Think Global, Act Local” of the C40 Cities initiative¹⁶ is evident in their climate change
adaptation plans¹⁷. Canada, as part of its Action Plan for critical Infrastructure¹⁸ (2014-17), established two
committees: National Cross Sector Forum and Federal Provincial Territorial Critical Infrastructure Working
Group. These committees not only helped Canada in preparedness for risks, but they also further
strengthened the cross sectoral networks for their current action plan of 2021-23. Moreover, three out of
the Sweden's six resilient cities include good lessons for using technology, communication treatment and
participatory approaches by city/community preparedness to floods¹⁹.
It is prudent to mention that for mitigation purposes, technology gap exists globally to achieve net zero
emission by 2050, even with the inclusion of mature technologies and technologies in early adoption²⁰.
Therefore, it is urgent to direct investments in higher proportion for the Research and & Development²¹ of
such technologies. Example of Israel²² is important since it is increasingly investing in startup
technologies related to climate change and becoming the leader in science and technology
interventions related to space cooling, water management and energy storage.
Current State of Climate-Related Science and Technology Interventions in KP
Climate Change Policy and Action Plan of KP²³ as well as the Technology Action Plan²⁴ of Ministry of
Climate Change (MOCC) have listed several technologies and approaches for climate compatible
development.
16
https://csr.dk/reinventing-cities-c40-launches-competition-global-cities-pave-way-sustainable-future
17
https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/national-policy-resilience-frameworks.pdf
18
https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2021-ctn-pln-crtcl-nfrstrctr/2021-ctn-pln-crtcl-nfrstrctr-en.pdf
19
https://www.msb.se/siteassets/dokument/publikationer/english-publications/resilient-cities-in-sweden---six-inspiring-examples-on-drr-
action.pdf
20
https://media-publications.bcg.com/BCG-Executive-Perspectives-Time-for-Climate-Action.pdf
21
Israel invests 4.95% of GDP in R&D comparative to OECD average of 2.4%
22
https://innovationisrael.org.il/sites/default/files/Israel%20state%20of%20climate%20tech%20report%202021.pdf
23
https://epakp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/KP-Climate-Change-Policy-Approved-2017.pdf
24
https://mocc.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/TAP_Adaptation%202017.pdf
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
-25% New business models and changes in

policy can maximize available net zero
technologies to achieve 60-70%
of progress towards net zero
-40%
100%
Remaining gap in
-35% technologies to achieve
net zero by 2050
Current Co₂ Mature Technologies in Remaining

emissions technologies early adoption net zero gap
Figure: Technology Gap for Net Zero Emission Source: Boston Consulting Group
Technologies and modern approaches in KP Climate Change Policy are listed below:
1. Develop and propagate low-cost food preservation and storage technologies

2. Use modern techniques for efficient utilization of crop residue and agro-industrial byproducts
for animal feeding
3. Spatial modeling of the climate change on shifts in vegetative zones of KP. Thereby,
reclassifying agroecological zoning as bioclimatic zoning for forest management, especially
the application of Holdridge Life Zones (HLZ)8, (Holdridge methodology) in the forest
ecosystems of KP
4. Establish of gene bank of forest species to preserve genome and combat extinction of
species within the gene pool of KP forest
5. Promote rainwater harvesting techniques and recycling of wastewater for reuse
6. Assess of spatial variability and vulnerability characteristics for water resource management
7. Conduct surveys to identify rangeland areas via GIS and remote sensing technology
8. Undertake risk mapping of existing infrastructure (telecom, power, utilities, transport, irrigation,
agriculture etc.) and ensure resilience against climate related hazards
9. Design, construct, and upgrade disaster-resilient multipurpose buildings in relatively safer
areas for the purposes of shelter during climate emergencies
10. Promote zero emission building designs
11. Promote the use of solar water heating technologies
12. Promote and improve access of waste heat recovery systems
13. Explore feasibility of biofuels and compressed/liquefied natural gas in transport sector
14. Explore and conduct feasibility studies to develop use of inland waterways transport
15. Conduct feasibility of waste to energy projects and promote agriculture waste as industrial
fuel
16. Develop and propagate technologies for biogas production from agriculture/livestock waste
17. Train young scientists, faculty and researchers on weather simulation models, clean
development mechanisms and adaptation planning. Promote research on adaptation-related
technologies in universities and research centers
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List of technologies and project ideas as per technology need assessment for climate change
adaptation²⁵ by MOCC:
1. Promoting micro-irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler)

2. Developing and diffusing of drought and heat tolerant crops seed varieties
3. Strengthening and expanding the existing early warning communication and dissemination
mechanisms with emphasis on clear, concise, and authoritative warning messages for
communities most at risk
4. Surface rainwater harvesting technology
5. Constructing groundwater recharge systems
6. Modernizing and up-grading of urban storm water draining infrastructure
25
https://mocc.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/TAP_Adaptation%202017.pdf
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Way Forward
1. Infrastructure
The codes and standards used for infrastructure are based upon historical climate data to calculate
climatic design values, with the baseline assumption that the average and extreme conditions of the past
will not only represent but also suffice the present and future conditions over the lifespan of the
structure²⁶. While this assumption has worked to some extent in the past, it has become less valid to the
changing climatic conditions. Such assumptions are becoming increasingly invalid for Pakistan and KP as
well. The volumetric flow of River Swat and Kabul during the floods of 2010 was recorded as 1.6 times of
the highest recorded level in 100 years. This calls for action to update the design parameters of our
existing and future infrastructure.
International Standards (ISO), Eurocodes (EN) and European standards have already been updated and
second generation of Eurocodes are expected by 2023 which will further integrate climate risks to
existing standards and codes²⁷. Technical guidance on the climate proofing of infrastructure in EU for the
period 2021-2027 is a good resource to refer for improving our existing regulations for infrastructure
planning and development. The planning process for infrastructure development in KP needs to
incorporate such design parameters for climate-resilient roads, bridges, buildings, railway tracks,
telecommunication, irrigation infrastructure, and electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution
systems.
Adaptation measures for the resilience of existing infrastructure to changing climate conditions is of
paramount importance. Retrofitting measures will need to be implemented once priority risks to existing
infrastructure are identified. To this end, climate change risks and adaptation guidelines for building
owners in Scandinavian countries is an excellent resource for adaptation of existing infrastructure²⁸.
Climate risk assessments for critical infrastructure are urgently required. Adaptation plans for critical
infrastructure need to include in-depth analysis of vulnerability, exposure, sensitivity and likelihood of the
expected risks to complete the climate risk assessment. Such risk assessments and adaptation planning
for critical infrastructure require an all-encompassing approach where countries have added climate and
cyber risks for resiliency. Robust cross-sectoral working mechanisms and networks are prerequisites for
effective adaptation plans for critical infrastructure.
It is important to note that integration of climate change preparedness is essential and recommended in
the project management cycle as well as the Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) and Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) has incorporated
climate risks to the existing approach of EIA. Moreover, SEA is not only applicable to projects, but also to
plans and policies as well. With changing climate, it is necessary to take the regime of EIA to the next level
of SEA.
2. Water, Energy & Food (WEF) Nexus
Science, engineering, and technology interventions in the existing policies of national and provincial are
compartmentalized for each sector, including agriculture, forestry, water resources, energy etc. It is,
however, important to initiate cross sectoral initiatives and systems' approach for adaptation and
preparedness to the changing climate. The Water Energy Food (WEF) Nexus is an example to
understanding the dynamic interdependencies of the system.
WEF nexus draws on holistic and systems perspective that recognizes the value of all sectors in equal
terms. Agriculture tube wells and water pumping systems etc extract groundwater for the crop produce in
KP and are textbook case for WEF nexus. Demand of water from large populations are met through
subsidized energy, leading to depletion of groundwater as the sources are insufficiently recharged. This
has resulted in an imbalance in the equilibrium of the nexus. Furthermore, integrated water resource
management will help aggregate and manage water resources. However, it is limited to water-related
26
https://communityclimateaction.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/11/5_6_THE_CHANGING_CLIMATE_AND_NATIONAL_BU.pdf
27
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021XC0916(03)&from=EN
28
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265141016_A_mapping_of_climate_change_risks_and_adaptation_guidelines_to_
house_owners_in_Denmark_Norway_and_Sweden
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activities in a catchment and lacks the systems approach for adaptation and preparedness to the
changing climate.
Utilizing WEF nexus, desired programme design will incentivize utilizing least amount of water (via
drip/sprinkler micro irrigation technology) per crop type/size in accordance with the principle of 'more
crop per drop' in draft National Water Policy of Pakistan²⁹. Energy required for such operation will,
therefore, reduce (reducing energy subsidy) as well. Monitoring at various data levels of water and
energy consumption for each crop type productivity is essential for such programme design. Hence,
requiring several sensors and data points for measurement, reporting and verification purposes.
Global best practices suggest that commercial and industrial extraction of groundwater need pricing
either by directly pricing water or by indirectly pricing energy tariffs for groundwater extraction. Such
cross sectoral approaches require adaptive and modern governance structures. There are currently
more than 40 WEF nexus tools and models including geospatial mapping³⁰. Water-Efficient urban farms
in Kansas City, using energy crops and food waste for power, UK's water utility Severn Trent,³¹ and case
studies³² in Morocco and South Africa have further pushed the narrative towards management of water,
energy, and food ecosystems in the WEF nexus paradigm.
It is recommended to establish cross-sectoral working groups at provincial, district and village level to
formulate schemes and interventions using the WEF nexus paradigm. Such working groups will have
oversight and commitment by top tier leadership of KP.
3. Artificial Intelligence-Based Multi Hazard Early Warning Systems
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to technologies that mimic or even outperform human intelligence when
performing certain tasks. Machine Learning (ML), which is a subset of AI, includes supervised,
unsupervised or reinforcement learning. It parses data into algorithms that learn from data to make
classifications or predictions. AI-based disaster risk reduction and early warning systems are increasingly
being implemented across the globe.
Ÿ In Georgia, UNDP is creating a multi hazard Early Warning Systems (EWS)³³

Ÿ In Mexico's Colima River basin, AI-based EWS helped forewarning of flash floods³⁴
Ÿ AI can help natural disaster responders assess the severity of risk and prioritize when and where
to respond. As part of the IBM Call for Code Programme, which was held between Hurricanes
Florence and Michael (autumn of 2018), IBM made Operation Risks Insights (ORI) available to
qualified natural disaster non-profit organizations. Since then, IBM and several nongovernmental
organizations (NGO) have partnered to improve and customize a platform for disaster response
leaders³⁵
It is prudent to mention that large swathes of land in KP do not have weather stations and AI/ML based
technological options require a dense network of sensors to monitor and detect changes. Furthermore,
AI/ML model development and the iterative process, if indigenous, will help. Otherwise, these may not be
useful as they do not fall under the plug and play systems as far as technology adoption and
implementation at scale is concerned.
4. Existing and Promising Technologies for Forest Monitoring
Technology development and its adoption by existing systems under country’s circumstances have the
potential to improve accuracy of field measurements, decrease the time as well as the costs associated
with field sampling campaigns, and improve the extrapolation of forest-based estimates over large
29
https://leap.unep.org/countries/pk/national-legislation/national-water-policy
30
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frwa.2022.837316/full
31
https://www.stwater.co.uk/about-us/climate-responsibility/renewable-energy/energy-from-crops/
32
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343394643_Review_of_water_energy_food_nexus_in_
Africa_Morocco_and_South_Africa_as_case_studies
33
https://www.undp.org/georgia/projects/early-warning-climate-information
34
https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/artificial-intelligence-disaster-risk-reduction-opportunities-challenges-and
35
https://newsroom.ibm.com/ORI-nonprofits-disaster
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spatial scales, including remote and/or conflict areas³⁶. Following set of technologies are listed, which
vary with respect to cost and quality of the data requirement:
Ÿ LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), Terrestrial LiDAR and Airborne LiDAR
Ÿ Stereoscopy and Photogrammetry
Ÿ High Spatial Resolution Imagery from Satellite Sensors (Cartoset, GEOEYS, Quickbird etc)
5. Decentralized Energy Systems
A decentralized energy system is characterized by siting the energy production facilities closer to the site
of energy consumption and not primarily dependent on the central grid. It relies on distributed
generation, energy storage and demand response. It has the capability to isolate/islanding from the
central grid during times of cascading failures and the capacity to cater for critical needs of the consumers
during disaster.
Electricity access to vulnerable communities and infrastructure must include multiple sources of energy
to diversify the risks associated to centralized dispatch of power during disaster. Centralized grid (1st
layer), mini/microgrids (2nd layer) and individual building storage systems (3rd layer) are the three layers
to mitigate risks and increase capacity of the critical infrastructure system.
6. List of Potential Technology to Support Climate Change Preparedness and Adaptation
Most of the technologies listed in Figure 2 are cross cutting and address more than one sectoral need
against climate risks.
Ÿ Warm-mix asphalt for improved durability of roads

