Written as per the syllabus prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education.

CBSE
CLASS X
MATHEMATICS
TERM - II
 

 
Salient Features
• Extensive coverage of the syllabus for Term - II in an effortless and easy to grasp format.
 
• In alignment with the latest paper pattern of Central Board of Secondary Education.
  • Neat and labelled diagrams.
  • Constructions drawn with accurate measurements. 
• ‘Things to Remember’ highlights important facts.
 
• Variety of additional problems for practice.
  • Questions from previous years board papers have been solved.
  • Memory Maps at the end of each chapter to facilitate quick revision.
• Sample Test Paper at the end of each chapter designed for student’s Self Assessment.
 
• Model Question Papers in accordance with the latest paper pattern.
 
 
 

 
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P.O. No. 34971

  10441_11071_JUP
 
 
 

PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.

“Class X: Mathematics” is a complete and thorough guide critically analyzed and extensively drafted to
foster the student’s confidence. The book ensures extensive coverage of the syllabus for Term - II in an effortless
and easy to grasp format.
The Topic-wise classified format for each chapter of this book helps the students in easy comprehension.
Each chapter includes the following features:
Theory of each mathematical concept is explained with appropriate references. NCERT exercises and Exemplar
questions are covered with solutions. Problems based on NCERT exercises covering all the topics are provided
with solutions. Practice problems based on NCERT exercises and MCQs help students to revise the topics
thoroughly. One Mark Questions are provided for each chapter. Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) questions
have been added for the student to gain insight on the various levels of theory-based questions. Value - Based
Questions which emphasize on values have been included. Memory Map has been provided to give a quick
overview of the chapter, helping the students in effective learning. Sample Test Paper at the end of each chapter
helps to test the range of preparation of the students. ‘Things to Remember’ help the students’ gain knowledge
required to understand different concepts.
Two Model Question Papers, designed as per CBSE Paper Pattern, are a unique tool to enable self-assessment for
the students.

Answers for previous years Board Questions have been included in this book.

The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : [email protected]

A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully,
Publisher

UNIT WISE WEIGHTAGE 
(Term ‐ II) 
No. Units Marks
II Algebra (Contd.) 23
III Geometry (Contd.) 17
IV Trigonometry (Contd.) 08
V Probability 08
VI Coordinate Geometry 11
VII Mensuration 23
Total 90
 
 

SYLLABUS
Unit II: Algebra (Contd.)
3. Quadratic Equations:
Standard form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0). Solution of the quadratic equations
(only real roots) by factorization, by completing the square and by using quadratic formula.
Relationship discriminant and nature of roots.
Problems related to day to day activities to be incorporated.
4. Arithmetic Progressions:
Motivation for studying Arithmetic Progression, Derivation of the nth term and sum of first n terms of
A.P. and their application in solving daily life problems.
Unit III: Geometry (Contd.)
2. Circles:
Tangents to a circle motivated by chords drawn from points coming closer and closer to the point.
i. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
ii. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to circle are equal.
3. Constructions:
i. Division of a line segment in a given ratio (internally).
ii. Tangent to a circle from a point outside it.
iii. Construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle.
Unit IV: Trigonometry (Contd.)
3. Heights and Distances:
Simple problems on heights and distances. Problems should not involve more than two right triangles.
Angles of elevation / depression should be only 30, 45, 60.
Unit V: Statistics and Probability
2. Probability:
Classical definition of probability. Connection with probability as given in Class IX. Simple problems
on single events not using set notation.
Unit VI: Coordinate Geometry
1. Lines (In two dimensions):
Review the concepts of coordinate geometry done earlier including graphs of linear equations.
Awareness of geometraical representation of quadratic polynomials. Distance between two points and
section formula (internal). Area of a triangle.
Unit VII: Mensuration
1. Areas Related to Circles:
Motivate the area of a circle; area of sectors and segments of a circle. Problems based on areas and
perimeter / circumference of the above said plane figures. (In calculating area of segment of a circle,
problems should be restricted to central angle of 60, 90 and 120 only. Plane figures involving
triangles, simple quadrilaterals and circle should be taken).
2. Surface areas and Volumes:
i. Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes, cuboids, spheres,
hemispheres and right circular cylinders / cones. Frustum of a cone.
ii. Problems involving converting one type of metallic solid into another and other mixed problems.
(Problems with combination of not more than two different solids be taken).
  
 

QUESTION PAPER PATTERN 
Mathematics Code No. 041 Time : 3 Hour Marks : 90
Very Short Short Short Long
Answer Answer-I Answer-II Answer Total (%)
No. Typology of Questions
(VSA) (SA) (SA) (LA) Marks Weightage
(1 mark) (2 Marks) (3 Marks) (4 Marks)
Remembering – (Knowledge based Simple recall
1. questions, to know specific facts, terms, concepts, 1 2 2 3 23 26%
principles or theories; Identify, define or recite,
information)
Understanding – (Comprehension – to be familiar
2.
with meaning and to understand conceptually,
2 1 1 4 23 26%
interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase or
interpret information)

Application – (Use abstract information in concrete

situation, to apply knowledge to new situations; Use
3. 1 2 3 2 22 24%
given content to interpret a situation, provide an
example or solve a problem)

High Order Thinking skills – (Analysis and

Synthesis – Classify, compare, contrast or
4. differentiate between different pieces of information; — 1 4 — 14 16%
Organize and/or integrate unique pieces of
information from a variety of sources)
Creating, Evaluation and Multi-Disciplinary
(Generating new ideas, product or ways of viewing
5. things. Appraise, judge, and/or justify the value or — — — 2* 08 8%
worth of a decision or outcome or to predict
outcomes based on values)
TOTAL 41=4 6  2 = 12 10  3 = 30 11  4 = 44 90 100%

*One of the LA (4 marks) will be to assess the values inherent in the texts.
 
 

Contents
NCERT
Textbook Chapter Name Page No.
Chapter No.

04 Quadratic Equations 1

05 Arithmetic Progressions 50

07 Coordinate Geometry 105

09 Some Applications of Trigonometry 153

10 Circles 184

11 Constructions 216

12 Areas Related to Circles 262

13 Surface Areas and Volumes 320

15 Probability 369

Model Question Paper – I 394

Model Question Paper – II 397

04.  Quadratic Equations Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Equations  x2  4x + 6 = 0
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation  the given equation is a quadratic equation.
of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c are real iii. The given equation is
numbers, a  0. (x – 2) (x + 1) = (x – 1) (x + 3)
(It is called standard form of a quadratic equation).  x2 + x – 2x – 2 = x2 + 3x – x  3
Examples:  x2 – x – 2 = x2 + 2x  3
4x2 + 2x + 1 = 0, x2 + 4 = 0, 6 – 4x  x2 = 0 are  3x – 1 = 0
quadratic equations. It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
 the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
Things to Remember (It is a linear equation).

