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Types of Knowledge

There are two main types of knowledge: episodic knowledge and semantic knowledge. Episodic knowledge refers to autobiographical memories of specific past events, people, places, objects, etc. Semantic knowledge deals with general world knowledge that is not tied to personal experiences and includes facts, concepts, and relationships between ideas. Within semantic knowledge there are different sub-types including declarative, procedural, conditional, and strategic knowledge. For knowledge to be considered legitimate, it needs to meet criteria of being rational, empirical, and pragmatic.

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70 views20 pages

Types of Knowledge

There are two main types of knowledge: episodic knowledge and semantic knowledge. Episodic knowledge refers to autobiographical memories of specific past events, people, places, objects, etc. Semantic knowledge deals with general world knowledge that is not tied to personal experiences and includes facts, concepts, and relationships between ideas. Within semantic knowledge there are different sub-types including declarative, procedural, conditional, and strategic knowledge. For knowledge to be considered legitimate, it needs to meet criteria of being rational, empirical, and pragmatic.

Uploaded by

Mutya Kismet Logroño
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE – facts, information, and skills


acquired through experience or education.

– awareness or familiarity gained by


experience of a fact or situation.

– the sum of what is known: the body of truth,


information, and principles acquired by
humankind.
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

1. Episodic Knowledge

- refers to biographical memory


reflecting not only what happened but
also where and when it happened.
ex. memories of childhood days

- refers to memory of information about


specific past events that involved the self and
occurred at a particular time and place.
2. Semantic Knowledge

- deals with memories and information


that are not tied to our personal biographies.

- refers to generalizations,
concepts, facts and their associations.
What we eat this morning for breakfast.

Episodic Knowledge

“We should eat like a king in the morning and


like a pauper in the evening”.

Semantic Knowledge
Remembering one’s first day in school

Episodic Knowledge

Ther e is always first time in everything we do.

Semantic Knowledge
Types of Semantic Knowledge

1. Declarative knowledge
- deals with the statement of truth.
- deals with what we know about
the world.
1. 1 Descriptions 1.4. Causal relationships
1. 2. Time elements 1.5. Episodes
1. 3. Process 1.6. Principles
1.7. Concepts
2. Procedural Knowledge
- the knowledge about how things are
to be done.

3. Conditional Knowledge
- accounts for knowing when

4. Strategic Knowledge
- helps us organize our problem-
solving processes by specifying the stages
followed in order to arrive solutions.
Example:

Knowing a strategy Declarative knowledge

Knowing how the strategy works or is implemented

Procedural knowledge
Knowing when to employ the strategy

Conditional knowledge
Knowledge to be considered
legitimate needs to undergo the
following basic processes:

a. Rational - based on correct premise.

b. Empirical - can be verified

c. Pragmatic – refer to practical results.


Organization of Semantic Knowledge

1. Facts – things that are known to be true.

examples

A straight line is the shortest distance


between two points.

Mahabharata is the longest epic in the world.


Facts are differentiated from:

Data – things gathered through the process of


research.
Information – definite knowledge

Ideas - suggestions, impressions or opinion.

Hitchhikes – ideas that are triggered by


suggestions.
Wisdom – gained through experience.
2. Concepts – general categories of things, events
and qualities that are linked by common
features.

ex. concept of learning evaluation

motivation scores
transmutation
reinforcement
assessment
feedback strategies
3 Different Structures of Concepts

1. Properties – common characteristics shared


by all the examples of a concept.

2. Signs – words or symbols that name a concept.

3. Referents – examples of concepts


Example:
Concepts “chair”, “stool” and
“bench”.

Properties: They are pieces of furniture use


for sitting.

Signs: chair, stool, bench

Referents: electric chair, rocking chair,


wheel chair
1. Simple concept –plain and straightforward

2. Complex concept consists of two types:

2.1 Conjunctive concepts – defined by the


simultaneous presence of two or more common
qualities.
ex. mother (female and acting as a parent)

2.2 Disjunctive concept – refers to the existence


of one of two common qualities or both.

ex. influenza (high temperature and colds).


1. Concrete concept -a concept whose
physical characteristics permit us to
classify objects.
ex. categorizing things based on color, texture,
shape.

2. Defined concept – a concept that is treated


beyond its physical characteristics.

ex. teacher and students are defined objects.


Types of Categories

1. Natural categories – natural groupings that


occur in natural setting.

ex. universe, stars, butterflies, birds, rivers

2. Artifact categories – man-made categories

ex. books, schools, curricula, gadgets, equipment


3. Nominal categories – labels assigned to a
situation or thing that is prespecified.

- its meaning is unstable/ may change

ex. neighbor

A neighbor may be a friend.

A neighbor may be an enemy.


Generalizations

- statements that contain the if-then or


predictive characteristics.

ex.
“ As reinforcement increases, the level of
motivation, the patterns of learning
change”,

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