Ÿ Engineered cementitious composites
Ÿ Research, development, and manufacturing of light-control glass
Ÿ Using bacteria to breakdown waste and transform into clean energy
Ÿ Battery storage technologies not including lead acid battery
Technologies addressing needs in two sectors Technologies addressing needs

in three or more sectors
Crop breeding Floating agriculture
Fungal symbionts Structural barriers to coastal flooding
Laser land leveling Geosynthetics
Pressurized irrigation Constructed wetlands and artificial reefs
Flood-proof sanitary latrines Beach nourishment and dune construction
Active motion-dampening systems Accommodation to coastal flooding
Rainwater harvesting Disease surveillance systems
Aquifer recharge Flood-proof drinking water wells
Water loss reduction Intelligent transportation systems
Water demand reduction Surface water storage
Point-of-use water treatment Interbasin water transfer
Emergency shelters Desalination
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) Wastewater treatment
Storm water management and bioswales
Structural barriers to inland flooding
Nonstructural barriers to inland flooding
Accommodation to inland flooding
Artificial lowering of lakes
Monitoring systems
Early-warning systems
Social media in disaster response
Figure: Adaptation Technologies with applicability to more than one sector
36
https://annforsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s13595-015-0463-z
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10.5 Addressing Desertification
10.5. Addressing Desertification
Rather than limiting itself to the expansion of deserts, desertification is a catch-all term which includes
land degradation in water-scarce parts of the word; causing a temporary or permanent decline in the
quality of soil, vegetation, water resources or wildlife and human inhabitancy.37 Increasing desertification
has been described as the greatest environmental challenge of our time' and, indeed, is particularly
manifest in South Asia.³⁸ Climate change is making it worse. Moreover, accelerated desertification is an
issue that extends far beyond those living in arid and semi-arid regions; in this increasingly
interdependent world, it affects people living in non-desert areas through heightened food and livelihood
insecurity.
Throughout the world, a damaging combination of climate change, human-induced land extortion and
mismanagement, and unsustainable use of freshwater has culminated in the increasing degradation of
the world's water-scare regions. The key notion, here, is that there are two direct causes of land
degradation and subsequent desertification: how land is (mis) managed, and the transformative
implications of climate change. The former has caused substantial human, habitat and economic loss (of
around USD 42 billion globally),³⁹ the brunt of which falls disproportionately on those living in developing
contexts due to their low fiscal ability to invest in mitigative and adaptive measures.
Pakistan is among 110 countries in world where about two-third of agricultural land and around 80 percent
of arid and semi-arid lands were directly and indirectly affected by desertification, land degradation and
drought. Experts feared that the country may face starvation and hunger like situation by 2040 if forests
were not raised, population was not controlled and dams were not constructed. The Sustainable Land
Management Program (SLMP-Phase II), a joint project of the MOCC and UNDP statistical data has
revealed that around 1.5 to 2.5 million hectares of irrigated land, 3.5 to 4 million hectares of rain-fed
agricultural, and 35 million hectares of range lands were either becoming barren or non-productive due
to desertification, land degradation and drought per year in Pakistan.
Desertification in KP
The KP forest department has formulated its first ever range management policy to counter the
challenges of desertification, land degradation and drought in the province. This policy is specifically
designed to protect fertile soil and agricultural land from further erosion and degradation. Under this
policy, the BTAP was launched in 2014 to increase forests cover and protect fertile land from degradation.
Apart from this many others projects are working in the province to counter tendencies towards
desertification through rehabilitation of soil and water schemes in the areas.
However, KP still faces a number of issues in its counter-desertification initiatives. Firstly, the prevalent
practice of overgrazing reduces the usefulness, productivity, and biodiversity of the land and increases
the likelihood of soil erosion; it is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native
plants and of weeds. In agricultural practices, the excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides to maximize
crop yields in the short term often leads to significant damages to the soil. In the long run, land used in this
way may turn from arable into arid land over time, no longer be suitable for farming purposes.
As noted earlier, climate change plays a huge role in desertification. As the days get warmer and periods
of drought become more frequent, desertification becomes more and more eminent. Unless climate
change is slowed down through appropriate mitigative and sustainable agricultural practices, huge areas
of land will become deserts; some of those areas may even become uninhabitable as time goes on.
37
McSweeney, Robert. 2019. Desertification and the Role https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/
38
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Sixth Assessment Report
39
United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification 2020. UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification.
https://www.unccd.int/events/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mining is another big reason for desertification in KP. Large amounts of resources have to be extracted by
industries to meet the province's demand for material goods.
Given the cross-cutting nature of its contributing factors, desertification must be combatted through an
integrated development approach. This will involve various stakeholder departments, development
partner and the community. These departments range from agriculture to forestry, C&W, PHE and general
district administrations.
Way Forward
A large portion of watersheds IN kp fall under the category of rangelands, most of which are currently
highly degraded and under threat of desertification. However, grasses and scrubs, which have higher
capacity to reduce surface run-off and prevent soil erosion than trees, will be planted as an immediate
remedy. Additionally, the introduction of rotational grazing supplemented with afforestation will improve
these rangelands health. GoKP will also be investing in the rehabilitation of denuded and degraded
wastelands in KP through improved water harvesting techniques.
In terms of freshwater revitalization, GoKP will establish and rehabilitate water ponds, water conveyance
systems, irrigations systems, soil and water conservation structures, shelter belts and waters diversion
dyke. In order to adapt against incoming and unstoppable precipitation changes, farmers will be
encouraged to adopt various drought-resistant, low-delta and high-yielding fruits and vegetation.
As exploitative land use is a direct cause of increasing aridity, GoKP will also be educating farmers on
integrated land use techniques and methods, with due consideration paid to sustainability, and
promoting the integrated use of farmlands.
10.6 Flood Insurance
Natural disasters generate significant fiscal risk and budget volatility. According to a recent World Bank
investigation, natural disasters cause an average of USD 300 billion in economic losses every year and
push an estimated 26 million people into poverty world-wide40. As the financial losses incurred by
exogenous climate shocks continue to rise, the number of people at risk of climate-induced fiscal distress
increases and extends to a wide range of the population. This includes people from diverse economic
backgrounds such as those living in poverty, doing menial jobs or those dependent on income through
agriculture, natural resource and tourism sector in disaster-susceptible areas.
In this regard, disaster risk financing options are increasingly becoming a tool (adopted both at the
government and the individual level) to cushion this rising risk. Insurance solutions, one such coping
mechanism for disaster risk management, can help in all aspects of relief efforts; they can accelerate
recovery to restore livelihoods, rebuild critical property or offer adequate compensation instead. Due to
its role in increasing financial resilience to the hazards of climate change, insurance mechanisms that
transfers risk from the 'bad state of the world' (in which the individual has sustained losses) to the good
state (the current status quo) have become an increasingly important theme in broader adaptation
discourse. Indeed, the benefit of post-disaster liquidity for relief and reconstruction work can make a
difference, in the lives of those affected i.e. the climate refugees and climate survivors.
Climate change projections are scenario-based, hence, contain some degree of uncertainties. Despite
this, there are strong indications that in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan, climate change is intensifying;
Pakistan is already experiencing climate change impacts that are too visible to ignore. Most natural
hazards like floods, droughts, cyclones, etc. cannot be avoided or prevented. However, with appropriate
adaptive and preparedness measures, along with proper climate-resilient development work in risk-
prone areas, their impact can be minimized.
Current Flood Insurance in KP
It is estimated that KP suffered damages to the tune of PKR 164 billion in recent floods (of which PKR 121
billion were inflicted on the public sector and PKR 43 billion on the private sector).⁴¹ While KP has
40
Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance Program. 2022. Climate Insurance. The World Bank Group
41
KP Relief and Rehabilitation Department. 2022
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witnessed both a promising demand and successful roll-out of health insurance over the past few years,
there is currently no such system in place for flood insurance (or insurance against other climate
extremes), in either public or private domains. Nevertheless, GoKP did mobilise several official funds
(through a mixture of intra-departmental reappropriation and development partners' assistance) towards
compensating those who were made worse-off by the flooding.
While this formed part of emergency governmental response, there is a need to formulate more
sustainable, planned solutions to damage caused by weather extremes in KP, especially considering the
increasing likelihood of such extreme weather conditions as climate change worsens. Notably, the
province's original Climate Change Policy of 2017 puts forward insurance mechanisms (particularly crop
insurance for agriculture-dependent incomes) in its set of policy recommendations. Moreover, while
recent revisions to this policy are aimed at inculcating stronger mitigative and adaptive measures in all
aspects of governance, GoKP has yet to roll out a comprehensive, risk-mitigating insurance scheme for its
poor and vulnerable population. This lack is compounded by the absence of private insurance schemes
for flood and climate hazards in KP.
Way Forward
Governments in Southeast Asia mostly prefer to construct embankments and create storage
infrastructure as part of their flood-control strategy. The former, however, results in a technological lock-
in, which means a vicious cycle of investment in ever more advanced technology to keep the water out.
Damages Extent of Damage Minimum Compensation (PKR)
Loss of Life 800,000

Fully damaged house
Injuries of 2 rooms & above 200,000
400,000
Fully damaged house of 1 room + fallen

Damage to boundary wall
Housing
160,000
Fully damaged house of 1 room only
Fallen boundary wall only

Cow, Buffalo, Horse etc 60,000
Livestock
Goat, Sheep etc 8,000
Crops (wheat,
Rs. 10,000 per acre maximum
rice, sugarcane,
Rs. 100,000 per family for crops and
maie, cotton,
Rs. 700 per tree, maximum Rs. 80,000
tobacco,
per family for orchards
vegetables etc.)
This translates into an added and increasing investment of public funds to construct and maintain
embankments. Globally, there has been a marked shift away from 'hard' engineering solutions towards
non-structural 'soft' measures that are flexible enough to accommodate a range of future options,
including 'hard' elements if required. This makes a non-structural measure like flood insurance a
desirable tool for flood adaptation. Holistically designed and effectively implemented flood-insurance
programmes, thus, are the way forward.
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In the Southest Asian region, China, India, and Bangladesh have introduced flood insurance. Usually, the
flood insurance covers some or all the following:
Ÿ Property
Ÿ Belongings
Ÿ Business
In absence of disaster insurance coverage, governments pay compensation to effected population from
own fiscal resources. One way to reduce this fiscal burden is to buy flood insurance. Typically flood
insurance does not cover 100% of losses as the premium gets unaffordable. Therefore, the compensation
varies anywhere between 40-70% to keep the insurance premium reasonable. For this purpose, GoKP
will identify most vulnerable geographical areas, extent of insurance coverage, and governance
structure of the scheme. A detailed disaster insurance coverage package will be worked out at the later
stage highlighting specific aspects of the coverage.
At present, private insurance companies in Pakistan do not offer disaster risk insurance. However, the
same can be arranged through international agencies. Major impediment for international insurance
companies not entering Pakistani market is a) absence of critical mass (volume) and b) resultant higher
premiums. With recent climate change related issues, however, many international insurance companies
are interested in offering disaster risk insurance to Pakistan, potentially filling the current vacuum.
Critical Mass (Volume) It is estimated that insured assets worth PKR 20-30 billion will be sufficient to
attract international insurance companies. Generally, the insurance premium is paid in local currency and
the provider assumes the exchange risk. KP government may need to take State Bank of Pakistan
onboard for repatriation of insurance premiums abroad.
Insurance Premium Generally the premium varies between 5 percent to 15 percent for a relatively
comprehensive disaster insurance scheme. The population insured under the scheme at times is not
either willing or able to contribute significantly towards the insurance premium. Therefore, the entire
financial burden is absorbed by the governments. Interestingly there is availability of grant monies from
international governmental and non-governmental agencies to partially finance the insurance premium
linked with governments undertaking certain social initiatives, disaster adaptive and preventive
measures, and green ecosystem initiatives. KfW – German Development Bank and Green Climate Fund
(GCF) South Korea are active in arranging such grants.
Mandatory Insurance - GoKP may introduce legislation to make it mandatory for businesses and/or
owners of property and/or businesses worth more than PKR 2 million in the high-risk geographical areas
to obtain disaster risk insurance to share the financial burden related to natural disasters. In the absence
of insurance cover, GoKP will not compensate this segment from its fiscal resources. These businesses
will procure insurance directly from the insurance companies without any involvement of GoKP other
than the facilitation.
Insurance for Masses - For general population with individual worth less than two million rupees KPK
government can arrange disaster risk insurance from its own sources with nominal contribution from the
insured to induce desired behavior towards protecting/rehabilitating environment. This scheme may be
voluntary, however people not opting for this will not be compensated to provide incentive for them to be
part of the scheme. To manage the associated cost with the scheme GoKP must undertake certain
environment improvement initiative to qualify for international green grants as mentioned earlier.
The two schemes may be merged for the sake of attracting international insurance companies, creating
economies of scale and reducing insurance premiums.
Introducing Insurance Mechanisms for Public and Private Assets
The relief efforts are constrained due to lack of finances. Being a province with weak economic
conditions, KP is compelled to solicit help from development partners. However, the disbursement time
of multilateral institutions and development partner agencies is disproportionate to the pace of action
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required to rehabilitate of affected populace. Therefore, it is consequential to have a mechanism for quick
receipt of funds to initiate relief efforts in the event of a calamity. In this respect, global lessons suggest
insurance mechanism.
Moreover, insurance mechanism for people living in flood-prone areas, livelihood such as standing crops,
livestock, and residential and commercial properties need to be devised. The insurance mechanism, in
addition to providing safety net to vulnerable population, will also streamline master planning of flood
prone areas and make this service contingent to compliance with land use plan. Additionally, the
insurance mechanism shall also advise on optimal placement of infrastructure assets. The land-use plan
should be optimized to adapt to emerging climate conditions and mitigate the impact of climate crisis.
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11. Institutions for Adaptation and Mitigation