 Any equation of the form p(x) = 0 where p(x) iv. The given equation is
is a quadratic polynomial is a quadratic (x – 3) (2x + 1) = x (x + 5)
equation.  2x2 + x – 6x – 3 = x2 + 5x
 x2 – 10x – 3 = 0
 ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 (when terms are It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
written in decreasing order of their degrees)  the given equation is a quadratic equation.
Things to
is aRemember
standard form of the equation.
v. The given equation is
(2x – 1) (x – 3) = (x + 5) (x – 1)
NCERT Exercise 4.1  2x2 – 6x – x + 3 = x2 – x + 5x – 5
 2x2 – 7x + 3 = x2 + 4x – 5
1. Check whether the following are quadratic  x2 – 11x + 8 = 0
equations:
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
i. (x + 1)2 = 2(x – 3)  the given equation is a quadratic equation.
ii. x2 – 2x = (–2)(3 – x)
vi. The given equation is
iii. (x – 2) (x + 1) = (x – 1) (x + 3)
x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2
iv. (x – 3) (2x + 1) = x (x + 5)
v. (2x – 1) (x – 3) = (x + 5) (x – 1)  x2 + 3x + 1 = x2 – 4x + 4
vi. x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2  7x – 3 = 0
vii. (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1) It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
viii. x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = (x – 2)3  the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
Solution: vii. The given equation is
i. The given equation is (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1)
(x + 1)2 = 2(x  3)  x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8 = 2x3 – 2x
 x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x  6  x3 – 6x2 – 14x – 8 = 0
 x2 + 7 = 0 It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0  the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
 the given equation is a quadratic equation.
viii. The given equation is
Alternate Method: x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = (x – 2)3
LHS = (x + 1)2  x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = x3 – 6x2 + 12x – 8
= x2 + 2x + 1  2x2 – 13x + 9 = 0
RHS = 2(x  3) It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
= 2x  6  the given equation is a quadratic equation.
 (x + 1)2 = 2(x  3) can be written as
x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x  6 2. Represent the following situations in the
 x2 + 7 = 0 form of quadratic equations:
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
 the given equation is a quadratic equation. i. The area of a rectangular plot is
528 m2. The length of the plot (in
ii. The given equation is metres) is one more than twice its
x2 – 2x = (–2)(3 – x) breadth. We need to find the length
 x2 – 2x =  6 + 2x and breadth of the plot.
1
Class X: Mathematics
ii. The product of two consecutive According to the given condition,
positive integers is 306. We need to 480 480
– =3
find the integers. x 8 x
iii. Rohan’s mother is 26 years older than
 480 
1 1
  =3
him. The product of their ages  x 8 x 
(in years) 3 years from now will be 1 1 3
360. We would like to find Rohan’s   =
x 8 x 480
present age.
x   x  8 1
iv. A train travels a distance of 480 km at  =
a uniform speed. If the speed had x  x  8 160
been 8 km/h less, then it would have 8 1
 =
taken 3 hours more to cover the same x  x  8  160
distance. We need to find the speed of  x(x – 8) = (160) (8)
the train.  x2 – 8x = 1280
Solution:  x2 – 8x – 1280 = 0
i. Let the breadth of the rectangle be x m.
 the required quadratic equation is
 the length of the rectangle = (2x + 1) m x2 – 8x – 1280 = 0
 Area of rectangular plot = length  breadth
= (2x + 1) x m2 Problems based on Exercise 4.1
= (2x2 + x) m2
According to the given condition,
1. Which of the following are quadratic
2x2 + x = 528
equations?
 2x2 + x – 528 = 0
 the required quadratic equation is i. 3x2  7x + 5 = 0
2x2 + x – 528 = 0 ii. 3x3 – 8x2 + 8 = 5x + 5
iii. 10x = 4x2
ii. Let the two consecutive integers be x and x + 1. 1
 Product of the two integers = x(x + 1) iv. x+ = 3x
x
According to the given condition, v. (x – 4)2 + 1 = 5x – 3
x(x + 1) = 306 vi. x(x + 2) + 9 = (x + 4) (x – 4)
 x2 + x = 306 Solution:
 x2 + x – 306 = 0 i. The given equation is
 the required quadratic equation is x2 + x – 306 = 0 3x2 – 7x + 5 = 0
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
iii. Let Rohan’s present age be x years.
 the given equation is a quadratic equation.
 Present age of Rohan’s mother = (x + 26) years
After 3 years, ii. The given equation is
Age of Rohan = (x + 3) years 3x3 – 8x2 + 8 = 5x + 5
Age of Rohan’s mother = (x + 26 + 3) years  3x3 – 8x2 – 5x + 3 = 0
= (x + 29) years It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
 According to the given condition,  the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(x + 3) (x + 29) = 360 iii. The given equation is
 x2 + 29x + 3x + 87 = 360 10x = 4x2
 x2 + 32x – 273 = 0  4x2 – 10x = 0
 the required quadratic equation is It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
x2 – 32x – 273 = 0  the given equation is a quadratic equation.
iv. Let the uniform speed of the train be x km/hr. iv. The given equation is
 Time taken by the train to cover a distance of 1
x+ = 3x
 distance  x
480
480 km = hrs ....  time =  x2  1
x  speed   = 3x
x
If the speed had been 8 km/h less,
Then, speed of train = (x – 8) km/h  x2 + 1 = 3x2
 2x2 – 1 = 0
 Time taken by the train to cover a distance of
480
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
480 km = hrs  the given equation is a quadratic equation.
x 8

2 2
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
v. The given equation is
Practice Problems based on Exercise 4.1
(x – 4)2 + 1 = 5x – 3
 x2 – 8x + 16 + 1 = 5x – 3
1. Check which of the following are quadratic
 x2 – 8x + 17 = 5x – 3
equations:
 x2 – 13x + 20 = 0
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 i. (x – 3)2 + 1 = 4x – 3
 the given equation is a quadratic equation. ii. x (2x + 4) = (x + 5) (x – 5)
vi. The given equation is iii. (x + 3)3 = x3 – 10
x(x + 2) + 9 = (x + 4) (x – 4) iv. x (4x + 5) = 4x2 + 5
 x2 + 2x + 9 = x2 – 16 v. (5x + 1) (4x + 2) = 20 (x – 1) (x – 2)
 2x + 25 = 0 vi. 2x2 = 11
It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 2
 1  1
 the given equation is not a quadratic equation. vii.  x  x  = 2 x    7
   x
2. In a cricket match Harbhajan took three viii. 4x2 + 3 x + 9 = 3 x+9
wickets less than twice the number of
wickets taken by Zahir. The product of the 2. Represent the following situations in the
number of wickets taken by these two is 20.
form of quadratic equations:
Represent the above situation in the form of
quadratic equation. [CBSE 2015] i. The product of two consecutive positive
Solution: integers is 342. Represent this in the
Let the number of wickets taken by Zahir be x. form of quadratic equation whose roots
 Number of wickets taken by Harbhajan = 2x  3. are these integers.
According to the given condition, ii. The sum of the areas of two squares is
x(2x – 3) = 20
802 m2. The difference of their
 2x2 – 3x = 20
perimeter is 8 m. Represent a quadratic
 2x2 – 3x – 20 = 0
equation to find the sides of the two
 the required quadratic equation is 2x2 – 3x – 20 = 0.
squares.
3. The sum of two numbers is 27. We need to iii. Three consecutive even integers are
find the numbers if sum of their reciprocal such that the sum of the square of the
3
is . Represent the above situation in the first and the product of the other two is
4
484. Represent the quadratic equation to
form of quadratic equation.
Solution: find out the integers.
Let the first number be x iv. Sanika wishes to arrange three sticks
 second number = 27 – x. together in the shape of a right triangle.
1 The hypotenuse is 1 cm longer than the
Reciprocal of first number =
x base and 8 cm longer than the altitude of
1 the triangle. Form a quadratic equation
Reciprocal of second number =
27  x to find the length of the smallest rod.
According to the given condition,
1 1
 =3 Answers
x 27  x 4
27  x  x 3
 = 1. (i), (ii), (iii), (vi), (viii) are quadratic equations.
x  27  x  4
27 3 2. i. x2 + x – 342 = 0, where x is the smaller
 = integer.
x  27  x  4
9 1 ii. x2 + 2x – 399 = 0, where x is side of
 = smaller square.
x  27  x  4
 36 = x(27 – x) iii. x2 + 3x – 238 = 0, where x is the smaller
 36 = 27x – x2 integer.
 x2 – 27x + 36 = 0 iv. x2 – 2x  15 = 0, where x is the length of
 the required quadratic equation is x2 – 27x + 36 = 0. smallest stick.

