Matrices

• A rectangular array of numbers. A matrix with m rows and n columns

is called mxn matrix
𝑚11 𝑚12
0 1 0
𝑀3𝑥2 = [𝑚21 𝑚22] 𝑁 =[ ]
2 4 3
𝑚31 𝑚32
Dimension 2x3
Row

Element
Column
Matrix Addition (and Subtraction)
• Matrices of the same size can be added by finding the sum of
elements of the same address.
1 2 4 5 7 8 9
A2x2 = [ ] B2x2= [ ] C2x3 = [ ]
3 4 6 7 10 11 12

1 2 4 5 5 7
A+B= [ ] + [ ]= [ ]
3 4 6 7 9 11

1 2 4 5 −3 −3
A-B= [ ] - [ ]= [ ]
3 4 6 7 −3 −3
Matrix Multiplication
• Matrices M and N can be multiplied if M is mxk matrix and N is a kxn
matrix. The resulting product matrix will be an mxn matrix
−1 3 4 3 −2
A2x2 = [ ] B2x3 = [ ]
4 −2 5 −1 0
−1 3 4 3 −2
AB = A2x2 ∙ B2x3 = [ ]∙[ ]=
4 −2 5 −1 0
1 2
−1 3 1 4 3 −2 −4 + 15 −3 + −3 2 + 0
=[ ]∙ [ ]=[ ]
4 −2 2 5 −1 0 16 + −10 12 + 2 −8 + 0
Matrix Multiplication
−1 3 4 3 −2
AB = A2x2 ∙ B2x3 = [ ]∙[ ]=
1 2
4 −2 5 −1 0

−1 3 1 4 3 −2 −4 + 15 −3 + −3 2 + 0
=[ ]∙ [ ]=[ ]
4 −2 2 5 −1 0 16 + −10 12 + 2 −8 + 0

11 −6 2
=[ ]
6 14 −8
Matrix Multiplication
−1 3 4 3 −2
A2x2 = [ ] B2x3 = [ ]
4 −2 5 −1 0

−1 3 4 3 −2
AB = A2x2 ∙ B2x3 = [ ]∙[ ]=
4 −2 5 −1 0
1 2 3

4 3 −2 1 −1 3
BA = B2x3 ∙ A2x2 = [ ]∙ [ ] = not possible
5 −1 0 2 4 −2
Example
0 1 −1 −2 8
Let A2x3 = [ ]and B2x2 = [ ]
4 −7 3 7 6

1. A - B 4. AB

2. BA 5. A2

3. B 2 6. B+B
Example
0 1 −1 −2 8
Let A = [ ] and B2x3 = [ ]
4 −7 3 7 6

1. A - B = not possible 4. AB = not possible

32 −58 −26
2. BA = 5. A2 = (AxA)= not possible
24 −35 11

2 60 32 −4 16
3. B = [ ] 6. 2B = [ ]
28 92 14 12
Identity Matrix A ∙ I = A
The identity matrix is a square matrix In = Symmetric ij where
Symmetric ij = 1 if i=j and Symmetric ij = 0 if i≠j. First diagonal is 1’s and
all other elements are 0.
2 1 3
Example: Find AI where A = [4 −2 7 ]
0 1 −1

2 1 3 1 0 0
Let A = [4 −2 7 ] ∙ [0 1 0] =
0 1 −1 0 0 1
Identity Matrix A ∙ I = A

2 1 3 1 0 0 2+0+0 0+1+0 0+0+3

Let A = [4 −2 7 ] ∙ [0 1 0] = [4 + 0 + 0 0−2+0 0 + 0 + 7]
0 1 −1 0 0 1 0+0+0 0+1+0 0+0−1

2 1 3
= [4 −2 7]
0 1 −1
Transpose Matrices
• The transpose of 𝐴𝑚𝑥𝑛 denoted At is the nxm matrix obtained by
interchanging rows and columns of A. If A = At the A is symmetric
4 0
A1= [5 1 ] Not Symmetric