The province of KP has become highly exposed to a range of climate extremes, i.e., floods, droughts, heat
waves, climate-induced diseases, and pests; resulting in huge losses of lives and livelihoods. While the
incidence of floods itself is a relatively exogenous shock to public management systems, its subsequent
management and response is a matter which these systems can and will control. Over time, government
systems throughout the world have evolved and developed into climate change resilient systems,
simultaneously working on inculcating a mitigative and adaptive culture in their respective areas of
governance.
Since climate change and the disasters associated with it are an emerging matter, scientific and
meteorological investigation is constantly discovering something new. This makes it essential for the
government systems to re-orient themselves towards holistic, long-term climate governance. Indeed,
public institutions play a significant role in determining adaptive capacity or resilience of government
systems in meeting disaster challenges. For instance, updated and active institutions' support (advisory,
and technical) may help communities in acquiring current information and cost-effective solutions to
cope with climate-related fears and decrease losses caused by climate change. Furthermore, lack of
institutional support decreases communities adaptive capacity and resilience to environmental risks. The
province of KP has a well-established functioning governance system in place, consisting of various
departments to help mitigate communities suffering in all kind of emergencies including climate risks.
11.1 Climate Change Governance in KP
For the past 20 years, Pakistan consistently ranks among the top 10 most vulnerable countries to climate
risk in the world.42 Considering this vulnerability (the repercussions of which are multidimensional in
nature, ranging from economic to political and security) of Pakistan and recent floods in KP, it becomes all
the more necessary to analyze the capacities of institutions working at various levels for a quick and
effective response. The KP Rules of Business 1985 clearly demonstrates the role and responsibilities of
Preparedness of Departments Disaster Management Adaptation/Mitigation

National Disaster Management National Disaster Management
Meteorological Office
Authority Authority
Provincial Disaster Management Provincial Disaster Management
Information Authority Authority
National Disaster Management
Authority District Administration Local Government
Provincial Disaster Management Public Health Engineering Communication and Works
Authority
Local Government District Administration

Forestry
Wildlife Irrigation
District Administration
Agriculture
Mines & Minerals
Irrigation
Roles and Responsibilities as Currently Assigned
42
Siddiqui, Jumaina. 2022. Pakistan’s Climate Challenges Pose a National Security Emergency. United States Institute of Peace.
https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/07/pakistans-climate-challenges-pose-national-security-emergency
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respective department in tackling emergency situations. The NDMA Act 2010 and West Pakistan,
National Calamities (Prevention and Relief) Act 1958 empower the disaster management authorities and
departments for immediate response and initiation of relief efforts to help evacuate suffering
communities and provide emergency relief including food, shelter, lifesaving drugs etc. A list of
departments having direct and indirect role in mitigation of climate effects are shown in an Annexure A.
Annexure B highlights current practices and deficiencies faced by various departments.
Multiple departments are involved in forecasting disaster, provision of immediate relief, rehabilitation,
and restoration of infrastructure, as listed in the table below. A brief insight into preparedness, disaster
management and adaptation of various line departments are listed below.
At present, government agencies work in a largely reactive modes and most of the departments with a
role in disaster management lack capacity to cope with the rapidly changing risk of climate due to
insufficiently skilled human resources, absence of relevant technical knowledge, lack of information
sharing mechanisms, effective coordination, and shortage of essential equipment. This analysis being
presented here is coming out of government's initial exercise that has drawn up estimates for immediate
response and inform relief and rehabilitation work in an effective manner besides suggesting a way
forward for future line of action to mitigate risks due to climate changes.
Following the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2008, KP was the first province in Pakistan to develop a
dedicated Provincial Climate Change Policy, recommending multi-sectoral measures towards effective
mitigation and adaptation for the province. In light of the recent havoc, it has revised this policy statement
to more actively inculcate climate resilience in both at risk and polluting sectors.
However, GoKP still faced enormous challenges in dealing effectively with the devastation of the recent
floods losses, which were highest in the history of Pakistan. The losses entail destroyed infrastructure,
loss of livelihoods, damages to households, destruction of crops and outspread of waterborne and other
diseases resulting in huge economic loss. To mitigate future losses from climate changes, KP
Government has embarked upon formulating a comprehensive resilience plan to strengthen operations
of line departments.
The departments have responded well and met the expectation in providing rapid relief to the effected
population. The departments charged with restoration of basic services came up to the expectations and
re-established essential infrastructure and public services to a considerable pre-flood situation,
nevertheless some major deficiencies were observed during the floods warranting timely fixing of these
deficiencies, through a more robust strategy.
11.2 Essential Institutional Adjustments for Adaptation and Mitigation
Effectively addressing the multidimensional implications of climate change means altering the way things
are done now, at an individual, collective and institutional level. Throughout the world, governments of all
income levels are increasingly overcoming their default passive stances on climate change, and pro-
actively formulating and implementing their respective climate policies in all sectors. This generates
additional and novel challenges for governance, including, but not limited to, climate leadership,
coordination, planning, implementation, on-going assessment, attracting innovations and highlighting
accountabilities. GoKP in this regard is embarking upon institutional adjustments for adaptations and
mitigations.
The global Climate Change Performance Index (also presented at the 2021 United Nations Climate
Change Conference), recently ranked Denmark as the best-performing country in this regard. Notably, all
its government's policies are firmly anchored in its climate policy through which the country hopes to
achieve climate neutrality (net-zero greenhouse emissions) by 2050, which is an official target for all its
institutional sub-structures. Similarly, Morocco (also a global top-runner) has pledged to reduce its current
high consumption of fossil fuels by implementing a fossil fuel subsidy phase-out plan to discourage use.
A distinct commonality amongst most examples of effective climate governance is that of active
monitoring and evaluation of current departmental practices, institutional policies, sectoral performance
and others from a climate mitigation and adaptation perspective.
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It is with this regard that KP's overall institutional adeptness at handling both immediate climate change
disasters and long-term preparedness must be strengthened. To this end, a review of roles and
responsibilities of various departments in light of climate change for effective response and integrated
climate adaptive systems is essential for better results. Some fundamental capacity-building initiatives
will be necessary. This includes the provision of missing facilities such as telemeters, weather forecasting
systems and other equipment to departments; along with sufficient technical human resources to help
reduce the aftershocks of climate change calamities. There is also a need to strengthen inter-
departmental coordination mechanisms, especially at district level. Moreover, in terms of disaster and risk
monitoring, a Global Information System will be developed which contains detailed information on
location, condition, and exposure of infrastructure to climate related hazards will be a great achievement.
Forest management can be used as an effective tool to cope with the increasing impacts of climate
change, particularly in mountainous terrains. Land use and forest protection regulations will be
implemented in letter and spirit through local communities and citizen sensing. Indeed, tapping into
community capital can be critical for effective afforestation and forest conservation. On the departmental
front, the development of protocols for mock emergency response sessions, annual simulation exercises
led by the district administration, can help assess the readiness of all relevant departments for different
kinds of natural calamities. A post-exercise evaluation report highlighting shortcomings of each
department will deem to be useful for disaster risk management.
As is made obvious in the above, effective climate governance is multifaceted in nature, ranging from
primal capacity-augmentation to undertaking systems upgrades and extending state-citizen
communication channels. The following sections, therefore, dives deeper into each of these means of
enhancing institutional preparedness and management of an increasingly salient governance challenge.
There is no central coordination authority, managing interactions between the several departments
working on climate change and implementing measures for adaptation and mitigation. As a result, it is
advised that a PSC on climate change be established. The PSC will be led by the ACS, P&DD, and
comprise of all pertinent secretaries, including those for the forest, environment and wildlife, P&DD,
agriculture, PDMA, PMD, EPA, finance and C&W. The PSC will evaluate the progress made on the
indicators set by the committee; the information of which will be supplied by the BoS.
Additionally, the PSC will submit an annual Climate Change Adaptation Report to the Assembly, which will
relay each department's progress on the task assigned in the report. Given this information, the Assembly
will then debate on policy compliance and make recommendations accordingly.
Following is the initial draft to optimize the roles and responsibilities of different line departments with
respect to integrated climate response and preparedness.
Roles and Responsibilities to Optimise Functioning
Provincial Steering Committee on Adaptation and Mitigation
Preparedness Disaster Management Adaptation/ Mitigation

Ÿ Conduct review meetings to Ÿ Monitor the overall Ÿ Need assessment for relevant
observe the preparedness of performance of each equipment and HR required
each line department to department on disaster for each line department
manage any disaster. management.
Ÿ Coordinate with relevant
Ÿ Prepare an annual adaptation Ÿ Real time monitoring of federal and inter-provincial
report to be presented to KP damages caused to livelihood agencies for effective disaster
assembly and infrastructure management and adaptation
strategy.
Ÿ Monitor the relief and
rehabilitation process
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Planning and Development Department
Ÿ Providing data on climate Ÿ Will carry out real-time GIS Ÿ Will support the capacity
statistics, preparedness mapping of flood affected building of line departments
assessments and vulnerability areas to implement adaptation
indices from the BoS and PSC plans in an efficient manner.
to inform evidence-based Ÿ Oversee and ensure that
decisions remedial and required Ÿ Facilitate departments,
steps/actions are taken by particularly LGE&RD and
Ÿ Support mechanism for line departments. Home department, for on-
ground actions and response
communication through inter-
with effective trickle down of
departmental coordination for
plans through implementation
decision by PSC
Ÿ Will review and accordingly
revise infrastructure and
planning codes to ensure
their preparedness for future
disasters
National Disaster Management Authority
Ÿ Sharing of relevant Ÿ Support to disaster Ÿ Support in capacity building

information in timely manner management authorities in of line departments to
with all stakeholders. evacuation, relief, distribution implement adaptation plan in
of basic livelihood necessities an efficient manner
Ÿ Development and formulation and rehabilitation of public
of disaster related policies services Ÿ Revision in the infrastructure
code to make it more resilient
Ÿ Periodic review with all Ÿ Provision of equipment and and climate-friendly
stakeholders resources and donor
mobilization
Ÿ Review of all existing rules
and regulations to suggest
resilient mitigation and
adaptation plan
Ÿ Information sharing in timely Ÿ Ensuring relief and rescue Ÿ Support in capacity building
manner with all stakeholders operation through Rescue of line departments to
1122 implement adaptation plan in
Ÿ Monitoring and an efficient manner.
implementation of disaster Ÿ Evacuation of flood effected
plan people to safe places Ÿ Ensure non encroachments of
essential water ways
Ÿ Review of rules and Ÿ Distribution of relief goods
regulations to identify legal Ÿ Clearance of drains with help
hitches and lacunas Ÿ Rehabilitation of essential of relevant line department
services in coordination with
Ÿ Elaborate a detailed disaster the line departments Ÿ Run a forestation campaign
mitigation plan
Ÿ Follow resilient infrastructure
Ÿ Holding a regular drill and code in all new constructiont
mock session with District more resilient and climate
Administration friendly.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Local Government
Ÿ Strict implementation of laws Ÿ Ensure rehabilitation of Ÿ Hygiene education program

and by laws as per local municipal services to avoid spread of water
government act bound diseases
Ÿ Reconstruction of essential
Ÿ Enforcement of building code infrastructure Ÿ Makeshift arrangement for
displace people
Ÿ Adaptation of land use Ÿ Facilitate in distribution of
planning relief items
Ÿ Awareness campaigns about

disaster
Meteorological Department
Ÿ Ensure state of the art Ÿ Promoting water conservation

telemetry and early warning techniques
systems
Ÿ Development of water
Ÿ Maintenance of early warning management plans for
systems. existing irrigation systems
and dams.
Ÿ Ensure systematic gauging of
rising water level Ÿ Develop contingency plan for
short term measures to adapt
Ÿ Plan for maintaining the to water shortages that could
required water levels help to mitigate floods
Communication and Works Department
Ÿ Ensure the roads and Ÿ Reconstruction of

infrastructure are resilient to infrastructure and roads on
disaster priority basis
Forestry Department
Ÿ Promote urban forestry to

adapt to extreme
temperatures
Ÿ Create initiatives to give

communities that depend on
forests alternative sources of
energy and income
Agriculture Department
Ÿ Intimate farmers of any