3
Class X: Mathematics
then ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be written as
Multiple Choice Questions
(px + q) (rx + s) = 0
1. Which of the following is a quadratic  px + q = 0 or rx + s = 0
equation? [NCERT Exemplar] q s
(A) x + 2x + 1 = (4 – x)2 + 3
2
x or x  
p r
2x2 = (5 – x)  2 x  
2
(B) s
 5 q
Thus, and are the roots of the quadratic
3 p r
(C) (k + 1) x2 + x = 7 where k = –1
2 equation.
(D) x3 – x2 = (x – 1)3
Example:
2. Which of the following is not a quadratic
equation? [NCERT Exemplar] x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
(A) 2(x – 1)2 = 4x2 – 2x + 1  x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = 0
(B) 2x – x2 = x2 + 5  x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3) = 0
 
2 2
(C) 2 x  3 = 3x – 5x  (x + 3) (x + 2) = 0
2 2 4 2
(D) (x + 2x) = x + 3 + 4x  x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
3. 2
Is 5 x + 6x + 3 = 0 a quadratic equation?  x = 3 or x = 2
[CBSE 2012]  x = –3 and x = –2 are two roots of the equation
(A) Yes x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
(B) No
(C) Can’t say Note: The equation of the form (x – )2 = 0 has
(D) It is a linear equation
repeated roots i.e. x =  and x = 
4. The standard form of quadratic equation is
(A) ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a  0 Things to Remember
(B) ax4 + cx + e = 0, a  0
(C) ax + b = 0, a  0  Roots of the quadratic equation
2
(D) ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 ax + bx + c = 0 are the same as the zeroes
of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c.
5. Which of the following is not a quadratic  A quadratic equation can have atmost two
equation? roots.
(A) (x – 5)2 + 1 = 4x – 3
(B) 3x (3x + 1) + 8 = 9(x + 2) (x – 2)
(C) x (2x + 3) = x2 + 1 NCERT Exercise 4.2
(D) (x + 2)3 = x3 – 4
1. Find the roots of the following quadratic
6. Which of the following is a quadratic equations by factorization:
equation?
(A) (x + 1)2 = 5(x – 9) i. x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
(B) (x – 6) (x + 7) = (x – 4) (x + 3) ii. 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
(C) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2 iii. 2x2  7 x  5 2  0
(D) x3 – 1 = 0
1
iv. 2x2  x + =0
Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation 8
v. 100x2 – 20x + 1 = 0
In general, a real number  is called a root of the Solution:
quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 if i. x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
a2 + b + c = 0. (where x =  is solution of the  x2 – 5x + 2x – 10 = 0
quadratic equation).
 x (x – 5) + 2(x  5) = 0
Factorisation Method:  (x – 5) (x + 2) = 0
If the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c can be
expressed as the product of two linear factors, say  x – 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
(px + q) and (rx + s), where p, q, r, s  R, such that p  x = 5 or x =  2
≠ 0 and r ≠ 0,  the roots of the given equation are 2, 5.
4 4
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
ii. 2x2 + x – 6 = 0 total cost of production was ` 750. We
 2x2 + 4x – 3x – 6 = 0 would like to find out the number of toys
 2x (x + 2) – 3(x + 2) = 0 produced on that day.
 (2x – 3) (x + 2) = 0 Solution:
 2x – 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 i. Let the number of marbles with John be x.
3  Number of marbles with Jivanti = 45 – x.
x= or x = 2 Number of marbles left with John when he
2
3 lost 5 marbles = x – 5
 the roots of the given equation are 2, . Number of marbles left with Jivanti when she
2
lost 5 marbles = 45 – x – 5
iii. 2x2  7 x + 5 2  0 = 40  x
 2x2  2x + 5x + 5 2  0 According to the given condition,
  
 2x x + 2  5 x + 2  0  (x – 5) (40 – x) = 124
 40x – x2 – 200 + 5x = 124
  
2 x + 5 x+ 2  0   – x2 + 45x – 200 = 124
 – x2 + 45x – 324 = 0
 2 x + 5 = 0 or x + 2  0
 x2 – 45x + 324 = 0
5
x= or x =  2  x2 – 36x – 9x + 324 = 0
2  x(x – 36) – 9(x – 36) = 0
5  (x – 36) (x – 9) = 0
 the roots of the given equation are , 2 .
2  x – 36 = 0 or x – 9 = 0
1  x = 36 or x = 9
iv. 2x2  x  =0  Number of marbles with Jivanti
8
 16x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 = 45 – x
 16x2 – 4x – 4x + 1 = 0 = 45 – 36 or 45 – 9
= 9 or 36
 4x (4x – 1) – 1(4x – 1) = x0
 the number of marbles John and Jivanti had to
 (4x – 1) (4x – 1) = 0
start with are either 36, 9 or 9, 36 respectively.
 4x – 1 = 0 or 4x – 1 = 0
1 1 ii. Let the number of toys produced in a day be x.
x= or x =
4 4  Cost of production of each toy = ` (55 – x)
1 1 The total cost of production on a particular
 the roots of the given equation are , .
4 4 day = ` 750
v. 100x2 – 20x + 1 = 0 According to the given condition,
 100x2 – 10x – 10x + 1 = 0  x(55 – x) = 750
 10x (10x – 1) – 1(10x – 1) = 0  55x – x2 = 750
 (10x – 1) (10x – 1) = 0  x2 – 55x + 750 = 0
 10x – 1 = 0 or 10x – 1 = 0  x2 – 30x – 25x + 750 = 0
x=
1
or x =
1  x(x – 30) – 25(x – 30) = 0
10 10  (x – 30) (x – 25) = 0
 the roots of the given equation are
1 1
, .  x – 30 = 0 or x – 25 = 0
10 10  x = 30 or x = 25
 the number of toys produced on that day are 25
2. Represent the following situations or 30.
mathematically, and solve them.
i. John and Jivanti together have 45 marbles. 3. Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and
Both of them lost 5 marbles each, and the product is 182.
product of the number of marbles they now Solution:
have is 124. We would like to find out how Let one number be x.
many marbles they had to start with.  the other number = 27 – x
According to the given condition,
ii. A cottage industry produces a certain x(27 – x) = 182
number of toys in a day. The cost of  27x – x2 = 182
production of each toy (in rupees) was
 x2 – 27x + 182 = 0
found to be 55 minus the number of toys
 x2 – 14x – 13x + 182 = 0
produced in a day. On a particular day, the
 x(x – 14) – 13(x – 14) = 0
5
Class X: Mathematics
 (x – 14) (x – 13) = 0 6. A cottage industry produces a certain
 x – 14 = 0 or x – 13 = 0 number of pottery articles in a day. It was
 x = 14 or x = 13 observed on a particular day that the cost
 other number = 27  x of production of each article (in rupees) was
= 27  14 or 27  13 3 more than twice the number of articles
= 13 or 14 produced on that day. If the total cost of
 the two numbers are 13 and 14. production on that day was ` 90, find the
number of articles produced and the cost of
each article.
4. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum
Solution:
of whose squares is 365.
Let the number of articles produced be x.
Solution:
Let the two consecutive numbers be x and  Cost of each article = ` (2x + 3)
x + 1.  Total cost of production = x(2x + 3)
According to the given condition, According to the given condition,
x2 + (x + 1)2 = 365 x(2x + 3) = 90
 x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 = 365  2x2 + 3x = 90
 2x2 + 2x – 364 = 0  2x2 + 3x – 90 = 0
 x2 + x – 182 = 0  2x2 + 15x – 12x – 90 = 0
 x2 + 14x – 13x – 182 = 0  x(2x + 15) – 6(2x + 15) = 0
 x(x + 14) – 13(x + 14) = 0  (x – 6) (2x + 15) = 0
 (x – 13) (x + 14) = 0  x – 6 = 0 or 2x + 15 = 0
 x – 13 = 0 or x + 14 = 0 15
 x = 6 or x =
 x = 13 or x = 14 2
Since, x is positive integer But the number of articles cannot be a
 x = 13 negative fraction.
 other number = x + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14  x=6
 the two consecutive numbers are 13 and 14.  Cost of each article = 2x + 3
= 26+3
5. The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less = ` 15
than its base. If the hypotenuse is 13 cm,  the number of articles produced is 6 and the
find the other two sides. cost of each article is ` 15.
Solution: A
Problems based on Exercise 4.2
13
x–7 1
1. If x =  , is a solution of the quadratic
2
B
x C equation 3x2 + 2kx – 3 = 0, find the value of k.
[CBSE 2015]
Let the base of the triangle be x cm.
Solution:
 Altitude of the triangle = (x – 7) cm.
The given equation is
 By Pythagoras theorem, 3x2 + 2kx – 3 = 0
BC2 + AB2 = AC2 1
 x2 + (x – 7)2 = (13)2 Putting x =  , we get
2
 x2 + x2 – 14x + 49 = 169 2
 1  1
 2x2 – 14x – 120 = 0 3     2k     3  0
 x2 – 7x – 60 = 0  2  2
 x2 – 12x + 5x – 60 = 0 3
 k 3 0
 x(x – 12) + 5(x – 12) = 0 4
 (x – 12) (x + 5) = 0 3
 k  3
 x – 12 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 4
3  12
 x = 12 or x = 5  k
But length of the side cannot be negative. 4
9
 x = 12 cm.  k
 Altitude of the triangle = x – 7 = 12 – 7 = 5 cm 4
 the length of other two sides are 5 cm and 9
 the value of k is .
12 cm. 4