7 −1

2 1 3 2 4 0
A = [4 −2 7 ] Symmetric At = [1 −2 1 ]
0 1 −1 3 7 −1
Determinant
Determinant of Matrix 1x1
A = [2] |A| = |2| = 2 (Determinant A)
B = [-1] |B| = |-1| = -1 (Determinant of B

Determinant of Matrix 2x2

𝑎 𝑏
X=[ ] |X| = ad - bc
𝑐 𝑑
1 2
C=[ ] |C| = (1 ∙ 3) - (2 ∙ -1) = 3 - (-2) = 5
−1 3
 −1 3
• D=[ ] |D| = -1 ∙ -2) - (3 ∙ 4) = 2 - 12 = -10
4 −2
Determinant of Matrix 3x3
a b c
A = [d e f ]
g h i
e f d f d e
|A| = a| | - b| | + 𝐜| |
h i g i g h
|A| = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)

Example #1:
1 1 −1
A=[ 2 4 3 ]
−2 1 0
= 1[(4 ∙ 0) - (3 ∙ 1)] - 1[(2 ∙ 0) - (3 ∙ -2)] + -1[(2 ∙ 1) - (4 ∙ -2)]
= -3 - 6 - 10 = -19
Exmple #2
1 2 3
A = [7 8 9]
2 6 9
=6
Decimal Expansions from Binary, Octal and
Hexadecimal
Let b∈Z and b>1. Then if n∈Z + it can be expresed uniquely in the form
n = ak bk + ak−1 bk−1 + ... + a1 b + a0
where k is a non-negative Integer, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 . . . 𝑎𝑘 are non-negative
integers less than 𝑏1 and 𝑎𝑘 ≠ 0
Decimal, b = 10
Binary, b = 2
Octal, b = 8
Hexadecimal, b = 16
 Example
Write the decimal expansion of 10, 456
10, 456 = 1 ∙ 104 + 0 ∙ 103 + 4∙ 102 + 5 ∙ 101 + 6 ∙ 100

Binary to Decimal Expansion

What is the decimal expansion that has 1011 11012 as its binary expansion?
1011 11012 = 1∙ 27 + 0∙ 26 + 1 ∙ 25 + 1∙ 24 + 1 ∙ 23 + 1 ∙ 22 + 0 ∙ 21 + 1 ∙ 20
= 1 ∙ 128 + 1 ∙ 32 + 1 ∙ 16 + 1 ∙ 8 + 1 ∙ 4 + 1 ∙ 1
= 18910
Octal to Decimal Expansion
• That is the decimal expansion of the number with an octal expansion
of 40728
40728 = 4 ∙ 83 + 0 ∙ 82 + 7 ∙ 81 + 2 ∙ 80
= 4 ∙ 512 + 0 ∙ 64 + 7 ∙ 8 + 2
= 2048 + 0 + 56 +2
= 210610
Hexadecimal to Decimal Expansion
What is the decimal expansion of the number with a hexadecimal
expansion of 2AE0B16
A = 10 B = 11 C = 12 D = 13 E = 14 F = 15

2AE0B16 = 2 ∙ 164 + 10 ∙ 163 + 14 ∙ 162 + 0 ∙ 161 + 11 ∙ 160

= 131072 + 40960 + 3584 + 0 + 11
= 175, 62710
Activity #1
1 3 5 10 20 5 10
• Let A = [ ], B=[ ], and C=[ ]
2 4 6 30 40 15 20

1. B - A 4. BA

2. CB 5. A2

3. B2 6. 2C
Activity #2
• Determinant of Matrix 3x3
1 3 5
•A=[7 9 11]
13 15 17
Activity #3
• Binary to Decimal
• 1010 0110 11112 =

• Octal to Decimal
• 14728

• Hexadecimal to Decimal
• A0B1C2D316
Decimal to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
• Decimal to Binary conversion
• To convert decimal to Binary, divide integer part by 2 and multiply
fractional part by 2.
Divisor Dividend Remainder