forecasted disaster and
provide guidelines in
eliminating the risk of crop
loss to best possible extent
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District Administration
Ÿ Conduct of mock exercise for Ÿ Carry out relief and Ÿ Ensure evacuation of areas
gauging the preparedness of rehabilitation process that might be affected by
each line department disaster to reduce livelihood
Ÿ Makeshift accommodation
arrangements for displaced effects.
Ÿ Restrict illegal constructions people in case of any
and encroachments on flood disaster.
basins
Ÿ Support in evacuation of
people to safe places
11.3 Development of Climate Response Systems and Capacities
A central premise, upon which GoKP is designing its adaptative measures moving forward, is that of
climate resilient development. This approach adopts more sustainable means of directing development
in the province by appropriately integrating adaptation and mitigation to promote sustainable
development. Indeed, while Pakistan has witnessed the launch of some notable nature-based
programmes (the BTT, the Ecosystems Restoration Fund (ERF) and Recharge Pakistan to name a few), the
systematic inculcation and application of environmental and climate considerations is currently lacking.
This is particularly true for water sector as water security is closely linked to climate change. The
government to the extent possible may therefore consider following the development policy based on
climate resilience.
Climate-resilient infrastructure relates to failure of buildings and other public infrastructure during
floods and remains a point of concern for the government. A risk based engineering and economic
analysis would be required to determine vulnerability of public infrastructure. Necessary resources may
then be allocated to design and modify the structure in accordance with the findings.
Climate-resilient agriculture aims to reduce the impact of climate change on agriculture and mitigate
impact of agriculture on climate change through better water management, promotion of soil health, and
reduction in emission of greenhouse gases to slow down the climate change process.
As per Climate Change Performance Index 2022 Denmark is ranked best performing country in climate
change performance index. The CCPI evaluated 60 countries and the European Union, which together
generate 90% + of global green house gas emissions. Using standardized criteria, the CCPI looks at four
categories, with 14 indicators: Greenhouse Gas Emissions (40% of the overall score), Renewable Energy
(20%), Energy Use (20%), and Climate policy (20%). ⁴³The CCPIs, unique climate policy section evaluates
countries progress in implementing policies working towards achieving the Paris Agreement goals.
Current Climate Response Systems and Capacities in KP
GoKP in August 2022 has envisioned a Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) that includes possible steps
and measures to minimize the effects of climate change with adaptation of 172 environment friendly
practices. The plan is a follow up of KP climate change policy adopted in 2017. It has been approved by KP
cabinet in September 2022. It provides priority actions suggested within 2 years, short term actions
within 5 years, medium term actions within 10 years and long term actions within 20 years.⁴⁴ A Climate
Change Cell has also been established in the Environment Protection Agency (EPA). The cell is in its
infancy stage and still lot of work is required to take all stakeholders on board, develop capacities in the
relevant departments and allocate resources to implement the actions agreed in the plan. Strategic
ownership of the process is very important to push the agenda of climate change.
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Way Forward
The current governance structure and systems are neither cognizant of the climate change phenomena
nor have the capacity to plan for mitigating the effects of climate vulnerability.
1. The subject of climate change may be assigned to a specific department and agency as RoB do
not clearly mention its allocation to a specific department and agency. Relief and rehabilitation or
environment departments are more relevant to the subject and may be considered for this
purpose. Suitable amendment in RoB may be amended accordingly.
2. The mandate of EPA and PDMA may be reviewed to include subject of climate change or another
specialized agency be created for the purpose.
3. Climate Change is a cross cutting area and needs integrated efforts of different government
departments at federal and provincial level. It is therefore necessary to establish a high level
platform under the KP Chief Secretary (CS) or Chief Minister (CM) to steer the KP response to the
challenges posed by the threats from climate change.
4. Separate technical working committees may be notified to work on three key areas of climate
resilient infrastructure, climate resilient agriculture and climate resilient development.
5. Recommendations of the technical working committees will be placed before the high level
forum for approval.
6. Monitoring of decisions taken by the high level forum may be assigned to PMRU under the CS
office.
7. Awareness of communities, corporate and public sector organizations on the climate change
shall be organized through educational institutions and media.
8. Specialized trainings and seminars for the government functionaries may be arranged to
develop their capacity on climate resilience.
9. Climate resilient design standards for public and private sector infrastructure may be prepared to
mitigate the effects of threats posed by climate vulnerability.
10. The current laws governing control of unauthorized construction of buildings in the river basins
needs to be reviewed for an integrated response to the challenges.
11. Arrangements are made to establish sufficient number of weather stations and gauges to
measure discharge in streams and rivers.
12. Early warning system is installed at suitable places to assist in early response to floods or heavy
rainfall.
13. Glacier management is another neglected area and not assigned to any department in the RoB.
14. Efficient use of water is promoted through on-farm water management initiatives.
15. Capacity development of Irrigation department in water sector planning.
16. P&DD to develop a checklist for feasibility studies and designs that are climate inclusive, and
make it a mandatory part of PC-I.
17. Forestry wildlife and environment department to initiate public awareness and mobilization on
climate change challenges, adaptation, and mitigation measures.
18. Establish departmental climate change cells, and research centers and strengthening of bilateral
coordination between line departments.
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11.4 Public Communications and Community Engagement
Flood vulnerability has increased due to climate change, population growth and ingress into vulnerable
areas through human developments. Flood risk disaster tends to have disproportionate effects on the
most disadvantaged who do not have adequate access to health, resources and assets in their wake.
Communications is an integral part of ensuring that the disaster's effects can be contained and
prevented. Communications, to this end, has to be leveraged in the following ways:
1. Preparedness Phase: Educate the public about risks and preventive measures and what to do in
the case of an emergency.
2. Response Phase: Provide the public with notification, warning, evacuation, and situation reports
on the ongoing disaster.
3. Recovery Phase: Communication provides individuals and communities affected by a disaster

with information on how to register for and receive disaster relief and also how to prevent
diseases and epidemics or other problems faced in centers.
4. Mitigation Phase: Communication promotes those actions that will reduce the loss of lives and
property in future disasters based on learning from the current disaster.
Creating a Flood Response Communications Strategy
The following steps need to be carried out to create a relevant and context-specific methodology for the
Flood Response Communications Strategy:
1. Plan: A risk communication plan with communication activities, persons responsible, along with
partners, resources and budgets.
2. Taskforce: Representatives from concerned departments and external partner agencies meet
regularly to facilitate conduct of activities in plan and coordinate.
3. Assessment: A rapid assessment of vulnerabilities, capacities and resources in communities that

will help during the response, including assessment of communication infrastructure, mobile
phone availability and access, and social media use and access.
4. Dynamic Listening: To understand public concerns and needs, “listening” mechanisms have to
be built before an emergency. The methods are: media monitoring; social media surveillance;
analysis of helpline or website comments; stakeholder meetings; surveys and focus group
discussions; home visits; interviews; public forums.
5. Coordination with Partners and Stakeholder Engagement: Partners help garner support and
ensure efficient disaster management operations. In a disaster, several international aid agencies
come on site. Effective coordination and clear communication lines help avoid duplication of
efforts and any chaos.
6. Formative Research and Audiences for Communication: Clearly identify audience segments
which can be classified by vulnerability to disaster. Identify information needs.
7. Messages, Materials and Communication Channels: Craft and pre-test appropriate messages
with audience segments. The public expects information and the government will provide correct
information rapidly.
8. Media Engagement: Establishing partnerships with the media helps amplify the voice of the
disaster team with respect to information provision. Media agencies have to be engaged and
their needs understood in the preparedness phase. Research indicates that Pakistani
newspapers play a dynamic role in making alertness about research issues of natural disaster in
Pakistan. The study suggests that print media must cooperate with disaster management
authorities for the betterment of early warnings system, precautionary measures, and disaster
relief activities.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9. Community Engagement: In order to ensure that required actions take place at the local level,
volunteer networks and leaders are trained and empowered to receive and disseminate hazard
warnings to households and communities.
10. Social Media Engagement or Use of Information Communication Technology (ICT): Getting
into the social media space early allows for monitoring and listening to discussions, and
disseminating accurate, timely and authoritative information.
Case Study: ICT in the 2010 Floods in Pakistan
During the flood response, ICT powered communication between NetHope's 15 aid agencies
working in the field, enabling information sharing among affected populations and serving as a
tool to engage volunteers from around the world. . Mobile technology was one-way tour member
agencies collected information. PakReport created a SMS short-code that humanitarian and relief
workers used to submit data. That data was then verified by group of volunteers and organized
into various reports including water and sanitation, camps, shelter, vital lines and more. The
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) also embraced mobile technology in its response by
collaborating with all Pakistani mobile operators and launching a fundraising campaign that raised
money each time people sent the SMS text “FUND” to 1234.. Beyond data and donation collection,
member agencies used mobile technology to give beneficiaries a voice. NetHope member
organization Save the Children is one such example. It piloted a hotline in early August 2010 that
allowed individuals to submit recommendations or complaints by phone call or SMS about Save
the Children's work. The service was so successful — bringing to light reported fraud, lack of
drinking water and staff behavior — that Save the Children eventually implemented it in all the
areas in which it works worldwide.
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National Disaster Risk Management Framework of NDMA
The NDMA has created a National Disaster Risk Management Framework, which says the following about
a communications action plan:
“Information and Broadcasting to develop a communication action plan to ensure the availability of
communication services in case of the occurrence of a disaster; Coordinate with the NDMA to receive
information about the disaster risks and preparedness strategies, particularly about community
preparedness; Train the staff of communications ministry and the private sector media personnel from
electronic, and print media to raise their awareness about disaster risks and the role of media in
promoting community preparedness Implement programmes on awareness raising of vulnerable
communities in high risk areas of the country.”
This remains to be developed, and provides an opportunity for GoKP to lead on this. Similarly, the
National Information IT Board has been tasked to formulate the National Disaster IT and Communications
Action Plan.
Multipronged Approach and Organization for Communications
The local government department in its Distaster Risk Management (DRM) handbook model for
Mansehra identifies the different elements and channels required to be utilized for a cohesive messaging
platform:
“The local authorities can establish community and local level information centers to provide such
information. The existing cultural and social institutions can be used for this purpose. The local authorities
must utilise multiple communication systems, for example, announcements through masjid, imam barah,
church, police mobile, radio, television, public address system, mobile phone, newspaper, volunteers
network, exhibitions and rallies to ensure they reach the at-risk communities and groups… Advocate and
facilitate the creation of a centralised information and standardised communication system between the
disaster management authorities, various tiers of governance and at risk communities through induction
of volunteer network, as suggested in the above structure”
Integrated Public Alert and Warning System
On the model of the US, which has integrated multiple tiers of warning systems into one broad
organizational umbrella, there is a need for Pakistan to create its own Integrated Public Alert and Warning
System with the following components:
1. An Emergency Alert System (EAS) that allows authorities to broadcast emergency alerts to the
public via cable, satellite, broadcast TV and AM/FM radio
2. A National Warning System (NAWAS) using an automated telephone system to make robo calls to
affected areas via geo-location tagging
3. Wireless Emergency Alerts send the alerts to participating wireless providers who will distribute
the alerts to their customers with compatible devices via Cell Broadcast, a technology similar to
SMS text messages that simultaneously delivers messages to all phones using a cell tower
instead of individual recipients.
4. Require Android phones sold in Pakistan to have a disaster app to enable two way
communications and push notifications
11.5 M&E Reporting and Governance
An M&E framework will monitor progress on the selected indicators relevant to climate change. Software
be developed and hosted in the Performance Management and Reforms Unit (PMRU). User rights will be
assigned to the different departments for population of data in the system. An executive dashboard will
highlight the sensitivity of different indicators requiring further attention by the government. A list of
indicators for this purpose is as under:
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S.No Activity Indicator Frequency Responsibility MOV
1 Integrated Watershed X no of acres Twice a year Forest Department Progress

Management managed reports,
surveys
etc.
2 Soil erosion / Slope X no of acres Annual Soil conservation / Progress
stabilization/ protected irrigation reports
reclamation Department
3 A) Area under X no of acres Seasonal Forest Department Reports
afforestation
B) Farm
forestry/Agroforestry
4 Rangeland X no of acres Seasonal Wildlife Reports

management
5 Glacier management X no of acres Annual Irrigation Reports

managed Department
6 River training works X Meters of training Annual Irrigation Reports
works completed Department
7 Mapping of rivers, GIS-based river Annual Irrigation Reports
streams and drainage mapping / x no maps Department
system
8 Flood protection X Meters of rivers Annual Irrigation Reports
works/Civil works banks protected Department
9 Desilting/ lining of X Meters civil canals Annual Irrigation Reports
civil Canals desilted Department
10 Maintenance of drains X meters of drains Annual Irrigation /LG Reports
cleaned Department
11 Met stations X no of met station Annual Irrigation Reports
established Department
12 Water gauges in all X no gauges Annual Irrigation Reports
rivers installed Department
13 Flood early warning X no of systems Annual Irrigation Reports

system installed Department
14 Encroachments X no of Quarterly DC office LG&RDD
encroachments /Cant board
identified in rivers identified
15 Encroachments X no of Quarterly Do
removed in rivers encroachments
removed
16 Land use plan X no LUP approved Annual LG/ UPU
prepared
17 Building control X no of towns follow Annual DC/Development
regulation B.C authorities
18 Mapping of drainage X meters of drains Annual Do

system in urban areas mapped
19 Main drains cleaned Do Annual Irrigation
20 Other drains cleaned Do Annual Do
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S.No Activity Indicator Frequency Responsibility MOV
21 Solid waste managed X tons collected Monthly LG Department