6 6
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
2. Find the roots of the following quadratic  ax + b = 0 or bx  c = 0
equations by factorization: b c
x= or x =
i. x 
2
 
3 +1 x + 3 = 0 [CBSE 2015] a b
b
ii. 3 x 2  2 x  3 = 0 [CBSE 2011, 2012]  the roots of the given equation are ,
a
iii. 4 3x2 + 5x  2 3 = 0 c
.
[CBSE 2012, 2013] b
iv. abx2 + (b2  ac)x  bc = 0
v. 9x2 – 6b2 x – (a4 – b4) = 0
v. 9x2 – 6b2 x – (a4 – b4) = 0
[CBSE 2015]  9x2 – [3(a2 + b2) – 3(a2 – b2)] x
– (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2) = 0
vi. (x – 1)2 – 5(x – 1) – 6 = 0 [CBSE 2015]  9x – 3(a + b ) x + 3(a2 – b2) x
2 2 2

vii. 2 x  9 + x = 13 – (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2) = 0

Solution:  3x [3x – (a + b2)] + (a2 – b2) [3x
2

– (a2 + b2)] = 0
i. x2   
3 1 x + 3  0
 [3x – (a2 + b2)] [3x + a2 – b2] = 0
 x 2  3x  x + 3  0  3x – (a2 + b2) = 0 or 3x + a2 – b2 = 0

 x x  3 1 x  3  0     3x = a2 + b2 or 3x = b2 – a2
a 2  b2 b2  a 2
x=

 x  3  x  1  0  3
or x =
3
 the roots of the given equation are
 x  3  0 or x – 1 = 0
a 2  b2 b2  a 2
 x = 3 or x = 1 , .
3 3
 the roots of the given equation are 3 , 1.
vi. (x – 1)2 – 5(x – 1) – 6 = 0
ii. 3x  2 x  3  0
2
 x2 – 2x + 1 – 5x + 5 – 6 = 0
 3x 2  3x + x  3  0  x2 – 7x = 0
 x(x – 7) = 0
 
3x x  3  1 x  3  0    x = 0 or x – 7 = 0
 x 3  
3x  1  0

 x = 0 or x = 7
the roots of the given equation are 0, 7.
 x  3  0 or 3 x +1 = 0
1 vii. 2 x  9 + x = 13
 x = 3 or x =   2 x  9 = 13 – x
3
 the roots of the given equation are  2x + 9 = (13 – x)2
1
….[Squaring both sides]
3,  .  2x + 9 = 169 – 26x + x2
3
 x2 – 28x + 160 = 0
iii. 4 3x 2  5x  2 3  0  x2 – 20x – 8x + 160 = 0
 4 3x 2  8 x  3x  2 3  0  x(x  20) 8(x – 20) = 0
 (x – 20) (x – 8) = 0
 4x  3x + 2  3  
3x + 2  0
 x  20 = 0 or x  8 = 0

 4x  3  3x + 2  0  
 x = 20 or x = 8
the roots of the given equation are 20, 8.
 4 x  3  0 or 3x + 2 = 0
3 2 3. Find the roots of the following quadratic
x= or x = 
2 3 equations:
1
 the roots of the given equation are i. 10 x   3, x  0 [CBSE 2012]
x
3 2
, .
 x  3  x  1  3  x  
1
2 3 ii.
 3
iv. abx2 + (b2  ac) x  bc = 0 [CBSE 2011, 2012]
 abx2 + b2x  acx  bc = 0 iii.
16 15
1 ; x  0, 1
 bx (ax + b)  c (ax + b) = 0 x x1
 (ax + b) (bx  c) = 0 [CBSE 2014]

7
Class X: Mathematics
1 1 6 1 1 6
iv.   , x  1,  5 for x: iv.  
x1 x5 7 x 1 x  5 7
[CBSE 2010] x  5   x  1 6
 
2x 1 3x  9 3  x  1 x  5 7
v.    0; x  3, 
x  3 2 x  3  x  3  2 x  3  2 x  5  x 1 6
 
[CBSE 2012] x  5x  x  5 7
2

6 6
 2x  1   x3  1  2 
vi. 2   3   5; x   3, x  4x  5 7
 x3   2x  1  2
1 1
[CBSE 2014]  
x2  4 x  5 7
1 1 1 1
vii. = + + [CBSE 2012]  x2 + 4x  5 = 7
a+b+ x a b x
 x2 + 4x  12 = 0
Solution:  x2 + 6x  2x  12 = 0
1  x (x + 6)  2 (x + 6) = 0
i. 10 x  3
x  (x + 6) (x  2) = 0
 10x2 – 1 = 3x  x + 6 = 0 or x  2 = 0
 10x2 – 3x – 1 = 0  x =  6 or x = 2
 10x2  5x + 2x – 1 = 0  the roots of the given equation are –6, 2.
 5x (2x  1) + 1(2x  1) = 0 2x 1 3x  9
v.   0
 (5x + 1) (2x  1) = 0 x  3 2 x  3  x  3  2 x  3 
 5x + 1 = 0 or 2x  1 = 0  2x(2x + 3) + (x – 3) + (3x + 9) = 0
1 1  4x2 + 6x + x – 3 + 3x + 9 = 0
 x or x 
5 2  4x2 + 10x + 6 = 0
 the roots of the given equation are  2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
1 1
 , .  2x2 + 2x + 3x + 3 = 0
5 2  2x(x + 1) + 3(x + 1) = 0
 (2x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
 x  3 x  1  3  x 
1
ii.   2x + 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
 3
3
2
 x + 2x – 3 = 3x – 1 x or x = –1
2
 x2 – x – 2 = 0 3
But, x ≠ 
 x2 – 2x + x – 2 = 0 2
 x(x – 2) + 1(x – 2) = 0  x = –1
 (x – 2) (x + 1) = 0  the root of the given equation is –1.
 x – 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
 2x 1   x  3 
 x = 2 or x = –1 vi. 2   3 5
 x  3   2x  1 
 the roots of the given equation are 2, –1. 4 x  2 3x + 9
  5
x  3 2x 1
16 15
iii. 1   4 x  2  2 x  1   3x  9  x  3  5
x x 1 
16  x 15  x  3 2 x  1
 
x x 1  (4x – 2) (2x – 1) – (3x + 9) (x + 3)
 (16 – x) (x + 1) = 15x = 5(x + 3) (2x – 1)
 16x + 16 – x2 – x = 15x  (8x – 4x – 4x + 2) – (3x2 + 9x + 9x + 27)
2

 – x2 + 15x + 16 = 15x = 5(2x2 – x + 6x – 3)

 (8x – 8x + 2) – (3x2 +18x + 27)
2
 x2 = 16
= 5(2x2 + 5x – 3)
 x = 16 2 2
 5x – 26x – 25 = 10x + 25x – 15
x=4
 5x2 + 51x + 10 = 0
 the roots of the given equation are 4, – 4.  5x2 + 50x + x + 10 = 0
8 8
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
 5x(x + 10) + 1(x + 10) = 0  x2 – 30x – 5x + 150 = 0
 (5x + 1) (x + 10) = 0  x(x – 30) – 5(x – 30) = 0
 5x + 1 = 0 or x + 10 = 0  (x – 30) (x – 5) = 0
 x
1
or x = –10  x – 30 = 0 or x  5 = 0
5  x = 30 or x = 5
 the roots of the given equation are But age of son cannot be 30 years, because
1 that would mean father’s age = 5 years which
, –10. is not possible.
5
 x = 5 years
1 1 1 1 Age of father = (35 – x)
vii.   
abx a b x = 35 – 5 = 30 years
1 1 1 1  the ages of son and his father are 5 years and
   
abx x a b 30 years respectively.
x  a  b  x a  b
 
xa  b  x ab 6. Find the two consecutive odd positive integers,
a  b a  b sum of whose square is 290. [CBSE 2012]
  Solution:
xa  b  x ab
Let the two consecutive odd positive integers
1 1 be x and x + 2.
 
