Chapter Four Digital Communication

ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

Chapter four
Layout: 10 Hrs.
1. Introduction.
2. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
4. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).
5. Deferential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK).
6. High order modulation (M-ary Modulation or Multi-Level Modulation).
7. MPSK
8. MFSK
9. MATLAB programs.

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

Lecture One
Digital Modulation
ASK, PSK & PSK
Digital to Analog Converting (DAC)

Objective of Lecture:
Understand the way by which we convert the bit sequences into analog signals.

Behavioral goals:
 Student will be able to covert bit into analog signal.
 Differentiate between different digital modulations scheme.
 Use appropriate digital modulation technique according to given data

This lecture answer important questions which are:

What is PCM?
Why PCM is important?
How is PCM done?
Where can you exploit PCM?
What are the problems in PCM?

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

4.1. Introduction to Bandpass Modulation

In baseband data transmission, which we studied previously, an incoming serial data stream
is represented in the form of a discrete pulse-amplitude modulated wave that can be
transmitted over a baseband channel (e.g., a coaxial cable). What if the requirement is to
transmit the data stream over a band-pass channel, exemplified by wireless and satellite
channels? In applications of this kind, we usually resort to the use of a modulation strategy
configured around a sinusoidal carrier. Whose, amplitude, phase, or frequency is varied in
accordance with the information-bearing data stream.

The primary aim of the chapter is to describe some important digital band-pass modulation
techniques used in practice. In particular, we describe three basic modulation schemes:

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

4.2. Binary Amplitude Shift Keying ASK

ASK is similar to AM (amplitude modulation in analog system). But amplitude of output

of the modulator can take only one of two possible amplitudes during each bit interval.
The output of ASK modulator can be represented as:

𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐾 = 𝑠𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 × A × sin(2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

(1)

Where, 𝑠𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 is the information message (i.e. 𝑚(𝑡)) in the bit form which is 0 or 1; 𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐾 is
modulated signal, 𝑓𝑐 is the carrier frequency or center frequency, 𝑇𝑏 is the bit duration (Bit
Peroid). In ASK, the signal is transmitted after modulation in the two possible values '1'
and '0' in the bit's form, this can be achieved by making the carrier signal ON and OFF

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

corresponding with input of sequences of the bits. In according to input sequence values
'1' and '0' in the bit's form, the ASK can be represented as:

A × sin(2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ′1′ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐾 = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ′0′ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

(2)

Now let justify our discussion with example, suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in
range 50𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 250𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 101101 is data used to be
transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 50,000 𝑏𝑝𝑠 using ASK digital
modulation. The output of ASK corresponding to digital bits:

A × sin(2𝜋 150,000 𝑡 ) → 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐾 = {
0 → 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

Figure: ASK modulation

Two important thing should be known to the reader, which are:

1. Number of cycle within bit period (bit duration), and it is given as:

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
150,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑡
50,000
2. Bit duration in ASK modulation, it given as:
1 1
𝑇𝑏 = = = 20 𝜇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 50,000

4.3. Binary Phase Shift Keying PSK

In fact, Bandpass modulation required to multiply the original data by carrier to be

transmitted over wireless medium. Modulation carrier consist three variable parameters,
which are amplitude, phase and frequency; changing in the amplitude in accordance to data
result ASK modulation, changing in the phase in accordance to the data result PSK
modulation, and finally changing in the frequency in accordance to data result FSK
modulation.

Hence, in the phase modulation, carrier is switched between two phase valued in
accordance to input bits. Mathematically, PSK signal represented as:

𝑆𝑃𝑆𝐾 = 𝑠𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 × A × sin(2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

(3)

Where, 𝜃 is the phase of the carrier. In according to input sequence values '1' and '0' in the
bit's form, the ASK can be represented as:

A × sin(2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 = 0𝑜 ) → 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑆𝑃𝑆𝐾 = {
A × sin(2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 = 180𝑜 ) → 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
(4)

Now let justify our discussion with example, suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in
range 50𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 250𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range
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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 101101 is data used to be
transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 50,000 𝑏𝑝𝑠 using PSK digital
modulation. The output of PSK corresponding to digital bits:

A × sin(2𝜋 150,000 𝑡 + 𝜃 = 0𝑜 ) → 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐾 = {
A × sin(2𝜋 150,000 𝑡 + 𝜃 = 180𝑜 ) → 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

Figure: PSK modulation

Two important thing should be known to the reader, which are:

1. Number of cycle within bit period (bit duration), and it is given as:
𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
150,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑡
50,000
2. Bit duration in PSK modulation, it given as:

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

1 1
𝑇𝑏 = = = 20 𝜇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 50,000

4.4. Binary Frequency Shift Keying PSK

Frequency shift keying uses changes in the frequency of the carrier signal to transmit bit
form information over carrier. FSK can described as follows:

A × sin(2𝜋 (𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑐 ) 𝑡 ) → 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

𝑆𝐹𝑆𝐾 = {
A × sin(2𝜋 (𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑐 )𝑐 𝑡 ) → 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
(5)

Where, ∆𝑐 is frequency offset. With FSK, the carrier is shifted up in the frequency by ∆𝑐
to signify '1' and is shifted down in frequency by ∆𝑐 to signify a '0'.

Now let justify our discussion with example, suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in
range 50𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 250𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 101101 is data used to be
transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 50,000 𝑏𝑝𝑠 using FSK digital
modulation with frequency offset ∆𝑐 = 50,000 𝑘𝐻𝑧. The output of PSK corresponding to
digital bits:

Figure: PSK modulation

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

𝑆𝐴𝑆𝐾
A × sin(2𝜋 (150,000 + 50,000) 𝑡 + 𝜃 = 0𝑜 ) → 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
= {
A × sin(2𝜋 (150,000 + 50,000) 𝑡 + 𝜃 = 180𝑜 ) → 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏

Two important thing should be known to the reader, which are:

1. Number of cycle within 1-bit period (bit duration), it is given as:

𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑐
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
200,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 4 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑡
50,000
2. Number of cycle within 0-bit period (bit duration), it is given as:
𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑐
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
100,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 2 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑡
50,000
3. Bit duration in ASK modulation, it given as:
1 1
𝑇𝑏 = = = 20 𝜇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 50,000

4.5. deferential Phase Shift Keying DPSK (Non Coherent)

With DPSK, the data are encoded by means of changes in phase rather than by absolute
value of phase in the carrier. For binary PSK representation of binary bits as follow:

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

 1 can be encoded as no change in the phase as used for previous bit.

 0 can be encoded as 1800 change in the phase relative to previous bit.

Now let justify our discussion with example, suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in
range 50𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 250𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 101101 is data used to be
transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 50,000 𝑏𝑝𝑠 using PSK digital
modulation. The output of PSK corresponding to digital bits:

Figure: DPSK

Two important thing should be known to the reader, which are:

1. Number of cycle within bit period (bit duration), and it is given as:
𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑠 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
150,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑡
50,000
2. Bit duration in PSK modulation, it given as:
1 1
𝑇𝑏 = = = 20 𝜇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 50,000

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

HW: See each waveform given in the figure below and answer the following:

Find:

1. Data rate (Transmission Speed)

2. Determine the modulation technique of each wave
3. Determine the carrier frequency
4. The transmitted data
5. Offset frequency, where applicable

Q: Why modulate the signal to medium frequencies, but we have to be careful not goes
for very high frequencies and not down to low frequencies?

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

4.6. High Order Modulation (M-ary Modulation or Multi-Level Modulation)

In recent year, we have been trying to obtain more and more communication services out
of limited amount of the spectrum as result, channelization in the various system is
becoming bandlimited. Sampling process is another issue, where sampling frequency
choosing at least two times of signal frequency.

In any attempt to improve this scarcity, high order modulation method has been used which
offer greater bandwidth efficiency. The improvement in the bandwidth efficiency come
from allocating more bits per signal carrier frequency or greater bits per symbol (level). It
clears the advantage of high order modulation can be increased the bandwidth efficiency
compared to binary digital modulation technique. Disadvantage of M-ary modulations is
that they are more complex and more susceptible to noise than compare to binary
modulation technique.