in urban area
22 M&E through remote- X no of above Monthly, All aforementioned
sensing, aerial activities monitored quarterly and departments led
photography and GPS reported annual by District M&E KP
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13.
12.Establishment
Establishmentof
ofaaClimate-Resilient
Climate-Resilient
InfrastructureFund
Infrastructure Fund
Climate change and its attendant events are highlighting the need for climate-sensitive infrastructure; KP
is no exception to this rising requirement. The vulnerability of critical infrastructure – water, roads, energy,
and transport, telecom and others – to climate-induced calamities leaves residents of KP’s residents
exposed to major risks. This has been demonstrated once again in the recent floods. Therefore, it is an
essential policy dictum to enforce climate-proofing of existing infrastructure as expeditiously as feasible
and ensure the systematic adoption of climate-resilience planning and designs in the roll out of new
infrastructure. This requires a considerable financial outlay. Since financing from the banking system
forms a very small part of the total permissible exposure in infrastructure development, a separate entity
will be created to support implementing climate-resilience infrastructure in the province.
GoKP has a longstanding and growing practice of co-leading development in the province with its private
partners. It has experience of setting up and managing financial mechanisms and instruments for specific
public purposes. To support emergence of, and transformation to, climate-resilient infrastructure, GoKP is
establishing the Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund (CRIF), which will be a non-banking financial
institution and a mechanism through which investment will be channeled towards the development of
public infrastructure. This will serve as a long-tenor loan-providing institution, specifically for the
development of infrastructure including through joint public-private partnerships. During the detailed
feasibility study, inclusion and fraction of grant making for climate-resilient projects will also be evaluated.
The fund will, in addition to providing access to finance, also provide advisory services to infrastructure
developers on the inculcation of climate-aware practices in new assets.
The CRIF design benefits from global practice where climate-resilient infrastructure funds invest in critical
public assets and services such as electric and utility services, water infrastructure, roads etc. There are
promising international examples where countries, with the support of international development
institutions, have successfully introduced climate-resilient infrastructure fund solutions to their climate
change challenges. For instance, the UKAID-funded Climate Resilient Infrastructure Fund in Africa has
made strides in improving the ability of water infrastructure in Africa to withstand natural disasters.⁴⁵
Similarly, the Pacific Island Countries have benefitted a great deal from the dedicated Australian
Infrastructure Financing Facility.⁴⁶ Interestingly, the facility has enhanced both the region's access to, and
efficiency of, financial streams for climate combat by institutionally directing resources towards overall
risk management investments rather than individual project-focused initiatives. Vouching for the benefits
of public-private co-combatting of prevalent funding gaps, the World Bank has noted numerous
successful examples in both developed and developing contexts. The specialised focus and optimal
incentive structure inherent to such organisations, evidently, have led to 'green' wastewater treatment in
cities within India, legislative optimisation for climate-friendly development in Japan, and the increased
application of rigorous resilient design standards amongst infrastructure developers in the Philippines.⁴⁷
Learning from international experience, similar solutions will be implemented (tailored, of course, to local
market nuances) to fill the current financing vacuum in KP and set the province on the path towards
adequately adaptive and resilient assets development.
Ambit and Structure
CRIF will be an independent legal entity with monetary contributions from GoKP and other sources. It will
operate with the objective of financing the implementation of various climate-resilient infrastructure
projects across the province. In addition to providing financing, it will ensure the efficiency of investments
in terms of pricing and optimal financial structuring of projects, eliminating adverse selection of risk and
cases of moral hazard.
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Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility. https://www.devex.com/organizations/climate-resilient-infrastructure-development-
facility-cridf-112840
⁴⁶ Jiwanji, Moortaza. 2019. Climate-Resilient Development: the Future of Financing in the Pacific. UNDP
https://www.undp.org/pacific/blog/climate-resilient-development-future-financing-pacific
47
Verkooijen, Patrick. 2021. Delivering Climate-Resilient Infrastructure through the Private Sector. World Bank.
https://blogs.worldbank.org/ppps/delivering-climate-resilient-infrastructure-through-private-sector
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Furthermore, CRIF will provide technical support to GoKP and its various departments, units and entities
in the identification, monitoring and assessment of projects for those targeted sectors that both GoKP
and financing partners prioritise. Since the overarching objective of CRIF is to reverse current asset
vulnerabilities through the remoulding of infrastructural planning and design, the following sectors, as an
indicative list, will serve as major focus areas:
Ÿ Power: Investments will be made in renewable and green energy, dams with larger capacities, and
energy-efficient buildings
Ÿ Transport: Financing will be geared towards the development of fuel-efficient public transport,
including road and rail networks
Ÿ Agriculture and Irrigation: CRIF will focus on the development and adoption of climate change
resilient agriculture and livestock practices (ranging from small holder to larger agri-business
levels)
Ÿ Irrigation and Water Resources: The floods have exposed mass vulnerabilities of the current
irrigation infrastructure. Hence, resources will be allocated to the development and expansion of
better irrigation systems Other than for irrigation purposes, GoKP and its financing partners will
invest in integrated, climate-aware water management practices. A more efficient management of
water resources will result in increased water storage capacity (lessening dependence on
increasingly sporadic rainfall) and the continuous supply of clean drinking water. Moreover,
optimal water management is also a proven mitigative measure against the recurrence of climate
disasters in general and flash floods in particular
Ÿ Waste Management: Particularly in urban centres, there is a mass and unchecked practice of ill-
advised waste disposal. GoKP plans to discourage the practice amongst households and promote
waste minimization, along with improved garbage treatment methods and recycling. Efforts will be
incentivized to minimize methane emissions from household and urban waste and urban landfills
Criteria for Project Eligibility
The following is an initial list of eligibilities which is to be further developed along with the details of CRIF:
i. Projects aiming at developing resilient infrastructure from public and private organisations will be
eligible to apply
ii. Projects with self-generated revenues that are financially viable
iii. Projects with self-generated revenues that are economically viable, but require monetary
support. In such cases, if willing to provide such support, the Government can fill any viability gaps
iv. Projects with no revenue generation capacity will be considered with reference to the public
purpose and potential impact on mitigation and adaptation
The eligibility criteria will be periodically revised in response to evolving situation and practices in the
province. The eligibility criteria will be further considered and finalized during the detailed feasibility and
design work.
Capital Structure
GoKP will provide a one-time part of the initial capital, though the major chunk of required capital will be
raised through concessional borrowings or grants from international finance organizations. Links will be
established with other financing options evolving from COP27 and other international damage and loss
funds, as well as mitigation and adaptation instruments. CRIF, itself, will be self-sustained and will provide
for its administrative expenses through earnings from investments and generated fee incomes from its
advisory and funding services.
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Governance Structure
CRIF will be a commercially managed independent financial institution, but it will also contain instruments
aiming to serve public purposes. Its Board of Directors will afford membership to eminent professionals
from the private sector and academia, including those from leading commercial banks and major
contributing organisations.
In terms of day-to-day management, CRIF will be overseen by professionals from the private sector with
specialized skills in supporting green finance and climate resilience projects.
For its successful management, the Board of Directors of CRIF will have annual business plans and
budgets, prepared on the basis of cash flow projections and anticipated requests for financing. CRIF will
work in partnership with both managing authorities of operational programmes and provincial
authorities. To this end, it will ensure that there is optimal consensus on proposed plans for allocating
financial resources.
CRIF, through its Board of Directors, will be obliged to report on meeting its foundational objectives,
progress on supporting resilient infrastructure, market trends, successes and constraints, and optimal
allocation of finances for mitigation and adaptation purposes, and delineate measures for enhancing
climate finance opportunities.
A detailed feasibility study for CRIF will be carried out to further add to focus sectors and potential clients,
types of financing required and the impact the fund is going to make. Simultaneously, work will be carried
out with potential UNDP support to draft legal documents which define regulatory premises, institutional
structure, governance framework and management procedures.
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13. Climate Change Financing Options

Climate change presents the single biggest threat to sustainable development and its widespread,
unprecedented impacts disproportionately burden the poorest and most vulnerable communities. KP
has been hit by a range of climate change related disasters, especially in last decade the intensity and
recurrence of such disasters have increase manifold. This poses an increasingly salient risk to the people
of KP, the mitigation of which is a regulatory and governance obligation. This obligation extends not only
to GoKP, but also to international and global governance bodies across the world. A necessary step in
fulfilling this obligation is the mobilization of financial assistance in order to fuel mitigative endeavors in
the province and enhance adaptive capacity. Disaster risk financing, thus, is the need of the moment.
Climate finance, thus, can draw on local, national or transnational financing—from public, private and
alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support mitigation and adaptation actions that will address
climate change. A variety of financial institutions play a role in climate financing – both public and private
funding are needed to address the scale of environmental challenges facing an increasingly vulnerable
proportion of the population. Impact investors across the returns spectrum are investing in climate action,
including:
Ÿ Banks and other private financial institutions;

Ÿ Institutional asset owners, including pension funds, insurance companies, and sovereign wealth
funds;
Ÿ Private wealth advisors and family offices;
Ÿ Foundations;
Ÿ Development Finance Institutions; and
Ÿ Public agencies and international development organizations
There are various vehicles available in Global Financial Markets that can be used to avail climate
financing, debt forgiveness and grants. These include:
i. Debt for Climate Swaps
A debt swap, generally, is a refinancing deal wherein a debt holder (at individual or governmental levels)
gains an equity position in exchange for the cancellation of the debt. It is usually practiced in finance when
a struggling party can no longer service its debt. Through a debt-for-climate swap, in particular, the debtor
country's debt stock is reduced in exchange for commitments of the debtor government to protect nature
in varying forms. The international lenders forgive all or a portion of the debtor's external debt in
exchange for a commitment by the debtor to invest, in domestic currency, in specific climate projects
during a commonly agreed timeframe, based on larger nature, climate and environmental interests.
These swaps can be undertaken through multilateral agencies like the International Monetary Fund, the
World Bank Group, the Asian Development Bank and/or directly with other lender countries/consortiums
like the Paris Club, Germany, France, Japan, China.
ii. Carbon Credit Capital
The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) developed a carbon credit
proposal to reduce worldwide carbon emissions in its 1997 Kyoto Protocol, based on an interest in
reaching an international consensus on the importance of preserving the climate as a global public good.
The agreement set binding greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for the countries that signed it.
The concept of carbon credits (or carbon offsets) created a market in which individual countries and
companies can trade emissions permits. Under the system, countries get a set number of carbon credits,
which decline over time. They can sell any excess to another country. Open market carbon credit selling
may also be adopted as an option. Pakistan can earn a noticeable amount in foreign currency if the
government creates carbon credit certificates and sell them in the international open market.
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While carbon credits go for different prices, depending on the location and market, the voluntary carbon
market is current sky-rocketing, growing to USD 1 billion in 2021 and expected to grow to a USD 100
billion industry by 2030.⁴⁸
iii. Global Mandates for Climate Financing
There are various other long-term concessionary financing options along with grants from International
Financial Institutions and other governmental agencies to fund climate mitigation and adaptation
initiatives. To this end, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was
established to urge developed countries to lead the way in “to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations
at a level that would prevent dangerous human induced interference with the climate system.” The
UNFCCC also called for new funds to climate change activities in developing countries. Under the
UNFCCC, “industrialized nations agree to support climate change activities in developing countries by
providing financial support for action on climate change—above and beyond any financial assistance
they already provide to these countries. A system of grants and loans has been set up through the
Convention and is managed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Green Climate Fund (GCF).”
The initiative binds its members to promote Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs), practices and
processes that reduce GHG emissions. Pakistan's high vulnerability to adverse impact of climate change,
specifically extreme climatic events, imply it is in critical need of innovative adaptation through the
application of ESTs. Innovative adaptation of these technologies plays an essential role in mitigating
climate change, dispensing with its causes and at the same time adapt to its outcomes.
Targeted sectors for reduction in GHG emissions.
Ÿ Power – Renewable and alternative energy, big dams, and energy efficient buildings
Ÿ Transport – Fuel-efficient public transport, upgrade rail and road network etc
Ÿ Agriculture – climate change resilient crops and livestock, efficient irrigation system and
mechanisms
Ÿ Water – efficient management of water resources, increase water storage capacity, clean drinking
water and prevention of floods.
Ÿ Forestry – reduce forest land use for agriculture and industrial purposes, afforestation and
reforestation programs, sustainable forest management and awareness among masses about
importance of trees and forest.
Ÿ Waste Management – Promotion of waste minimization, solid waste management, garbage
processing and treatment methods and recycling and improved final disposal.
iv. Green Bonds:
In addition to multilateral funding agencies such as the Global Environment Facility and the Green
Climate Fund which work on principle of dispensing money to climate mitigating or adaptive projects,
green bonds are another way of financing projects which are environmentally friendly. These are
incentivizing fixed-income instruments that are specifically earmarked for climate-related and other
environmental projects. They may also take the form of tax incentives. International Finance
Corporations, the ADB and the Bank of China are known to have experience and expertise in these
financial instruments.
48
Carbon Cure. 2022. Carbon Credits: The New Revenue Opportunity for Concrete Producers. https://www.carboncure.com/concrete-
corner/carbon-credits-the-new-revenue-opportunity-for-concrete-producers/
127
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S.No Organization URL /Website
1 Clean Development http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mec

Mechanism (CDM) hanism/items/2718.php
2 UNEP https://www.unenvironment.org/
3 World Bank https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/

i. Clean Technology http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief
Fund ii. Forest /worldbankcarbonfundsfacilities
Investment Program
iii. Pilot Program for
Climate Resilience
iv. Scaling Up
Renewable Energy
Program v. Carbon
Funds Facility
4 UNDP http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home.html
5 UNIDO https://www.unido.org/
6 PFAN http://pfan.net/
7 Green Climate Fund http://www.greenclimate.fund/home
8 World Resource http://www.wri.org/
Institute
9 ADB https://www.adb.org/
10 Nordic Investment https://www.nib.int/
Bank
11 Islamic Development https://www.isdbpilot.org/
Bank
12 USAID https://www.usaid.gov/
13 The Finnish http://www.formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?content

Government
14 International Finance http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/corp_ext_content/
Cooperation
15 Multilateral Fund for http://www.multilateralfund.org/default.aspx

the implementation of
the Montreal Protocol
16 Global Environment https://www.thegef.org/

Facility
17 IMF http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
18 Special Climate http://unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/financial_me

Change Fund
19 Least Developed http://unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/financial_me