x  a  b  x  ab According to the given condition,
 – ab = x(a + b + x) x2 + (x + 2)2 = 290
 xa + xb + x2 + ab = 0  x2 + x2 + 4x + 4 = 290
 x2 + (a + b)x + ab = 0  2x2 + 4x – 286 = 0
 x2 + ax + bx + ab = 0  x2 + 2x – 143 = 0
 x (x + a) + b (x + a) = 0  x2 + 13x – 11x – 143 = 0
 (x + a) (x + b) = 0  x(x + 13) – 11(x + 13) = 0
 x + a = 0 or x + b = 0  (x + 13) (x – 11) = 0
 x = – a or x = – b  x + 13 = 0 or x – 11 = 0
 the roots of the given equation are –a, –b.  x = –13 or x = 11
Since, x is positive integer,
4. If (x2 + y2) (a2 + b2) = (ax + by)2. Prove that  x = 11
x y  other number = x + 2
 [CBSE 2014] = 11 + 2 = 13
a b
Solution:  the two consecutive odd positive integers are
(x2 + y2) (a2 + b2) = (ax + by)2 11 and 13.
 x2a2 + x2b2 + y2a2 + y2b2
= a2x2 + b2y2 + 2abxy 7. The difference of two numbers is 5 and the
2 2 2 2 1
 x b + y a – 2abxy = 0 difference of their reciprocals is . Find
10
 (xb – ya)2 = 0
the numbers. [CBSE 2012, 2014]
 xb = ya
Solution:
x y
  Let one number be x
a b
 Other number = x + 5
Hence proved. According to the given condition,
1 1 1
5. The sum of ages (in years) of a son and his  
x x  5 10
father is 35 years and product of their ages x5 x 1
is 150 years, find their ages.  
x  x  5  10
[CBSE 2012, 2014]
Solution: 5 1
 
Let the age of son be x years x  x  5  10
 Age of father = (35 – x) years  50 = x(x + 5)
According to the given condition,  x2 + 5x – 50 = 0
x(35 – x) = 150  x2 + 10x – 5x – 50 = 0
 35x – x2 = 150  x(x + 10) – 5(x + 10) = 0
 x2 – 35x + 150 = 0  (x + 10) (x – 5) = 0

9
Class X: Mathematics
 x + 10 = 0 or x – 5 = 0 1200
 Cost of each book = `
 x = – 10 or x = 5 x  10
 Other number = x + 5 According to the given condition,
=  10 + 5 or 5 + 5 1200 1200
  20
=  5 or 10 x x  10
 the two numbers are 5, 10 or  10,  5. 1200  x  10   1200 x
  20
x  x  10 
8. The total cost of a certain length of cloth is `  1200x + 12000 – 1200x = 20x(x + 10)
200. If the piece was 5 m longer and each  12000 = 20x2 + 200x
metre of cloth costs ` 2 less, the cost of the
 600 = x2 + 10 x
piece would have remained unchanged. How
 x2 + 10x – 600 = 0
longer is the piece and what is its original
rate per metre? [CBSE 2015]  x2 + 30x – 20x – 600 = 0
Solution:  x(x + 30) – 20(x + 30) = 0
Let the length of the cloth be x m.  (x + 30) (x – 20) = 0
Total cost of the cloth = ` 200  x + 30 = 0 or x – 20 = 0
200  x = – 30 or x = 20
 Cost per metre = ` But, number of books cannot be negative.
x
New length of the cloth = (x + 5) m  x = 20
 the number of book bought is 20.
New cost per metre = `  
200
 2
 x 
10. A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B
Total cost of the cloth = (x + 5)  
200 to finish a piece of work. If both A and B
  2
 x  together can finish it in 4 days, find the time
According to the given condition, taken by B to finish the work.
[CBSE 2012]
 x  5   
200
 2   200
 x  Solution:
1000
Let B finish the work in x days.
 200  2 x   10  200  Time take by A to finish the work = (x  6) days
x
1
1000  Part of work done by A in 1 day =
 – 2x + – 10 = 0 x6
x 1
 – 2x2 + 1000 – 10x = 0 Part of work done by B in 1 day =
x
 x2 + 5x – 500 = 0 Time taken by A and B to finish the work
 x2 + 25x – 20x – 500 = 0 together = 4 days
 x(x + 25) – 20(x + 25) = 0 1
 Part of work done by A and B in 1 day =
 (x + 25) (x – 20) = 0 4
 x + 25 = 0 or x – 20 = 0 According to the given condition,
 x = – 25 or x = 20 1

1

1
 Length of cloth = 20 m x x6 4
200 200 x6 x 1
 Original cost per metre = =` = ` 10  
x 20 x  x  6 4
 the length of cloth is 20 m and its original rate 2x  6 1
 
is ` 10 per metre. x  x  6 4

9. A shopkeeper buys a number of books for  4(2x – 6) = x(x – 6)

`1200. If he had bought 10 more books for  8x – 24 = x2 – 6x
the same amount, each book would have cost  x2 – 14x + 24 = 0
him `20 less. How many books did he buy?  x2 – 12x – 2x + 24 = 0
[CBSE 2012]  x(x – 12) – 2(x – 12) = 0
Solution:  (x – 12) (x – 2) = 0
Let the number of books bought be x.  x – 12 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
Total cost of books = ` 1200  x = 12 or x = 2
1200 But x cannot be less than 6
 Cost of each book = `  x = 12
x
New number of books = x + 10  the time taken by B to finish the work is 12 days.

10
10 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
11. The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than Downstream distance = Upstream distance
its denominator. If 2 is added to both the = 30 km
numerator and the denominator, then the 30
sum of the new fraction and original  Time required to go downstream = hrs
15  x
29 30
fraction is . Find the original fraction.
20 Time required to go upstream = hrs
15  x
[CBSE 2015]
According to the given condition,
Solution:
30 30 1
Let the denominator of the fraction be x  4
15  x 15  x 2
 Numerator of the fraction = x – 3
30 30 9
x3   
 Original Fraction = 15  x 15  x 2
x
30 15  x   30 15  x  9
New fraction =
x3 2  
x2 15  x 15  x  2
x 1 450  30 x  450  30 x 9
  
x2 225  x 2 2
According to the given condition, 900 9
 
x  3 x  1 29 225  x2 2
 
x x  2 20 100 1
 

 x  2  x  3  x  x  1 
29 225  x 2
2
x  x  2 20  200 = 225 – x2
x 2  3x  2 x  6  x 2  x 29  x2 = 25
 
 x = 25
x2  2 x 20
2 x 2  2 x  6 29 x=5
  But, speed cannot be negative.
x2  2 x 20
 20(2x2 – 2x – 6) = 29(x2 + 2x)  x=5
 40x2 – 40x – 120 = 29x2 + 58x  the speed of the stream is 5 km/h.
 11x2 – 98x – 120 = 0
 11x2 – 110x + 12x – 120 = 0 13. A peacock is sitting on top of a pillar which
is 9 m high. From a point 27 m away from
 11x(x – 10) + 12(x – 10) = 0
the bottom of the pillar, a snake is coming
 (11x + 12) (x – 10) = 0 to its hole at the base of the pillar. Seeing
 11x + 12 = 0 or x – 10 = 0 the snake, the peacock pounces on it. If
12 their speeds are equal, at what distance
 x= or x = 10
11 from the hole is the snake caught?
12 Solution:
x= does not satisfy the given condition
11 A
 x = 10
x3
 Original fraction =
x
10  3 7 9m
= =
10 10
 the original fraction is 7 . B C
10
xm D
27 m
12. A motor boat, whose speed is 15 km/h in
still water, goes 30 km downstream and AB is the pillar. Peacock is at point A.
comes back in a total of 4 hours and Snake’s initial position is D. It is moving in
30 minutes. Determine the speed of streams. the direction of its hole which is at point B.
[CBSE 2012, 2014] Let the snake be caught at a distance x m from
Solution: the hole.
Let the speed of the stream = x km/h. Since the speed of the peacock and snake are
 Speed of motorboat in upstream = (15 – x) km/h equal, they cover equal distance till point C.
Speed of motor boat in downstream  AC = DC = DB  BC
= (15 + x) km/h = (27 – x) m

