ELEMENTS OF THERMODYNAMICS

ME 1032
ASSIGNMENT – 2
1. A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5°C and
delivers heat to a reservoir at 60°C. The heat pump is driven by a reversible heat
engine which takes in heat from a reservoir at 840°C and rejects heat to a reservoir
at 60°C. The reversible heat engine also drives a machine that absorbs 30 kW. If the
heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s from the, 5°C reservoir determine
(a) The rate of heat supply from the 840°C source
(b) The rate of heat rejection to the 60°C sink.
[Ans. (a) 47.61 kW; (b) 34.61 kW]

2. A household refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 2°C. Every time the

door is opened, warm material is placed inside, introducing an average of 420 kJ,
but making only a small change in the temperature of the refrigerator. The door is
opened 20 times a day, and the refrigerator operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The
cost of work is Rs. 2.50 per kWh. What is the monthly bill for this refrigerator? The
atmosphere is at 30°C.
[Ans. Rs. 118.80]

3. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following
state: Pressure 1.2MPa, temperature 188°C, enthalpy 2785kJ/kg, velocity 33.3m/s
and elevation 3m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state: Pressure
20kPa, enthalpy 2512kJ/kg, velocity 100m/s, and elevation 0m. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at the rate of 0.29kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is
0.42kg/s, what is the power output of the turbine in kW?
[Ans. 112.51 kW]

4. A turbo compressor delivers 2.33m3/s at 0.276MPa, 43°C which is heated at this

pressure to 430°C and finally expanded in a turbine which delivers 1860kW. During
the expansion, there is a heat transfer of 0.09MJ/s to the surroundings. Calculate
the turbine exhaust temperature if changes in kinetic and potential energy are
negligible.
[Ans. 157°C]

5. In water cooling tower air enters at a height of 1m above the ground level and leaves
at a height of 7m. The inlet and outlet velocities are 20m/s and 30m/s respectively.
Water enters at a height of 8m and leaves at a height of 0.8m. The velocity of water
 at entry and exit are 3m/s and 1m/s respectively. Water temperatures are 80°C and
50°C at the entry and exit respectively. Air temperatures are 30°C and 70°C at the
entry and exit respectively. The cooling tower is well insulated and a fan of
2.25kWdrives the air through the cooler. Find the amount of air per second
required for 1kg/s of water flow. The values of Cp of air and water are1.005 and
4.187kJ/kg K respectively.
[Ans. 3.16 kg/s]

6. Air at 101.325kPa, 20°C is taken into a gas turbine power plant at a velocity of
140m/s through an opening of 0.15 m2 cross-sectional area. The air is compressed
heated, expanded through a turbine, and exhausted at 0.18MPa, 150°C through an
opening of 0.10 m2cross-sectional area. The power output is 375 kW. Calculate the
net amount of heat added to the air in kJ/kg. Assume that air obeys the law
pv = 0.287 (t + 273)
Where p is the pressure in kPa, v is the specific volume in m 3/kg, and t is the
temperature in °C. Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K.
[Ans. 150.23 kJ/kg]
7. A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18kW power, and three
100W lamps. Ventilation air at the rate of 80kg/h enters with an enthalpy of 84kJ/kg
and leaves with an enthalpy of 59kJ/kg. If each person puts out heat at the rate of
630kJ/h determine the rate at which heat is to be removed by a room cooler, so that
a steady state is maintained in the room.
[Ans. 1.92 kW]
8. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 6m/s
with a pressure of 1bar and a specific volume of 0.85m3/kg, and leaving at 4.5m/s
with a pressure of 6.9bar and a specific volume of 0.16m3/kg. The internal energy of
the air leaving is 88kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a
jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 59W.
Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and the inlet and outlet cross-
sectional areas.
[Ans.45.4 kW, 0.057 m2, 0.0142 m2]

9. 10kg of fluid per minute goes through a reversible steady flow process. The
properties of fluid at the inlet are: p1=1.5bar, ρ1=26kg/m3, C1=110m/s and
u1=910kJ/kg and at the exit are p2=5.5bar, ρ2=5.5kg/m3, C2=190m/s and
u2=710kJ/kg. During the passage, the fluid rejects 55kJ/s and rises through
55metres. Determine:
(i) The change in enthalpy (Δ h);
(ii) Work done during the process (W).
[Ans. (i) –105.77 kJ/kg, (ii)-39.46 kW]
10. A turbine, operating under steady-flow conditions, receives 4500kg of steam per
hour. The steam enters the turbine at a velocity of 2800m/min and elevation of
5.5mand a specific enthalpy of 2800kJ/kg. It leaves the turbine at a velocity of
5600m/min, an elevation of 1.5m and a specific enthalpy of 2300kJ/kg. Heat losses
from the turbine to the surroundings amount to 16000kJ/h.
Determine the power output of the turbine.
[Ans. 633.44kW]