Countries Fund
20 Adaptation Fund https://www.adaptationfund.org/
21 JICA https://www.jica.go.jp/english/
128
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
14. Conclusion
The rate at which our climate and meteorological patterns are changing is no longer incremental, but
accelerated. People all over the world are facing the reality of climate change, manifesting increasingly
as volatile extreme weather events. This is manifest no more than it is in KP. However, due to a high
incidence of poverty and limited state capacity, people living in developing countries are left
disproportionately worse-off by both changing climate patterns and full-fledged climate disasters like the
recent floods of 2022.
The recent deluge, and its unfolding health and economic implications, pose a number of threats to the
well-being and prosperity of the people of KP. Significantly, it is symptomatic of a more overarching
climate mutation; a fact which is reflected in the province's multiple exposures to several climate and
weather-related natural hazards. Indeed, in the summer of 2022 alone, KP experienced both recurring
heat waves (with temperatures a full 8 degrees above normal limits) and droughts, followed, of course, by
the riverine, flashflood and landslides which witnessed as cataclysmic events across the world.
While there are many uncertainties around the rate and magnitude at which the climate crisis will
transpire, one fact is certain: that it is a matter of obligation for governments to respond to. The sectoral
damage assessments contained in this FRP constitute the initial part of the GoKP response to the recent
flood disaster. In addition to it, the comprehensive PDNA assessment has been carried out to bring in a
wider scope of damages, losses and needs.49 Conducted while the torrential rains stormed full-force
across the province, the damage assessment is intended to supply both provincial and federal
decisionmakers with crucial information in support of their flood management. At the same time, it
provides a statistical basis for discussions with international agencies and developed nations to bring in
their efforts aiming at rehabilitation, reconstruction, mitigation and adaptation. This assessment includes
both humanitarian and economic perspectives; with GoKP striving to address the risks posed to both by
utilizing almost-real-time information in its relief and rehabilitation response.
This province-wide damage assessment and data collection has yielded notable results which are
recommended to the attention of all those who concern themselves with the welfare of the people of KP.
Taken together, relief and r rehabilitation measures to aid the affected and reparative and rehabilitative
measures for damaged public infrastructure and government compensation packages for private
houses have generated a collective financial requirement of around Rs. 164 billion. This cost covers
GoKP's efforts across only a set of sectors, with which individual well-being and government functionality
are inherently tied; these include education, health, local government, connectivity, power generation,
and irrigation. Moreover, GoKP also intends to bolster its overall preparedness against such future
disasters by developing resilient systems, infrastructure and public assets. When the cost of marshalling
all such efforts is added to current damages, the financial requirement for rehabilitation and
reconstruction amounts to around Rs. 206 billion for minimum set of items.
To meet this enormous requirement, as a partial first step, all concerned departments under GoKP went
through an extensive introspection to identify financial resources that could be diverted to emergency
measures from their departmental allotment under the ADP. Cumulatively, this exercise has repurposed
around Rs. 19 billion. Furthermore, an indicative and initial Rs. 61.5 billion is to be contributed by GoKP's
development partners and humanitarian agencies.
While these immediate financial adjustments cover some of the GoKP's total financial requirement, the
province still faces a standing deficit of around Rs. 125 billion in its flood response and identified climate
preparedness. This is especially worrisome as, in disaster response situations, even minor fiscal
shortcomings translate into significantly lagged assistance on-ground, depriving those in need of
essential services and support. Given the urgent need to meet its rehabilitative and resiliency
obligations, GoKP has appealed to the federal government and development partners for financial
support to execute its envisaged FRP. The Damage Assessment portion of this Plan reports sectoral
damages, their costings, and their proposed financing over a total rehabilitative period of two years. In
the interests of both effective implementation and transparency, all activities within this time periods are
49
The PDMA estimates the monetary values of damages, losses and needs at Rs. 201 billion, Rs. 141 billion and Rs. 168 billion respectively.
129
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
to be monitored through a triangulation of on-ground, departmental and external monitoring bodies.

However, GoKP's FRP entails much more than the fixative; it also focuses and elaborates on the
preemptive.
The FRP looks towards creating a climate resilient future for the people of KP. This is grounded on the fact
that the flooding of 2022 is not a freak and non-repeating weather incident, but rather indicative of the
type of future challenges which people and government systems will be facing. Preparing itself for future
flooding, and other climate disasters, GoKP plans to invest in increased adaptation and mitigation at both
an individual, departmental and overarching systemic level. Achieving financial resilience, for instance,
against the multiple economic threats which climate change poses has never formed part of GoKP's
portfolio. Now, the government is inculcating protective financial instruments in its planning against
climate change due to the growing realization that, while full-fledged disasters like the 2022 floods do not
occur every day, the average citizen in KP is still left considerably worse-off by other effects, such as
higher temperatures, lower precipitation and unreliable weather. Similarly, the floods have revealed
faults in both public and private infrastructure and systems. These structures and the systems which are
responsible for their creation and maintenance are now being actively redesigned to both withstand
future disasters and, if possible, lessen their likelihood through appropriate mitigative measures.
Both the fixative and preemptive aspects of the FRP require resources. While GoKP has laid out a plan, in
the form of this document, for their efficient and productive allocation towards enhancing the province's
overall climate resiliency, it requires the influx of resources to gain ground in this initiative and carry out
timely implementation. Moreover, financing requirements for medium-term adaptive and mitigative
measures (spelt out in Part B) will also be worked out along with their detailed designs.
Thus, GoKP aims to work with its federal counterparts as well as its partners in co-delivering a climate-
safe future for the people of KP.
FRP 2022 spells out beginning of major efforts towards achieving climate resilience. It will be followed up
with technical, policy and community endeavours to minimize damages, mitigate losses and adapt
systems, resources, lives and livelihoods to achieve a resilient future.
130
ANNEXURES
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Annex 1: Components of Flood Response
Component 1: Legislation, Policy, Institutional Mandates & Institutional Development
Key Activities Outcomes Indicative Lead Agency Priority

Intervention Budget in
PKR
millions a. Short
term (ST)
with 1-2
years
b. Med
Term (MT)
with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Develop a. Desk review; PDM Plan 12 PDMA, and ST
Provincial developed and all other
Disaster b. Conduct series of available for relevant
workshops/
Management consultations/simulations disaster stakeholders
Plan with stakeholders for management in
2022-2030 finalizing the Plan; the
province
c. Produce hard copies of
the approved PDM Plan and
distribute them to relevant
stakeholders
Develop a. Desk review; Sectoral DM 188 Various line MT
Various Plan developed Depts and
Sectoral b. Conduct series of and available PDMA, and
workshops/
Disaster consultations/simulations for disaster risk Federal
Management with stakeholders for reduction in agencies
Plan finalizing the Plans; various sectors
of the Province
c. Produce hard copies of
the approved sectoral DM
Plans and dissemination
Capacity a. Provision of office Ÿ DDMUs are 588 PDMA, RR & ST to MT

Building of equipment and office space fully SD, P&D, &
DDMUs at at all DDMUs; functionalized ALL DDMUS
District Level
and Develop b. Build capacities of the Ÿ Detail
staff through series of hazard and
DRM Plans risk
training courses;
assessment
Mapping
available as
planning
tools
c. Organize periodic Ÿ Capacities of
meetings/ workshops the DDMUs
among DDMUs to learn have been
from best practices; built-up
d. Conduct regular hazard
specific drills/simulation.
133
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 1: Legislation, Policy, Institutional Mandates & Institutional Development

PKR a. Short
millions term (ST)
with 1-2
years
b. Med
Term (MT)
with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Strategic Unit a. Recruiting staff for an independent 211.5 PDMA, AND ST

at PDMA strategic unit; DRM/ strategic RR&SD
Khyber unit has been
Pakhtunkhwa b. Provision of office established
equipment and office space responsible for
for strategic unit;
all proactive
c. Build capacities of the activities
staff through different related with
training courses/ DRM &
workshops.
Operational a. Desk review; operational 118 PDMA & all MT
Plans Plans to provide Concerned
b. Conduct series of guidance to the departments
consultation workshops with process of
stakeholders for finalizing managing relief,
the operation Plans;\ early recovery
and
c. Produce hard copies of reconstruction/
the approved operational rehabilitation in
Plans; case of any
disaster
including
human induced
disasters/
conflicts.
Budget Required for Component No. 1 1,116
134
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 2: Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Multi Hazard a. Compile Meta database Province-wise 1,175 PWG on risk ST-MT-LT
Vulnerability & Catalogue of natural risk atlas on assessment,
and Risk disasters in the province; digital and hard PDMA, and
Assessment copies available academia
for Khyber b. Assess Vulnerabilities of
Physical, economic and
Pakhtunkhwa social elements;
Province at
an c. Develop risk profiles for Meta data
appropriate Khyber Pakhtunkhwa available for
scale of Province; future analysis
1:500,000 or and modeling
as per d. Hazard and risk atlas of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
requirements Province;
e. Train and build capacities

of stakeholders for the
application of MHVRA
database.
Flood Risk a. Compile Meta database Detailed Flood 141 PWG on risk ST- MT
Assessment including rainfall data risk assessment assessment,
and analysis; data available PDMA,
Modelling for b. Acquire digital elevation on high DDMUs,
all cities start Model; resolution for TMAs and
with pilot planning and MCs
project of c. Assess Vulnerabilities of implementation
three flood Physical, economic and
social elements in the
prone cities selected cities;
at
appropriate c. d. Flood hazard and
scale of risk atlas of the selected
1:5,000 or as cities;omic and social
elements in the selected
per cities;
e. Train and build

capacities of stakeholders
for the application of MhVra
database.
f. identify specific risks and
mitigation measures for persons
with special needs- elderly,
persons with disabilities, child
headed households, female
headed households etc.
135
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 3: Public Awareness, Education and Training

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Public a. develop comprehensive established an 212 a. PDMA,& ST to LT

Awareness Provincial and district Public effective Public DDMUs
awareness Plans to be
Programme implemented at the Province awareness
and district level; Programme on
b. Celebrate the “national
DRM to build b. PDMA,
disaster earthquake safety day” disaster earthquake Eng
as an annual resilient culture Center, UET
in the province & Concerned
commemoration to earthquake
2005; Ministries &
DDMUs
c. Celebrate the “national c. PDMA, PMD
disaster Flood safety day” as Concerned
an annual commemoration to Ministries, &
flood 2010; DDMUs
d. organize national/ d. CDPM,
international Conference on PDMA, PMD &
DRM during October and July other
in commemorations to EQ concerned
2005 and Flood 2010; ministries
e. awareness through school e. Ministry of

education &
Children; PDMA
f. awareness through Civil f. social welfare
societies involvement; Deptt, and
PDMA
g. awareness through g. Press
electronic and print media; information
department &
PDMA
h. award scheme for best
practices among DM h. PDMA &
practitioners including INGOs, concerned
Civil societies, Govt institution, Deptt
academia, media etc.;
I. Prepare, publish and widely I PDMA,
distribute public awareness DDMUs &
materials (posters and CDPM
booklets) on different aspects
of the DRM;
j. Television series, j. information
documentaries and radio talk department&
on public awareness. PDMA
k. development and wide
dissemination of simplified
disaster resilient Construction
buildings and retrofitting Codes
and guidelines
136
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Strengthenin a. establishment of Created a 282 PDMA, NIDM/ MT

g Disaster dedicated PiDM multiplier effect NDMA, AND
Management in spreading ACADEMIA
Institutions in b. Constitute an expert
Panel of professors, DRM
the Province educational specialists and Knowledge,
DRM professionals for education and
research paper review; skills
throughout the
C. Developing linkages with province, and
universities, Mouse, joint surrounding
research initiatives/studies; countries
d. Publish research papers
in different well reputed
journals;
e. affiliation of DRM related

department with other
foreign universities/Center
of excellence.
f. Conduct scientific
research through
M.Phil./Ph.D.
researchers/scholars
through link Programme
with various universities;
g. develop a fellowship
Programme for researchers;
h. learning exchange
programs among provinces
and outside the country;
Training and a. Conduct Tunas by a. Conduct 235 PDMA, ST

Research involving all stakeholders to Tunas by ACADEMIA,P
Programme develop a tailor made involving all EC, RESCUE
through training toolkits and stakeholders to 1122 AND
Disaster identifying relevant training develop a tailor CIVIL
Management courses; made training DEFENCE
Institutions/ toolkits and
PIDM identifying
relevant
training
courses;
137
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
b. develop and standardize b. scientific

training material on DRM research work
related subjects i.e. FDRM, is carried out
EDRM & ERM etc.; and published
c. Trainings of the through
Government employee on periodicals/
DRM related subjects; journals
d. Trainings at Community
level on DRM related
subjects;
e. Trainings for school
children and teachers on

DRM related subjects;
f. Trainings for health

services on DRM related
subjects;
g. Trainings for agriculture,
fisheries, forestry on DRM
related subjects like
controlling soil erosion,
Climate change adaptation,
bioengineering techniques
for flood and landslides
managements;
h. Trainings for emergency
Preparedness and response
at community level and for
concerned organization;
I. develop technical
trainings, guidelines and
case studies on building
infrastructure and
retrofitting etc.;
j. Trainings for women on
Gender mainstreaming into
DRM;
k. Trainings for electronic
and Print media on disaster
reporting;
138
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
l. Trainings and Capacity

development for Post
disaster recovery and
reconstruction;
m. develop pool of Trainers
through regular ToT
programs;
n. inclusion of DRM & as

subject in school, college
and universities curriculum.
o. Trainings for engineers

/sub engineers/ artisans on
disaster resilient
Construction and building
Codes training and research
Programme on Multi hazard
early warning systems
Research on Conduct community level scientific 188 ACADEMIA, LT
Climate studies through universities research is PDMA,
Change research scholars and civil conducted on DDMUS,
Adaptation societies on and DRR and DRR CONCERNED
and DRR I/ NGOS
Disaster a. establishing state-of-the- develop and 165 PDMA, MT
Information art library at PDMA; provide up-to- RR&SD, AND
Resource b. develop, regular update date ACADEMIA
Centre at and maintenance of the information on
PDMA disaster database; DRM among
c. web portal development DRM
for disaster Management practitioners
information resource
Centre;
d. Maintain alumni and
DRM professional database
at Provincial level;
e. Collect international and
national research journals
and publication on DRM;
f. developing annual
magazine and its wide
publicity and dissemination.
139
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 4: Community Resilience through CBDRM