11
Class X: Mathematics
Since the roots of the equation are equal, 3. If 2 is a root of the quadratic equation
 b2  4ac = 0 3x2 + px  8 = 0 and the quadratic equation
 (2p)2  4(p)(6) = 0 4x2  2px + k = 0 has equal roots, find k.
 4p2  24p = 0 [CBSE 2014]
 4p2  24p = 0 Solution:
 4p(p  6) = 0 2 is a root of the equation 3x2 + px  8 = 0
 4p = 0 or p  6 = 0
 3(2)2 + p(2)  8 = 0
 p = 0 or p = 6
But p ≠ 0  12 + 2p  8 = 0
 p=6  2p + 4 = 0
 the value of p is 6.  2p =  4
v. 2
(p  12)x + 2(p  12) x + 2 = 0  p = 2
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get Substituting the value of p in 4x2  2px + k = 0,
a = p  12, b = 2(p  12), c = 2 we get
Since the roots of the equation are equal, 4x2  2(2) x + k = 0
 b2  4ac = 0
 4x2 + 4x + k = 0
 [2(p  12)]2  4(p  12) 2 = 0
 4(p  12)2  8(p  12) = 0 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
 4 (p  12) (p  12  2) = 0 a = 4, b = 4, c = k
 (p  12) (p  14) = 0 Since the roots of the equation are equal,
 p  12 = 0 or p  14 = 0  b2  4ac = 0
 p = 12 or p = 14  42  4(4)(k) = 0
But p ≠ 12
 16  16k = 0
 p = 14
 the value of p is 14.  16k = 16
k=1
2. Find the value of p for which the quadratic  the value of k is 1.
equation (p + 1) x2  6(p + 1)x + 3(p + 9) = 0
p  1, has equal roots hence find the roots 4. Find the nature of the roots of the following
of the equation. [CBSE 2015] equation. If the real roots exists, find them:
Solution:
(p + 1)x2  6(p + 1)x + [3(p + 9)] = 0 3x2  4 3 x + 4 = 0 [CBSE 2012]
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get Solution:
a = p + 1, b = 6(p + 1), c = 3(p + 9) 3x2  4 3 x + 4 = 0
Since the roots of the equation are equal,
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
 b2  4ac = 0
 [6(p + 1)]2  4(p + 1) [3(p + 9)] = 0 a = 3, b =  4 3 , c = 4
 36 (p + 1)2  12(p + 1) (p + 9) = 0
 
2
 b2  4ac = 4 3  4(3)(4)
 12 (p + 1) [3(p + 1)  (p + 9)] = 0
 (p + 1) (3p + 3  p  9) = 0 = 48  48
 (p + 1) (2p  6) = 0 =0
 p + 1 = 0 or 2p  6 = 0 Since, b2  4ac = 0,
 p = 1 or p = 3
 the roots are real and equal.
But p  –1
 p=3 b b
 x= and
Substituting the value of p in the given 2a 2a
equation, we get 4 3 4 3
(3 + 1)x2  6 (3 + 1)x + 3 (3 + 9) = 0 x= and
23 23
 4x2  24x + 36 = 0
2 3 2 3
 x2  6x + 9 = 0 x= and
3 3
 (x  3)2 = 0
 x = 3 or x = 3 2 3 2 3
 the roots of the given equation are , .
 the roots of the given equation are 3, 3. 3 3

36
36 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
5. Determine the positive value of ‘k’ for Since the roots of the equation are equal,
which the equation x2 + kx + 64 = 0 and  b2  4ac = 0
x2  8x + k = 0 will both have real and equal  [2(k + 3)]2  4(2k + 1) (k + 5) = 0
roots. [CBSE 2014]  4(k + 3)2  4(2k2 + 11k + 5) = 0
Solution:  (k + 3)2  (2k2 + 11k + 5) = 0
The first equation is x2 + kx + 64 = 0  k2 + 6k + 9  2k2  11k  5 = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get   k2  5k + 4 = 0
Here a = 1, b = k, c = 64  k2 + 5k  4 = 0
Since the roots of the equation are equal, Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
 b2  4ac = 0
a = 1, b = 5, c =  4
 k2  4(1)(64) = 0
 By quadratic formula,
 k2 = 256
b  b 2  4ac
 k = 256 x=
2a
 k = ± 16 ....(i)
5  4 1 4 
2 2
The second equation is x  8x + k = 0 5 
k=
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get 2 1
a = 1, b = 8, c = k 5  25  16
Since the roots of the equation are equal, k=
2
 b2  4ac = 0
 (8)2  4(1)(k) = 0 5  41
k=
 64  4k = 0 2
 4k = 64 5  41 5  41
k= or k =
64 2 2
k=
4  the given equation has real and equal roots
 k = 16 ....(ii) 5  41 5  41
when the value of k is or .
 From (i) and (ii), we get k = 16. 2 2
 the value of k is 16.
8. Find the nature of the roots of the
6. If the quadratic equation
quadratic equation 13 3 x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
(1 + a2) b2x2 + 2abcx + c2  m2 = 0 in x has
equal roots prove that c2 = m2(1 + a2). [CBSE 2012]
[CBSE 2014, 2015] Solution:
Solution: 13 3 x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
(1 + a2) b2x2 + 2 abcx + (c2  m2) = 0 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
Comparing with Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, we get a = 13 3 , b = 10, c = 3
A = (1 + a2)b2, B = 2abc, C = c2  m2
Since the roots of the equation are equal,
 b2  4ac = (10)2  4 13 3   3 
 B2  4AC = 0 = 100  156
 (2abc)2  4(1 + a2) b2(c2  m2) = 0 =  56 < 0
 4a2b2c2  4(b2 + a2b2) (c2  m2) = 0 Since b2  4ac < 0,
 4a2b2c2  4[b2c2  b2m2 + a2b2c2  a2b2m2] = 0  the equation has no real roots.
 4a2b2c2  4b2c2 + 4b2m2  4a2b2c2
+ 4a2b2m2 = 0 9. Find whether the real roots of the quadratic
2 2 2 2 2
 4b [a m + m  c ] = 0 equation 2 x2 + 7x + 8 2 = 0 exist or not.
 a2m2 + m2  c2 = 0 [CBSE 2012]
 c2 = a2m2 + m2 Solution:
 c2 = m2(1 + a2) The given equation is 2 x2 + 7x + 8 2 = 0
Hence proved. Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
7. For what values of k will quadratic a = 2 , b = 7, c = 8 2
equation (2k + 1)x2 + 2(k + 3)x + (k + 5) = 0
have real and equal roots? [CBSE 2012]
 b2  4ac = (7)2  4  2 8 2 
Solution: = 49  64
(2k + 1)x2 + 2(k + 3)x + (k + 5) = 0 =  15 < 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get Since, b2  4ac < 0,
a = 2k + 1, b = 2(k + 3), c = k + 5  the equation has no real roots.
37
Class X: Mathematics

10. In px2 + 4 3 x + 3 = 0 find the value of p so Hence it is possible to can draw the triangle.
that The roots of the equation are given by
i. the roots are real b  b 2  4ac
ii. the roots are not real x=
2a
iii. the roots are equal    6   16
[CBSE 2012] x=
2 1
Solution:
6 4
The given equation is px2 + 4 3 x + 3 = 0 x=
2
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
64 64
a = p, b = 4 3 , c = 3 x= or x =
2 2
 