11. 12kg of air per minute is delivered by a centrifugal air compressor. The inlet and
outlet conditions of air are C1=12m/s, p1=1bar, v1=0.5m3/kg and C2=90m/s,
p2=8bar, v2=0.14m3/kg. The increase in enthalpy of air passing through the
compressor is150kJ/kg and heat loss to the surroundings is 700kJ/min. Find :
(i) Motor power required to drive the compressor;
(ii) Ratio of inlet to outlet pipe diameter.
Assume that inlet and discharge lines are at the same level.
[Ans. (i) 42.46 kW, (ii) 5.175]
12. During flight, the air speed of a turbojet engine is 250m/s. ambient air temperature
is – 14°C. Gas temperature at outlet of nozzle is 610°C. Corresponding enthalpy
values for air and gas are respectively 250 and 900kJ/kg. Fuel air ratio is 0.0180.
Chemical energy of fuel is 45MJ/kg. Owing to incomplete combustion 6% of
chemical energy is not released in the reaction. Heat loss from the engine is21kJ/kg
of air. Calculate the velocity of the exhaust jet.
[Ans. 455.16 m/s]
13. Air at a temperature of 20°C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 40m/s
where its temperature is raised to 820°C. It then enters a turbine with same velocity
of 40m/s and expands till the temperature falls to 620°C. On leaving the turbine, the
air is taken at a velocity of 55m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature
has fallen to510°C. If the air flow rate is 2.5kg/s, calculate :
(i) Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger;
(ii) The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss;
(iii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss.
Take the enthalpy of air as h = Cpt, where Cp is the specific heat equal to
1.005kJ/kg°C and t the temperature.
[Ans. (i) 2010kJ/s, (ii) 504.3kW, (iii) 473.4m/s]
14. Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at a pressure of 1bar, a
temperature of 290K, and a velocity of 6m/s through an inlet with an area of 0.1m2.
At the exit, the pressure is 7bar, the temperature is 450K, and the velocity is 2m/s.
Heat transfer from the compressor to its surroundings occurs at a rate of
180kJ/min. Employing the ideal gas model, calculate the power input to the
compressor, in kW.
[Ans. -119.4 kW]
15. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series, A rejecting heat
directly to B. Engine A receives 200 kJ at a temperature of 421°C from a hot source,
while engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4°C. If
the work output of A is twice that of B, find
(a) The intermediate temperature between A and B
(b) The efficiency of each engine
(c) The heat rejected to the cold sink
[Ans. 143.4°C, 40% and 33.5%, 80 kJ]
16. Two Carnot engines A and B are connected in series between two thermal
reservoirs maintained at 1000 K and 100 K respectively. Engine A receives 1680 kJ
of heat from the high-temperature reservoir and rejects heat to the Carnot engine
B. Engine B takes in heat rejected by engine A and rejects heat to the low
temperature reservoir. If engines A and B have equal thermal efficiencies,
determine
(a) The heat rejected by engine B
(b) The temperature at which heat is rejected by engine, A
(c) The work done during the process by engines, A and B respectively.
If engines A and B deliver equal work, determine
(d) The amount of heat taken in by engine B
(e) The efficiencies of engines A and B
[Ans. (a) 168 kJ, (b) 316.2 K, (c) 1148.7, 363.3 kJ, (d) 924 kJ, (e) 45%, 81.8%]
17. A heat pump is to be used to heat a house in winter and then reversed to cool the
house in summer. The interior temperature is to be maintained at 20°C. Heat
transfer through the walls and roof is estimated to be 0.525kJ/s per degree
temperature difference between the inside and outside.
(a) If the outside temperature in winter is 5°C, what is the minimum power required
to drive the heat pump?
(b) If the power output is the same as in part (a), what is the maximum outer
temperature for which the inside can be maintained at 20°C?
[Ans. (a) 403 W, (b) 35.4°C]
18. A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K is used to drive
a heat pump which extracts heat from the reservoir at 300K at a rate twice that at
which the engine rejects heat to it. If the efficiency of the engine is 40% of the
 maximum possible and the COP of the heat pump is 50% of the maximum possible,
what is the temperature of the reservoir to which the heat pump rejects heat? What
is the rate of heat rejection from the heat pump if the rate of heat supply to the
engine is 50 kW?
[Ans. 326.5 K, 86 kW]
19. A reversible engine operates between temperatures T1 and T (T1 > T). The energy
rejected from this engine is received by a second reversible engine at the same
temperature T. The second engine rejects energy at temperature T2 (T2 < T).
Show that:
(a) Temperature T is the arithmetic mean of temperatures T1 and T2 if the engines
produce the same amount of work output.
(b) Temperature T is the geometric mean of temperatures T1 and T2 if the engines
have the same cycle efficiencies.
20. A heat engine operates between the maximum and minimum temperatures of 671°C
and 60°C respectively, with an efficiency of 50% of the appropriate Carnot
efficiency. It drives a heat pump which uses river water at 4.4°C to heat a block of
flats in which the temperature is to be maintained at 21.1°C. Assuming that a
temperature difference of 11.1°C exists between the working fluid and the river
water, on the one hand, and the required room temperature on the other, and
assuming the heat pump to operate on the reversed Carnot cycle, but with a COP of
50% of the ideal COP, find the heat input to the engine per unit heat output from
the heat pump. Why is direct heating thermodynamically more wasteful?
[Ans. 0.79 kJ/kJ heat input]