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Enhancing a. develop and standardize a. Professional 118 Civil defence, LT

capacities training material in urdu or mater trainers social
through any other local language on have developed welfare,
training and different aspects of the at the UCs rescue 1122,
develop pool CBDRM;
of master DDMUs,
trainers at b. Trainings of selected b. Created a LGAS, PDMA
village and trainers at village and UC multiplier effect
UC levels in levels on ToT for CBDRM; in spreading
all districts CBDRM
with pilot c. Trainings for emergency knowledge and
case of 05 Preparedness and response skills
Selected at village and UC levels; throughout the
Districts UCs and
(Phase I) communities
CBDRM a. involvement of different Civil societies 188 DDMUS, LT

related NGOs, CSo, in the CDRM support in PDMA,
projects projects; building the DDMUS,
capacities of
through Civil the disaster Social
Societies b. building capacities Welfare,
through structural and no prone
structural measures. communities in LGAS,
the province
Small grants a. Constitute DDMUs level a. Community 212 PDMA, LT

program for small Grant Committees owned risk DDMUS,
Village/UC with members consisting of reduction LGAS,
level risk government officials and measures Rescue 1122,
proposed and
reduction representatives from non- accomplished; Civil Defence
measures
and government organizations b. risk
and UCDMCs;
reduction
b. establish disaster measures for
mitigation measures community are
incorporated with the in lined with the
existing development local
program at UC level government
development
program;
c. UCDMCs prepare c. Community

proposals in collaboration and UCDRMC
with uC level government have resources to
representative and DDMUs; utilize to
complete risk
reduction
measures
140
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 4: Community Resilience through CBDRM

a. Short
PKR term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
d. undertake pilot projects

in selected villages from the
UCs based on selected
proposal;
e. Pilot projects to cover
risk assessment surveys
and prepare hazard and risk
maps;
f. Grants for organizing

village level training
workshops by the master
trainers.
Model To develop a disaster Model villages 940 DDMUS, ST to MT

Disaster resilient villages through to show case PDMA, C&W,
Resilient various structural and non- LOCAL
Villages/ structural measures GOVERNME
communities NT AND ALL
in five CONCERNED
selected
districts as LINE DEPTTS
pilot
141
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 5: Early Warning System

a. Short
PKR term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Develop and a. application development effective EWS 47 PDMA, MT-LT

pilot applied and DDMUs, PMD
technology b. Voice based EWS in tested for and other
based Multi local languages
future line Deptt
hazard EWS expansion
in five c. simulation/drills and
selected develop scenarios
District
Public a. organize trainings established an 71 PMD, PDMA, LT
awareness workshops on dissemination effective Public FFC, and City
Programme of information; awareness Government,
b. Conducting hazard and Programme on PDA, rescue
risk Mapping exercises; Few in 1122, and civil
Peshawar City defense
c. Conducting
simulation/drill exercises on
safe evacuation;d and risk
Mapping exercises;
d. wide dissemination of
information through
publishing
booklets/brochure/
pamphlets printing;
e. radio Programme on
flood EWS.
Budget Required for Component No. 5 118
142
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 6: Preparedness and Response Planning

a. Short
PKR term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Develop/Revi a. evaluation of previous Ÿ district level 176 Concerned ST to MT

se the DM district DRM plans DRM Plans DDMUs,
Plans for the exist for PDMA and all
disaster concerned other
districts
prone relevant
districts stakeholders
/ Collection & analysis of Ÿ Conduct
secondary data at district
regular drills/ level
simulation
b. Preparation of fresh out
line plans exercises for
preparednes
c. Conduct series of s to
workshop with stakeholders emergencies
for finalizing the DM Plans;
d. Produce hard copies of
each DM plans and their
dissemination;
e. Conduct simulation
exercises to test the DM
Plans.
Administratio a. resource mapping / Resources are 588 DDMUs, ST to lT
n and identification of resources pooled up in PDMA, LGas,
(public / private);
Logistics anticipation for army, rescue,
Planning b. Procurement of heavy timely and Civil defense
equipment link with effective
contingency and DRM disaster
plans; response.
c. earmarking of resources
to
specific hazard prone areas;
d. establishment /
construction of DM hubs
and their management;

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
143
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 6: Preparedness and Response Planning
Establishmen a. establishment of EoC and Proper 235 DDMUs, ST to

t of District its location. coordination PDMA, MTMT
Emergency system at Rescue 1122,
Operation b. Composition of EoC district level is Army, lGAs,
Centre c. establishment of in placed to TMAs, Civil
(DEOC)/ Command and control face the defense
Incident structure and preparation of disasters and
Command SOPs. emergencies
System
d. act as liaison with line
departments, army, NGOs
and INGOs.
e. Management of
Volunteers.
144
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Component 7: Post Disaster Recovery Planning

PKR a. Short
term (ST)
millions with 1-2
years
b. Med Term
(MT) with 2-3
years
c. Longer
Term (LT)
with 4-6
years
Guidelines a. desk review a system on 235 PDMA ST

for recovery b. Consultations recovery needs
needs assessment
assessment c. recovery needs for multi- and
hazards identified and Programme
guidelines developed planning
d. Capacity building for established
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)
e. Conduct series of
workshop with stakeholders
for finalizing the PDRP
designs and implementation
Database on a. identification of relevant Methodology 235 PDMA ST

technical stakeholders through on recovery
capacity of regular consultation, needs
relevant meetings and workshops assessment
and guidelines
stakeholders on recovery
for PDRP planning
developed
b. Collaborations with roster on
technical agencies for recovery
enhancing the capacities on capacity of
PDRP various
agencies and
Ministries
available
c. roster on recovery
capacity of various agencies
and Ministries
Development a. development of PDRP Curriculum on 235 PDMA ST
of Sectoral guidelines training of
specific recovery
b. Printing and
strategies for Programme
dissemination
PDRP available
145
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Annex 2: Financial Compensation Requirements as Part of

Disaster Risk Management
A.Relief
Funds Required for Losses Compensation and Other Relief Activities

S. No Department Damages Approximate Remarks Total Verified damage
reported District Amount (in reported
wise Rupees)
1 PDMA 25.238 The Relief Department Death & Injured data
Billion vide this notification has been verified by the
dated 11.09.2022 District Administration
announced Special and Payment process
Compensation almost Completed.
However house
Package for damaged Affectees
Flood/Rain Affectees data are gathering
2022. through app.
Expected Other 5.000 The Relief Department The District

Relief related Billion vide its notification Administration shall pay
Expenditures dated 30.08.2022 the expenditures
may be incurred extend the emergency incurred for the said
(Extent to Relief
by the Activities only) till activities after observing
PDMA/Districts 30.09.2022 and all Codal Formalities.
authorized the Deputy
Commissioners to
mobilized all
resources and
engaged machinery
for carrying out Relief
Activities and to
control the damages
caused by the flood.
2 Provision of 5.625 Billion The figures are The expenditure for
Food items for calculated on the Food rations will be
six months and basis of affected provided to District
NFIs/Boats and population. Other administration for
other such requirement for NFIs helping the affected
are as per demands
requirement from Districts and population till normalcy
other sources is achieved.
Total 35.863 Billion
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Annex 3: Role of Administrative Departments in

Disaster Management
Disaster Management requires multi departmental and multi stakeholder's approach. The roles are
always cross cutting and sometimes it become difficult to separate the roles of each department.
However, the roles of each department in terms of disaster management have been listed below.
a. Planning and Development Department
Planning and Development Department has an overarching role over the sectoral development plans.
Related to disaster management P&D role is as under;
1. To review the sectoral development plan for avoiding to create new risk of disasters and to be
incorporated with disaster risk reduction measures.
2. Implementation of the Disaster Risk Reduction Checklist of the Planning Commission in under
approval PC-1s of the development projects.
3. Development partners coordination and fund mobilization for sectoral adaptation to climate
change disaster risk mitigation.
4. To formulate strategy for a coordinated post disaster recovery and reconstruction.
b. Finance Department
1. To provide enough funds to Provincial Disaster Management Fund at PDMA in order to meet the
needs for the purchase of food and nonfood items before the occurrence of a disaster. A relief
fund of more than Rs. 1 billion is allocated for relief activities including compensations and other
requirement through finance department which is replenished every year and provided to PDMA
on need basis as and when required.
2. Coordinating and transfer of funds for relief compensation to PDMA for further allocation to
districts as per the need.
3. Funding need gap analysis for worsened case of disaster
4. Providing funds for special packages of the localized disasters as post disaster recovery and
rehabilitation.
5. Advocate for the fund mobilization from international development partners and federal
government.
c. Local Government, Elections and Rural Development Department
1. To chalk out vulnerable places / populations in major urban cities regarding urban Flood and take
all necessary measures for minimizing the impacts of urban Flood.
2. Prepositioning of all necessary equipment's and resources at the most vulnerable places.
3. To carryout survey of bill boards and remove / replace those which are in dilapidated conditions
and are posing as hazards, to avoid any untoward events during monsoon season.
4. Mitigation measures for urban Flood including but not limited to clearing of chocked sewerage /
drainage channels and removal of waste from the site.
5. The District Administration will follow Water Act 2020 for removal of encroachments in each
district.
6. Implementation of building codes in urban & rural areas.
7. Sharing data of M&R funds, sorting out gaps in M&R process and funds, list of machinery and its
condition in each district.
8. Mobilizing of TMAs for planning / action for monsoon 2022.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9. Activation of Control Room and sharing its particulars / contacts with PDMA for linking with
Provincial Emergency Operation Center (PEOC), PDMA.
d. Information Technology Board
1. Enable the PDMA and Provincial Government for the timely and factual information about the
extent of the disaster, losses caused and the current situation of hazard by using the technology.
2. Preparation of the Mobile App for early warning dissemination and reporting of the disastrous
events by the public.
3. Technology support in the damage need assessment in order to ensure the transparency and
accountability in relief and compensation activities.
4. Formation of the Provincial Dashboard for real time information sharing and consolidation.
e. Statistic Department
1. Helping PDMA in the Multi Hazard Vulnerability Risk Assessment (MHVRA) of the districts
2. Providing the statistical data of vulnerable population for preparedness/contingency planning.
3. Conducting survey on vulnerability assessment of the population and sectors.
4. Development of tools and techniques for Rapid Need Assessment after a disaster in order to
meet the urgent humanitarian needs.
5. Helping in detail post disaster need assessment in the statistical analysis and preparation of the
info graphs for better data presentation.
f. Health Department
Health department deliver its services through Basic Health Unit (BHU), Rural Health Center (RHC), Tehsil
Headquarter Hospital (THQ) and District Headquarter Hospital (DHQ). The role of the department related
to Disaster Management is as under:
1. To Carry out a detailed vulnerability assessment of health infrastructure in the district, clearly
identifying vulnerable hospitals. Past events of disasters (at least in the past 10 years) and
disasters' alerts are to be taken as key information in the vulnerability assessment.
2. Make an evacuation plan for indoor patients from vulnerable facilities in the event of emergency
especially after alert.
3. Identify health facilities to serve as response bases in the event of emergency. Such bases will be
in a safer location in the closer vicinity of the vulnerable areas.
4. Maintain stock of life saving medicines, surgical tools and other equipment especially after
disaster alert.
5. Shift medical equipment (X-ray, ultrasound, ECG, MRI machines etc) to higher ground, preferably
first or second floor, in the health facilities vulnerable to Flood.
6. Establish/strengthen mother and child facility in the hospitals, especially in the response bases.
7. Keep all ambulances operational with adequate stock of fuel.
8. Designate an emergency information officer to liaise with DEOC and PEOC in preparedness and
response stages.
9. Liaise with public and private teaching hospitals, specialized hospitals and centers to ascertain
the capacity of health response in the district.
10. Create surveillance committee to check epidemic and other health related issues during the
relief and response phase of disaster management.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
g. Elementary and Secondary Education Department
Elementary and secondary education (ESE) department has the largest network of buildings and has the
greatest number of employees in the district. Schools can be used for awareness raising and information
dissemination about disaster preparedness, evacuation, first aid and Do's and Don'ts during a disaster.
The activities undertaken by the department in disaster management are as following:
1. Carry out a detailed vulnerability assessment of school buildings. Past events of disasters (at least
in the past 10 years) and disasters' alerts are to be taken as key information in the vulnerability
assessment.
2. Identify schools for potential temporary shelter in a safe location close to vulnerable areas based
on vulnerability assessment of DDMU.
3. Assess identified schools' capacity (in terms of number of families that can be housed),
availability/need of drinking water, availability / need of sanitation, availability/need of boundary
wall and share information with DDMU.
4. Prepare a roster of teachers and staff to be deployed in rescue and relief activities during
emergency.
response stages
6. To arrange for temporary places in tentage or other rented buildings for school related activities
after disaster.
h. Public Health Engineering Department
1. Carry out a detailed vulnerability assessment of drinking water and sanitation infrastructure in the
district/catchment area, clearly identifying vulnerable facilities. Past events of disasters (At least in
the past 10 years) and disasters' alerts are to be taken as key information in the vulnerability
assessment.
2. Assess water pumps, water supply lines and sanitation lines and carry out required repair and
maintenance.
3. Protect water sources in flood prone areas and dis-impact the available water sources.
response stages
5. Maintain standby water pumps, generators and fuel stock to be used in disasters
6. Prepare an alternate plan of action for water supply to hospitals and health centers in the event of
disaster
7. Sign a standby agreement with water tankers (or such company) based on vulnerability
assessment and alerts.
8. Maintain stock of chlorine and water purification tablets based on the vulnerability assessment
and alerts.
9. Prepare for installation of water and sanitation facilities in the temporary shelter locations
identified by DDMU.
i. Communication and Works – C&W Department
Construction and maintenance of road network and bridges is done by Communication and Works
department. The role of the department related to Disaster Management is as following:
1. Carry out a detailed vulnerability assessment of road network and bridges in the district, clearly
identifying vulnerable structures. Past events of disasters (at least in the past 10 years) and
disasters' alerts are to be taken as key information in the vulnerability Communication and Works
– C&W Department assessment.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2. Carry out necessary repair and maintenance of damaged/vulnerable roads and bridges and
make them safer to withstand disasters.
3. Plan alternate routes for vulnerable roads and bridges to facilitate evacuation and humanitarian
response.
response stages.
5. Continuously monitor vulnerable roads and bridges during flood season and immediately inform
DDMO of any damage and alternate route.
6. Maintain machinery for clearing roads in the event of disasters.
7. Sign a standby agreement with Government Contractors for using their machinery during
disaster.
8. Maintain stock of pre-fabricated bridges to be installed on emergency basis during disasters. The
volume of stock will be based on disaster alerts, damages history and vulnerability of
bridges/roads in the district.
j. Social Welfare Department
Social Welfare Department is the focal point for registration, monitoring and sometimes funding of
voluntary organizations in the district and is in a better position to utilize the human and material resource
of such organization in different stages of disaster. Headed by Social Welfare Officer at the district level,
the department will have the following responsibilities in disaster preparedness:
1. Convene quarterly meetings with NGOs/CBOs working in the district to apprise them of the
overall vulnerability of the district, alerts received from DOEC and to discuss the preparedness
level of these organizations.
2. Assess capacity of district-based NGOs/CBOs in disaster preparedness and response.
3. Persuade NGOs/CBOs to allocate resources for disaster preparedness activities including
capacity building of volunteers and employees, community resilience and for awareness
campaign under the overall guidance of DDMU.
4. Task NGOs/CBOs to prepare their own disaster management plans based on the vulnerability
assessment of the district.
5. Involve NGOs/CBOs in vulnerability assessment of the district by coordinating with DDMU.
6. Designate an emergency information focal person so liaise between NGOs/CBOs and DDMU in
disaster preparedness. NGOs/CBOs will directly report to and coordinate with DDMU in the
response stage.
7. To cater for the needs of the community that include elderly women and children during disaster
and take steps accordingly.
Q 2: Is there any Coordination Group Formulated;
There are general coordination mechanism and other specific to the response for flood 2022, which are
detailed below.
This year, the provincial emergency operation center housed at PDMA KP was strengthened by provincial
govt with inclusion of Irrigation, C&W, LGRD, P&D, Health, Food, Industries, Information, ESE, Higher
Education, RRS, Rescue 1122, Provincial Met Office, IG Police, Police departments and representative of 11
Corp, Pak Army. The supervision of provincial emergency operation center which is otherwise
undertaken by the PDMA was co-supervised with P& D department through PMRU. PDMA has its own
strengths and with inclusion of PMRU the coordination, data collection and resource mobilization was
much improved. The information was upward and downward to the decision makers within the provincial
govt/department heads and to the lower tiers in the district administration and officers of the departments
in the districts, respectively. With the ownership from the highest that is chief secretary and additional
chief secretary for this mechanism, the coordination and response was quite swift and the coordination
was better.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Apart from that, before the floods of each district district working groups were made under the chair of DC
and for supervision of that Provincial Core Committee under the secretary RRS&D KP was also made to
undertake responsibilities such as prepare strategy and assign the responsibility for removal of
encroachment and other mitigative action in the districts.
In order to streamline the working of Humanitarian organization a core coordination committee with
inclusion of UN bodies, NHN and PHF was made. The core coordination committee was established as a
focal point for streamlining all humanitarian interventions by further making sectoral working groups. The
sectoral working groups include health nutrition washed food security and agriculture, protection,
education, early recovery rehabilitation reconstruction and shelter/NFIs.
The general coordination forum under the PDMA are as follows;
a. Provincial Disaster Management Commission (PDMC):
As per the NDM Act 2010 amended in 2012 by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Annex I), the apex coordination
group is the Provincial Disaster Management Commission (PDMC)
The Provincial Commission consists of –
(a) the Chief Minister of the Province who shall be Chairperson, ex officio
(b) Leader of the opposition and one member nominated by him to be member of the provincial
commission;
(c) the Secretary to Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Relief, Rehabilitation and Settlement
Department, shall be ex-officio member;
(d) the Director General of the Provincial Authority, shall be ex-officio member-cum- secretary;
(e) Other members to be nominated by Chief Minister; and
(f) the Chairperson of the Provincial Commission may designate one of the members nominated
under clause (c) to be the Vice-Chairperson.
Powers and functions of Provincial Commission. –
Subject to the provisions of the Act, a Provincial Commission shall have the responsibility for laying down
policies and plans for disaster management in the province.
(a) lay down the Provincial disaster management policy;