2
 b2  4ac = 4 3  4(p)(3) = 48  12p 10 2
x= or x =
i. If the roots are real, b2  4ac ≥ 0 2 2
 48  12p ≥ 0  x = 5 or x = 1
 48 ≥ 12p 4≥p But x ≠ 1
p≤4  x = 5 cm
 AB = x  2
ii. If the roots are not real, b2  4ac < 0
=52
 48  12p < 0 = 3 cm
 48 < 12p 4<p
BC = x  1
p>4
=51
iii. If roots are equal, b2  4ac = 0 = 4 cm
 48  12p = 0  the lengths of the three rods are 5 cm, 3 cm
 12p = 48 and 4 cm.
p=4
NCERT Exemplar
11. Rina wishes to fit three rods together in a
shape of a right triangle. The hypotenuse is 1. State whether the following quadratic
to be 1 cm longer than the base and 2 cm equations have two distinct real roots.
longer than the altitude. Is it possible to Justify your answer.
draw such type of a right triangle. If so i. x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
what should be the lengths of the rods? ii. 2x2 + x – 1 = 0
Solution: 9
Let the length of the hypotenuse x cm. iii. 2x2 – 6x + =0
2
 Length of the base = (x  1) cm
iv. 3x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
Length of the altitude = (x  2) cm
v. (x + 4)2 – 8x = 0
A vi. (x – 2 )2– 2(x + 1) = 0
(x  2) x 2 3 1
vii. 2x  x+ =0
2 2
B C viii. x (1 – x) – 2 = 0
(x  1) ix. (x – 1)(x + 2) + 2 = 0
 In right ABC, by Pythagoras theorem, x. (x + 1)(x – 2) + x = 0
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 Solution:
x2 = (x  2)2 + (x  1)2 i. No
 x2 = x2  4x + 4 + x2  2x + 1 Justification:
 x2  6x + 5 = 0 The given equation is x2  3x + 4 = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b =  6, c = 5 a = 1, b = 3, c = 4
 b2  4ac = (6)2  4(1)(5)  b2  4ac = (3)2  4(1)(4)
= 36  20 = 9  16
= 16 > 0 =7<0
2
Since b2  4ac > 0, Since b  4ac < 0,
 the roots are real and distinct.  the roots of the given equation are not real.

38
38 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
ii. Yes Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
Justification: a = 1, b =   2 2  2  , c = 0
The given equation is 2x2 + x  1 = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get  b2  4ac = [(2 2 + 2)]2  4(1)(0)
a = 2, b = 1, c = 1 =8+8 2 +40
 b2  4ac = (1)2  4(2)(1) = 12 + 8 2 > 0
=1+8 Since b2  4ac > 0,
=9>0
 the roots of the given equation are real and
Since b2  4ac > 0, distinct.
 the roots of the given equation are real and
distinct. vii. Yes
Justification:
iii. No
3 1
Justification: The given equation is 2 x2  x+ =0
2 2
9
The given equation is 2x2  6x + =0  2x2  3x + 1 = 0
2
 4x2  12x + 9 = 0 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get a = 2, b =  3, c = 1
a = 4, b = 12, c = 9  b2  4ac = ( 3)2  4(2)(1)
 b2  4ac = (12)2  4(4)(9) =98
= 144  144 =1>0
2
=0 Since b  4ac > 0,
2
Since, b  4ac = 0  the roots of the given equation are real and
 the roots of the given equation are real and distinct.
equal. viii. No
iv. Yes Justification:
Justification: The given equation is x(1  x)  2 = 0
The given equation is 3x2  4x + 1 = 0  x  x2  2 = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get  x2  x + 2 = 0
a = 3, b = 4, c = 1 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
 b2  4ac = (4)2  4(3)(1) a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
= 16  12  b2  4ac = (1)2  4(1)(2)
=4>0 =18
Since, b2  4ac > 0 =7<0
 the roots of the given equation are real and Since b2  4ac < 0,
distinct.  the roots of the given equation are not real.
v. No ix. Yes
Justification: Justification:
The given equation is (x + 4)2  8x = 0 The given equation is (x  1)(x + 2) + 2 = 0
 x2 + 8x + 16  8x = 0  x2 + 2x  x  2 + 2 = 0
 x2 + 16 = 0  x2 + x = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = 0, c = 16
a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
b2  4ac = (0)2  4(1)(16)
 b2  4ac = 12  4(1)(0)
=  64 < 0
=1>0
Since b2  4ac < 0, 2
Since b  4ac > 0,
 the roots of the given equation are not real.
 the roots of the given equation are real and
vi. Yes distinct.
Justification:
x. Yes
The given equation is (x  2 )2  2(x + 1) = 0 Justification:
 x2  2 2 x + 2  2x  2 = 0 The given equation is (x + 1) (x  2) + x = 0
 x2  2 2 x  2x = 0  x2  x  2 + x = 0
 x2  (2 2 + 2)x = 0  x2 – 2 = 0
39
Class X: Mathematics
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get Justification:
a = 1, b = 0, c =  2 Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + c = 0
 b2  4ac = 02  4(1)(2) Comparing with Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, we get
=8>0 A = a, B = 0, C = c
Since b2  4ac > 0,  B2  4AC =  4ac
 the roots of the given equation are real and If a and c have same sign, then B2  4AC < 0
distinct.  the roots are not real.
If a and c have opposite signs, then
2. Write whether the following statements are B2  4AC > 0
true or false. Justify your answers.  the roots are real and distinct.
i. Every quadratic equation has exactly
one root. 3. A quadratic equation with integral
ii. Every quadratic equation has at least coefficient has integral roots. Justify your
one real root. answer.
iii. Every quadratic equation has at least Solution:
two roots. Not always.
iv. Every quadratic equations has at Justification:
most two roots. Consider x2 + x + 2 = 0
v. If the coefficient of x2 and the The equation has integral coefficients
constant term of a quadratic equation a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
have opposite signs, then the b2  4ac = 12  4(1)(2)
quadratic equation has real roots. =18
vi. If the coefficient of x2 and the =7<0
constant term have the same sign and Since, b2  4ac < 0
if the coefficient of x term is zero,  the equation has no real roots.
then the quadratic equation has no
real roots.
4. Does there exist a quadratic equation whose
vii. If in a quadratic equation the
coefficients are rational but both of its roots
coefficient of x is zero, then the
are irrational? Justify your answer.
quadratic equation has no real roots.
Solution:
Solution:
Yes
i. False.
Justification:
Justification:
Consider the equation x2  3x + 1 = 0
Every quadratic equation has two roots.
The equation has rational coefficients
ii. False.
Justification: a = 1, b =  3, c = 1
If the discriminant b2  4ac < 0, then the Now, b2  4ac = (3)2  4(1) (1)
quadratic equation has no real roots. =94
iii. False. =5>0
Justification:  the roots are given by
Every quadratic equation has only two roots. It   3   5 3 5
x= =
cannot have more than two roots. 2 1 2
iv. True.  the roots are irrational.
Justification:
A quadratic equation cannot have more than
5. Does there exist a quadratic equation whose
two roots.
coefficients are all distinct irrationals but
v. True.
both the roots are rationals? Why?
Justification:
Solution
If the values of a and c are of opposite sign,
Yes
then b2  4ac > 0. Justification:
Hence the roots are real.
vi. True. Consider the equation 5 x2  5 5 x + 6 5 =
Justification: 0
If the values of a and c are of same sign, and b  5x2  3 5x  2 5x  6 5  0
is 0, then b2  4ac < 0  5 x  x  3  2 5 x  x  3  0
 Hence the roots are not real.
vii. Not always.
  x  3  
5x  2 5  0