2 13 1
2 6 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
Bottom to Top
2 0 11012

Quotient
Examples
• 2510 = 11012 • 3410 =
2 25 1 2 34 0

2 12 0 2 17 1

2 6 0 2 8 0

2 3 1 2 4 0

2 1 1 2 2 0

0 2 1 1

0
Try to solve the following
1. 5710 = 1110012
2. 6310 = 1111112
3. 7110 = 10001112
4. 8510 = 10101012
5. 9210 = 10111002
Decimal to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
• Decimal to Octal conversion
• To convert decimal to Octal, divide integer part by 8 and multiply
fractional part by 8.
Divisor Dividend Remainder 11210 = 1608
8 112 0
8 14 6
8 1 1
0
Bottom to Top

1608
Quotient
Try to solve the following
1. 11210 =
2. 25410 =
3. 9810 =
4. 7810 =
5. 58710 =
Decimal to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
• Decimal to Hexadecimal conversion
• To convert decimal to Hexadecimal, divide integer part by 16 and
multiply fractional part by 16.
Divisor Dividend Remainder 25410 = 𝐸𝐹16
16 254 14
16 15 15
16 0 Bottom to Top

𝐸𝐹16
Quotient
Try to solve the following
1. 11210 = 7016
2. 25410 = 𝐹𝐸16
3. 9810 = 6216
4. 7810 = 4𝐸16
5. 58710 = 24𝐵16
Counting
• How many ways can you roll an even number on a die?
Answer: 3 (2, 4, 6)

• How many ways can you draw a face card in a standard 52-card deck?
Answer: 12 - (J, Q, K)
Addition Rule
• For two separate tasks A and B
If A can be done in m ways, and
B can be done in n ways,

Then A and B can be done in m+n ways.

• How many ways can you roll an even number on a die or draw a face
card?
A B
Die Card
2 ♣JQK
4 ♠JQK
6 ♥JQK
♦JQK

3 + 12 = 15
Rule of Product
• In subsequent task, A and B,
If there are m ways to do task A, and
n ways to do task B,

Then there are mn ways to do A and B.

Example
I want to make a sandwich with one thing from each category.
Top bread : White, whole wheat, sourdough - 3
Meat : Ham, bologna, pork, steak, salami, rabbit, human - 7
Vegetable : Lettuce, tomato, cucumbers, turnip - 4
Bottom bread : white, whole wheat, sourdough - 3

How many ways can I do that?

3x7x4x3 = 252 ways
• How many ways can we make a license plate with...
a) 3 even numbers and 3 letters?
02468
5x5x5x26x26x26 = 125 x 17,576 = 2,197,000 license plate

b) 2 numbers, 2 letters, 1 odd number, 1 even number and 2 vowels?

10x10x26x26x5x5x5x5 = 42,250,000 license plate
c) 6 letters that are not the same.
abcd
2 letters license plate
43

26x25x24x23x22x21 = 165,765,600 license plate

8 women and 5 men are elected for president.
a) How many ways to choose a winner?
8 + 5 = 13 ways

b) How many man vs woman pairs can we make?

5 x 8 = 40 ways

c) How many ways can we choose a president and a female vice

president?
(Male President x Female Vice) (Female President x Female Vice)
(5 x 8) + (8 x 7)
= 96 ways
Want to buy a sandwich.
3 types of bread
5 types of meat
6 types of cheese

a) How many ways to make 2 meat, 2 cheese sandwich?