(b) lay down the Provincial Plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National
Commission;
(c) approve the disaster management plans prepared by the departments of the Provincial
Government;
(d) review the implementation of the plan;
(e) oversee the provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures;
(f) review the development plans of the different departments of the province and ensure that
prevention and mitigation measures are integrated therein;
(g) review the measures being taken for mitigation, capacity building and preparedness by the
departments of the Provincial Government and issue such guidelines or directions as may be
necessary;
(h) direct the Provincial Authority to undertake any project under its administrative control for the
purpose of expedient recovery including relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and settlement etc,
of the affected people
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
b. PDM Authority
As per the NDM Act 2010 amended in 2012 by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the 2nd tier coordination group is
the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDM Authority) consist of such number of members as
may be prescribed and shall include as its Chairperson the Secretary to Government of the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Relief, Rehabilitation and Settlement Department and the Provincial Director General shall
be the member-cum-secretary of the Provincial Authority. (3) There shall be a Director General of the
Provincial Authority, to be appointed by the Provincial Government, with the status and powers on such
terms and conditions, as may be prescribed by the Provincial Government. As per the notification (Annex
II) following are the members of the authority;
1) Secretary to Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Relief, Rehabilitation and Settlement

Department (Chairman ex-officio)
2) Secretary Home Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3) Secretary Finance Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4) Secretary Health Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
5) Secretary E&SE Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
6) Secretary Higher Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
7) Secretary Irrigation Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
8) Secretary Environment Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9) Secretary Agriculture Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
10) Secretary C&W Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
11) Secretary Public Health Engineering Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
12) Secretary LG & RD Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
13) Secretary Social Welfare Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
14) Secretary Information Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
15) Secretary P&D Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
16) Secretary Food Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
17) Secretary Revenue Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
18) Secretary Transport Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
19) All Divisional Commissioners, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
20) Provincial Police Officer, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
21) Director Civil Defense, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
22) Representative of HQ 11 Corps Peshawar
23) Chief Meteorologist of the Pakistan Meteorological Department
24) Director General PDMA (member cum Secretary ex-officio)
Powers and Functions of Provincial Authority. –
(a) formulate the provincial disaster management policy obtaining the approval of the Provincial
Commission;
(b) coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, National Plan and Provincial
Plan;
(c) examine the vulnerability of different parts of the province to different disasters and specify
prevention or mitigation measures;
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(d) lay down guidelines to be followed for preparation of disaster management plans by the
Provincial Departments and District Authorities;
(e) evaluate preparedness at all governmental or non-governmental levels to respond to disaster
and to enhance preparedness;
(f) co-ordinate response in the event of disaster;
(g) give directions to any Provincial department or authority regarding actions to be taken in
response to disaster;
(h) promote general education, awareness and community training in this regard;
(i) provide necessary technical assistance or give advice to district authorities and local authorities
for carrying out their functions effectively;
( j) advise the Provincial Government regarding all financial matters in relation to disaster
management;
(k) examine the construction in the area and if it is of the opinion that the standards laid down have
not been followed and it may direct the following same to secure compliance of such standards;
(l) ensure that communication systems are in order and disaster management drills are being
carried out regularly; and
(m) perform such other functions as may be assigned to it by the National or Provincial Authority
The challenges faced were;
(a) The scale of the calamity was high and beyond the capacity of provincial and federal government,
(b) the disaster were unprecedented and break the record of the centuries even of the 2010 mega
flood which made hurdles in response,
(c) Disruption of the communication channels even telecommunication disrupted in different areas.
(d) Severing of access routes to the affected districts.
(e) overwhelming of the districts administration by the relief efforts and delay in information sharing
in certain instances.
The achievement are as follow.
1. Rapid situation analysis by disseminated of information to and fro resulting in efficient response
2. Saving of precious life then compared with the same situation in same districts faced by the
earlier disaster of 2010 flood.
3. Diversion of resources where they are required most.
4. Provision of Healy services and establishment of bridges and access routes to address food in
security in this case.
5. in the light of previous coordination mechanism, presence of institution arrangement
policy/guidelines for tackling this massive response.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Annex 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Forms
M&E System
Planning & Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
TECHNICAL Monitoring / Verification Report
Rehabilitation & Reconstruction of Flood Damages 2022
Date of Visit
Name / Designation of
Visiting Officer
Location District Tehsil UC
Coordinates Lat Long
Name of Work
Is the Location of Damage Site located in Decleared Flood Region YES NO
Executing Agency Source of Funding
Approved Cost Released Amount
Expenditure Progress % age Physical Financial
Site Close to River /

YES NO Name of River / Nullah
Nullah
Distance from River / Nullah < 100 m 100-500 m > 500 m
Type of Work Repair Reconstruction
Location of Work Flood Zone Out of Flood Zone
Is the Design modified to make the Works flood resilient YES NO
Was the same site damaged in the Past flood (2010) YES NO
Committees Formalities
Procurment YES NO YES NO
Notified observed
Time Line for Completion 3 months 6 months 01 Year or more
Quality of Material used Poor Average Satisfactory
Remarks /
Recommendation
Pictorial Evidance
Before After
Signature of Reporting Officer
154
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
M&E System
Planning & Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
TECHNICAL Monitoring / Verification Report
Rehabilitation & Reconstruction of Flood Damages 2022
Date of Visit
Name / Designation of
Visiting Officer
Location Tehsil UC
District
Lat Long
Coordinates
Name of Camp
Is the Location of camp located in Declared Flood Region YES NO
Name / Desig. In
Source of Funding Public Private
charge
Cost Incurred so
Service Provider Dept.
far
1 2 3 month or
Time Line
months months more
Affectees
Total Available Rehabilitated
Registered
Satisfaction Level of Affectees Poor Average Satisfactory
Remarks if
Any
Quality of Services Food Poor Average Satisfactory
Water Poor Average Satisfactory
Medicine Poor Average Satisfactory
Sanitation Poor Average Satisfactory
Electricity Poor Average Satisfactory
Shelter Tents Rooms Others
Yes NO
Transport
Cash Compensation YES NO
Quotation
Committees
Procurement YES NO formalities YES NO
Notified
observed
Items Procured Type Perishable Non-Perishable

Quality Poor Average Satisfactory
Remarks /
Recommendation
Signature of Reporting Officer
155
GOVERNMENT OF
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

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KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

SHAHZAD KHAN BANGASH

SHAHAB ALI SHAH

2. Immediate Relief Measures 17

2.1. Monsoons as a Recurring Seasonal Event and Relief Requirements 17

3. Private Sector Damages Assessment 21

4. Public Infrastructure Damages Assessment 23

4.1. Methodology of Damages Assessment 23

5. Sectoral Response Plans 38

6. Financial Requirements and Financing Gap 74

6.1 Indicative Funding from Development Partners 74

7. Monitoring and Evaluation 77

Flood Response M&E Plan of 2022 77

8.1 Preparedness Assessments 81

9. Achieving Heightened Preparedness 83

9.1 Current Limitations in Response Preparedness 83

10. Building Resilient Systems 94

10.1 Watershed Management 95

11. Institutions for Adaptation and Mitigation 111

11.1 Climate Change Governance in KP 111

12. Establishment of a Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund 123

13. Climate Change Financing Options 126

14. Conclusion 130

Annex 1: Components of Flood Response 132

Part A: Assessment of Damages and Immediate Response

GoKP's Immediate Relief Measures

Public Infrastructure Damages Assessment

PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGES

Public Infrastructure Damages

Financial Requirements and Financing Gap

³ Of which around PKR 18 billion form damage rectiﬁcation to pre-crisis levels.

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, REQUIRED FUNDS, PLAUSIBLE

Figure: Overall damage assessment, ﬁnancial arrangements and standing deﬁcit

FUNDS REQUIRED 2022-23 2023-24

PHASED FINANCING OF MAJORLY DAMAGED SECTORS

PHE E&SE ENERGY & LOCAL C&W IRRIGATION

TOTAL FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT AND PHASED FINANCING

FUNDS REQUIRED 2022-23 2023-24

PHASED FINANCING OF REMAINING SECTORS (IN PKR MILLIONS)

HEALTH HIGHER SPORTS MSD FOOD BOR AGRICULTURE

Eﬀective Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting

Part B: Laying Foundations for a Mitigative and Adaptive Climate Strategy

Responsive Data-Driven Development

Achieving Heightened Preparedness

Key Agency Plans and Systems Reforms for Preparedness

Department-Speciﬁc and Department-Common Plans: Short and Medium Term

Cross-departmental resilience-enhancing measures include:

Building Resilient Systems

River Basin Management

Increasing Access to Flood Insurance

Institutions for Adaptation and Mitigation

Essential Institutional Adjustments for Adaptation and Mitigation

The Role of Public Communications and Community Engagement

Developing a Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Fund

Climate Change Financing Options

2. Immediate Relief Measures

2.1 Monsoons As a Recurring Seasonal Event and Relief Requirements

2.2 Recent Manifestations of Climate Change and Relief Planning

1.Mega ﬂoods of 2010;

⁷ Population census of 2017