In the binary digital modulation number of bits per symbol (carrier) is 𝑛 = 1, it mean
number of distinct symbol is 𝑀 = 21 = 2 symbols rather than high order modulation,
number of bits 𝑛 ≥ 2 which mean number of symbols are 𝑀 = 2𝑛 . The relation between
number of bits and number of distinct symbols are given as:

𝑛 = log 2 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 = 2𝑛

(6)

Transmission speed (data rate or transmission rate) using high order modulation
become 𝑛 times of binary modulation, where transmission speed in bit per second
expressed as

𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑝𝑠 = 𝑛 × 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑠

(7)
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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

4.6.1. M-ary Phase Shift Keying

The M-ary PSK modulation allocate more than single bit to each carrier symbol uses
different phase at each carrier symbol. The difference between each carrier symbol is
determined by

360𝑜
𝑑=
𝑀

Now let justify our discussion with example, suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in
range 50𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 250𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 1101100001 is data used to
be transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍/𝒔𝒆𝒄 using
4PSK digital modulation. Find transmission speed in bps?

 first we determine number of distinct level which is M = 4

 Then we find number of bits per each symbol, 𝑛 = log 2 𝑀 → 𝑛 = log 2 22 → 𝑛 =
2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠.
 Now we find distance between each phase of symbols, which is given as
360𝑜 360
𝑑= = = 90𝑜
𝑀 4
 We allocate each two bits to distinct symbol as follow:
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅0 = 450 )
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + ∅0 = 450 )
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅1 = 1350 )
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + ∅1 = 1350 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅2 = 2250 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + ∅2 = 2250 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅3 = 3150 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑐 𝑡 + ∅3 = 3150 )

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

 Number of cycle within bit period (bit duration), and it is given as:
𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑆 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
150,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000
 Bit duration in PSK modulation, it given as:
1 1
𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 = = = 20 𝜇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 50,000
𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
 Transmission speed in bps = 𝑛 × transmission speed in
𝑠
𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
Transmission speed in bps = 2 × 50,000 = 100,000 𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑠

Figure: 4PSK representation

4.6.2. M-ary Frequency Shift Keying

The M-ary FSK modulation allocate more than single bit to each carrier symbol uses
different frequency at each carrier symbol. In his case, we can create different symbol with
different frequencies. The symbols divided into two groups; first group of symbols (carrier)
are frequencies up and second group of symbols are down. Carrier frequencies is given as:

𝑀
𝑢𝑝 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑐 ,𝑓𝑐 + 2∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 + 3∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 + ∆
2 𝑐

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

𝑀
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑐 ,𝑓𝑐 − 2∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 − 3∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 − ∆
2 𝑐
(8)

Now let justify our discussion with example, suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in
range 75𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 275𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 75 ← 175 → 275). Assume the 1101100001 is data used to be
transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍/𝒔𝒆𝒄 using
4PSK digital modulation, frequency offset ∆𝑐 = 25 𝑘𝐻𝑧. Find transmission speed in bps?

 first we determine number of distinct level which is M = 4

 Then we find number of bits per each symbol, 𝑛 = log 2 𝑀 → 𝑛 = log 2 22 → 𝑛 =
2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠.
 Carrier frequencies of four groups are given as:
𝑢𝑝 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {200000, 225000}
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {150000, 125000}
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑐 )𝑡 )
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋200000𝑡 )
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓(𝑓𝑐 + 2∆𝑐 )𝑐 𝑡 )
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋225,000𝑡 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑐 )𝑡 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 2∆𝑐 )𝑡 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋125,000𝑐 𝑡 )
 Number of cycle within bit period (bit duration), and it is given as:
𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟎𝟎 =
𝑇𝑆 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)

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 Chapter Four Digital Communication
ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT

200,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 4 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000
𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟎𝟏 =
𝑇𝑆 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
225,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 4.5 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000

𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟏𝟎 =
𝑇𝑆 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
150,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000

𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟏𝟏 =
𝑇𝑆 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
125,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 2.5 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000

 Bit duration in PSK modulation, it given as:

1 1
𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 = = = 20 𝜇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 50,000
𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
 Transmission speed in bps = 𝑛 × transmission speed in
𝑠
𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
Transmission speed in bps = 2 × 50,000 = 100,000 𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑠

Figure: 4FSK representation

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