3x5x5x6x6 = 2,700 combinations

b) How many ways to make a 3 meat, 2 cheese sandwich? (No repeat)

3 x (5x4x3) x(6x5) = 5,400 combination
Factorial
• if n ∈Z, then “n factorial” is denoted
n! = n x (n-1)x(n-2)x.....321

Examples
3! = 3x2x1 = 6
6! = 6x5x4x3x2x1 = 720
0! = 1
1! = 1
This still counts as a way of arranging it, so by definition, a zero factorial
is equal to one, just as 1! is equal to one because there is only a single
possible arrangement of this data set.
• How many ways can we write a list of 7 numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
without repeating any?
7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 7! or 5040

• How many ways can we write a list of 7 numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

without repeating any? What if the first 3 numbers in the list must be
even?
246
3 x 2 x 1 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 3! x 4! or 144
Permutations
• The number of permutations of length k from a list of n elements
without repetition is
𝑛! 7! 7! 7x6x5x4x3x2x1
= = = = 840
(𝑛−𝑘)! (7−4)! 3! 3x2x1

• How many ways can we write a list of 4 numbers from (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

without repeating any?
7 x 6 x 5 x 4 = 840
• How many ways can we order the letters in the word “BASKET”
6! = 720

• How many ways can we order the letters in the word “ERR”?
3! 6
= =3
1!𝑥2! 2

• How many ways can we order the letters in the word “MISSISSIPPI”?
11! 39,916,800
= = 34, 650 ways
1!2!4!4! 1152
Relation on Set
Let A and B be two sets. A binary relation R from A to B is a subset of
AxB
AxB = {(a,b) | a∈A and b∈B}
Usually we use the notation aRb to denote (a,b)∈R

Example: Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {0,1,2,4}

AXB = {(1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,4), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2),
(3,4)}
Types of Relations
1. Reflexive Relation:
A relation R on a set A is called reflexive if (a,a)∈R for every element
a∈A. In other words, ∀a((a, a)∈R).
Example: Let A = {1,2,3,4}
R1 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (2,3), (3,3), (4,4)}
Relation R1 is reflexive because it contains all ordered pairs of the form
(a,a) for every element a∈A ie., R1 has (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)

R2 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,1), (4,4)}

Relation R2 is not reflexive because the ordered pair (3,3) is not in R2
2. Irreflexive Relation:
A relation R on a set A is called irreflexive if ∀a∈A, (a,a)is not ∈ R.
Example: A = {1,2,3,4}
R3 = {(1,2), (2,1), (3,3), (4,4)} is not irreflexive because (3,3) and (4,4,) is
there in R3
R4 = {(1,2), (2,1)} is irreflexive because ∀a∈A, (a,a)is not ∈ R4.
3. Symmetric Relation:
A relation R on a set A is called symmetric if (b,a)∈R holds when
(a,b)∈R for all a,b∈A
In other words relation R on a set A is symmetric if
∀a∀b((a,b)∈R→(b,a)∈R)
Example: Relation R5 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2)} is symmetric because
for every (a,b)∈R5 (b,a)∈R5
like (1,2) (2,1) is in R5

Relation R6 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4) is not symmetric because for (1,2)
there is no (2,1) in R6. Same is true for (1,3) and (1,4).
4. Antisymmetric Relation:
A relation R on a set A is called antisymmetric if ∀a∀b((a,b)∈R ^ (b,a)∈R
→ (a=b))
Whenever we have (a,b) in R, we will never have (b,a) in R until or
unless (a = b)
Example: Relation R7 = {(1,1), (2,1), (2,1)} on a set A is antisymmetric
5. Transitive Relation
A relation R on a set A is called transitive if ∀a∀b∀c((a,b)∈R ^ (b,c)∈R
→ (a,c)∈R)
Example: A = {1,2,3,4}
R8 = {(2,1), (3,1), (3,2), (4,4)} is transitive because (3,2), (2,1), and (3,1)
are there in R8.

R9 = {(1,2), (1,3)} is not transitive as (1,2) and (1,3) are there in R9 but
there is no (2,3) in relation R9.
6. Asymmetric Relation
A relation R on a set A is called asymmetric if ∀a∀b((a,b)∈R → (b,a)is
not ∈R)
Example: A = {1,2,3,4}
R10 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3) is not an asymmetric relation because of (1,1).

R11 = {(1,2), (1,3), (2,3)} is an asymmetric relation.

Summary
1. Reflexive ∀a((a, a)∈R)
2. Irreflexive ∀a∈A, (a,a)is not ∈ R
3. Symmetric ∀a∀b((a,b)∈R→(b,a)∈R)
4. Antisymmetric ∀a∀b((a,b)∈R ^ (b,a)∈R → (a=b))
5. Transitive ∀a∀b∀c((a,b)∈R ^ (b,c)∈R → (a,c)∈R)
6. Asymmetric ∀a∀b((a,b)∈R → (b,a)is not ∈R)
Problem: Determine whether relation R on the set of all real numbers is
reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and /or transitive, where (x,y)∈R if
and only if
a. x + y = 0
b. x - y is a rational number
c. xy = 0

Solution:
a. R = {(x,y) | x + y = 0}
1. Reflexive: ∀a∈R ((a,a)∈R), Not reflexive. Only true for (0,0).
for (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) not true.
2. Symmetric: ∀a∀b∈R ((a,b)∈R → (b,a)∈R ), if a+b=0 then b+a=0.
therefore, R is symmetric.

3. Antisymmetric: ∀a∀b∈R((a,b)∈R ^ (b,a)∈R → (a=b)). Not

antisymmetric.
1+(-1)=0 and -1+1=0 but 1 is not equal to -1.

4. Transitive: ∀a∀b∀c((a,b)∈R ^ (b,c)∈R → (a,c)∈R)

Not Transitive. 1+(-1)=0 and (-1)+1=0 but 1+1 is not = 0
b. x - y is a rational number
1. Reflexive: a-a= is a rational number
2. Symmetric: if a-b is a rational number then b-a = -(a-b) is also a
rational number
3. Antisymmetric: Not antisymmetric, 3-2 and 2-3 are both rational
numbers but 3 is not = 2.
4. Transitive: if a-b is a rational number and b-c is also a rational
number, then a-c = (a-b) + (b-c) is also a rational number
c. xy = 0
1. Reflexice: Not reflexive, a.a = 𝑎2 = 0 when a=0. for a=1 or 2 not true.
2. Symmetric: ab=0 then ba=0
3. Antisymmetric: Not antisymmetric, 1x0 = 0 and 0x1 = 0 but 1is not
=0.
4. Transitive: Not transitive, -1x0 = 0 and 0x2 = 0 but -1x2 is not =0.
Representation of Relations
Let say we have two sets A and B
A = {1,2,3}
B = {0,1,2,4}
Let say we want to represent a relation R which consists of all ordered pairs (x,y)
where x∈A and y∈B and x≤y
1. Listing Method: R={(1,1), (1,2), (1,4)

2. Set Builder Method:

R(A to B) = {(x,y | x≤y} or R = {(x,y) | x∈A ^ y∈B ^ x≤y}

3. Statement Representation:
∀x∈A ∀y∈B, xRy iff x≤y
4. Matrix Representation:
0124
1 0111
2 0011 |A| = m
3 0 0 0 1 mxn |B| = n

5. Arrow Diagram Representation:

R
0
1
1
A 2 B
2
3
4
Equivalence of Relation
A relation R on a set A is an equivalence relation iff R is reflexive,
symmetric, and transitive.
Example: A = {0,1,2,3}
R1 = {(0,0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,3)}
Is R1 an equivalence relation?
R1 reflexive?
R1 symmetric?
R1 transitive?
A = {0,1,2,3}
R2 = {(0,0) (0,2), (2,0), (2,2), (2,3), (3,2), (3,3)}
Is R2 an equivalence relation?
R2 reflexive?
R2 Symmetric?
R2 Transitive?

A = {0,1,2,3}
R3 = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,0), (1,2), (2,0), (2,2), (3,3)}
Is R3 equivalence relation?
R3 reflexive?
R3 symmetric?
R3 transitive?