40
40 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
 x  3 = 0 or 5 x  2 5  0 v. x2 + 5 5 x  70 = 0
 x = 3 or x = 2 Solution:
 the roots of the equation are 2 and 3, which are i. 8x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
rational. Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 8, b = 2, c = –3
6. Is 0.2 a root of the equation x2 – 0.4 = 0?  b2 – 4ac = (2)2  4(8)(3)
Justify. = 4 + 96
Solution: = 100 > 0
No Since, b2  4ac > 0
Justification:  the roots are real and distinct
The given equation is The roots are given by
x2  0.4 = 0 b  b 2  4ac
put x = 0.2 in the given equation x=
2a
L.H.S. = (0.2)2  0.4 2  100
= 0.04  0.4 x=
2(8)
=  0.36
2  10
≠ 0. x=
16
 0.2 is not a solution of the given equation.
2  10 2  10
x= or x =
16 16
7. If b = 0, c < 0, is it true that the roots of
8 12
x2 + bx + c = 0 are numerically equal and x= or x =
opposite in sign? Justify. 16 16
Solution: 1 3
 x = or x =
Yes 2 4
Justification: 1 3
 the roots of given the equation are , .
Consider the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 2 4
Now, a = 1, b = 0, and c < 0
ii. 2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
 the equation becomes x2  c = 0 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 , we get
 x2 = c a = –2, b = 3, c = 2
x= c  b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – 4(2) (2)
x=c = 9 + 16
 the roots of the equation are numerically equal = 25 > 0
2
and opposite in sign. Since, b  4ac > 0,
 the roots are real and distinct
8. Does (x  1)2 + 2(x + 1) = 0 have real roots? The roots are given by
Justify your answer. b  b 2  4ac
Solution: x=
2a
No
3  25
Justification: x=
2( 2)
The given equation is (x  1)2 + 2(x + 1) = 0
 x2  2x + 1 + 2x + 1 = 0 3  5
x=
 x2 + 1 = 0 4
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get 3  5 3  5
x= or x =
a = 1, b = 0, c = 1 4 4
 b2  4ac = 0  4(1)(1) 2 8
x= or x =
=4<0 4 4
 the roots of the given equation are not real. 1
x= or x = 2
2
9. Find whether the following equations have 1
 the roots of the given equation are , 2.
real roots. If real roots exist, find them. 2
i. 8x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
iii. 5x2  2x – 10 = 0
ii. 2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
iii. 5x2  2x – 10 = 0 a = 5, b = –2, c = –10
1 1 3  b2  4ac = (–2)2  4(5) (–10)
iv. + = 1, x  ,5 [CBSE 2011]
2x  3 x  5 2 = 4 + 200 = 204 > 0
41
Class X: Mathematics
Since, b2 – 4ac > 0, v. x2 + 5 5 x  70 = 0
 the roots are real and distinct Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
The roots are given by
a = 1, b = 5 5 , c = 70
b  b 2  4ac
x=
 
2

2a  b2 – 4ac = 5 5  4(1) (70)

  2   204 = 125 + 280
x=
2(5) = 405 > 0
2
2  2 51 Since, b  4ac > 0,
x=
10  the roots are real and distinct
1  51 The roots are given by
x=
5 b  b 2  4ac
x=
1  51 1  51 2a
x= or x =
5 5 5 5  405
x=
1 51 2(1)
 the roots of given the equation are  ,
5 5
5 5  9 5
1 51 x=
 . 2
5 5
5 5  9 5 5 5  9 5
x= or x =
1 1 2 2
iv. + =1
2x  3 x  5 4 5 14 5
x= or x =
2 2
x  5  2x  3
 =1  x = 2 5 or x = 7 5
(2 x  3)( x  5)
3x  8  the roots of the given equation are 2 5 , 7 5.
 =1
2 x  13 x  15
2

Practice Problems based on Exercise 4.4

 2x2 – 13x + 15 = 3x – 8
 2x2 – 16x + 23 = 0
1. Find the values of p for which the following
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
equation has equal roots.
a = 2, b = –16, c = 23
i. 9x2 + 8px + 16 = 0
 b2 – 4ac = (–16)2 – 4(2) (23)
ii. 4x2 + px + 3 = 0 [CBSE 2014]
= 256  184
9
= 72 > 0 iii. 2x2 + px + =0
Since, b2 – 4ac > 0, 2
 the roots are real and distinct. vi. px(x  3) + 9 = 0 [CBSE 2014]
2
The roots are given by v. (p + 4)x + ( p + 1) x + 1 = 0
b  b 2  4ac vi. x2 + px + 16 = 0
x=
2a 2. Find value of k for which the following
( 16)  72 equation has equal roots.
x=
2(2) i. x2  kx + (k  1) = 0
16  6 2 ii. kx2  2kx + 6 = 0 [CBSE 2012]
x=
4 iii. kx2 + 4x + 1 = 0 [CBSE 2012]
2
83 2 iv. 9x  3kx + k = 0 [CBSE 2014]
x=
2 v. (k  5)x2 + 2(k  5) x + 2 = 0
83 2 83 2 vi. x2  2x(1 + 3k) + 7(3+ 2k) = 0
x= or x =
2 2 [CBSE 2012]
2
3 2 3 2 vii. (k  2)x + 2(2k  3)x + (5k  6) = 0
x=4+ or x = 4 –
2 2 [CBSE 2015]
 the roots of the given equation are 4 +
3 2
, viii. kx (x  2 5 ) + 10 = 0
2 [CBSE 2013, 2014]
4–
3 2
. ix. x2  2(k + 1) x + k2 = 0 [CBSE 2013]
2
2 x. x  4kx + k = 0 [CBSE 2012]
42
42 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
xi. k2x2  2 (2k  1) x + 4 = 0 12. The hypotenuse of right triangle is 3 5 cm. If
xii. (k + 1) x2  2 (k  1) x + 1 = 0 the smaller leg is tripled and the longer leg
xiii. (k  12) x2 + 2 (k  12) x + 2 = 0 doubled, new hypotenuse will be 15 cm. Is it
xiv. (3k + 1) x2 + 2(k + 1)x + 1 = 0 possible to draw such a right triangle. If so,
[CBSE 2014] how long are the legs.
[CBSE 2012, 2014]
3. If  5 is a root of the quadratic equation
2x2 + px  15 = 0 and the quadratic equation 13. A pole has to be erected at a point on the
p(x2 + x) + k = 0 has equal roots find the value boundary of a circular park of diameter 15 m
of k. in such a way that difference from two
[CBSE 2014, 2016] diametrically opposite fixed gates P and Q on
the boundary is 3 m. Is it possible to do so? If
4. If x = 2 is a root of the equation yes, at what distance from the two gates
3x2 + 7x + p = 0, find the value of k so that the should the pole be erected?
roots of the equation x2 + k(4x + k  1) + p = 0
are equal. Answers
[CBSE 2015]
5. If 1 is a root of the equation 3x2 + ax  2 = 0 1. i. 3,  3 ii. 4 3, 4 3
and the quadratic equation a(x2 + 6x)  b = 0 iii. 6,  6 iv. 0, 4
has equal roots, find the value of b. v.  3, 5 vi. 8,  8
[CBSE 2014]
2. i. 2 ii. 6
6. If the root of the quadratic equation
iii. 4 iv. 0, 4
(a  b)x2 + (b  c)x + (c  a) = 0 a  b are
equal then prove that b + c = 2a. 10
v. 7 vi. 2,
[CBSE 2012, 2016] 9
vii. 1, 3 viii. 2
7. If the roots of the equation 1
(a2 + b2)x2  2(ac + bd)x + (c2 + d2) = 0 are ix. x. 6
2
equal then prove that ad = bc.
1
[CBSE 2014] xi. xii. 0, 3
4
8. Find the values of k for which the equation xiii. 12, 14 xiv. 0, 1
(3k + 1)x2 + 2 (k + 1)x + 1 has equal roots. 7
Also find the roots. [CBSE 2014] 3.
4
9. Find the values of k for which the quadratic 2
4. –1,
equations (k + 4)x2 + (k + 1)x + 1 = 0 has 3
equal roots. Also find roots. 5. –9
[CBSE 2013, 2014]
(k  1)  k  k  1
8. k = 0, 1. Roots are
10. If x = 4 is a root of the equation  3k  1
x2 + 2x + 4p = 0, find the value of k for which
the equation x2 + px(1 + 3k) + 7(3 + 2k) = 0 (k  1)   k  5 k  3
9. k = 5, 3. Roots are
has equal roots. [CBSE 2015] 2 k  4

11. Find the nature of roots of the following 10

10. 2,
equations: 9
i. x2 + 10x + 39 = 0 11. i. Not real
ii. 5x2  16 5 x + 4 = 0 ii. Real and distinct
4 2 2 iii. Not real
iii. x  x+1=0
5 7 iv. Not real
iv. 2x2  5x + 1 = 0 v. Real and distinct
[CBSE 2011, 2012] vi. Real and distinct
v. 8x2  22x  21 = 0 vii. Real and equal
2 5
vi.  20 12. Yes. 3 cm, 6 cm
x2 x
2
vii. 4x  20x + 25 = 0 13. Yes. At 9 m and 12 m from the gates
43
Class X: Mathematics
9. Which of the following equations has the
Multiple Choice Questions
equal roots?
(A) x2 + 5x  500 = 0
1. The quadratic equation 2x2 – 5 x + 1 = 0 1
has [NCERT Exemplar] (B) 2x2 – x + =0
8
(A) two distinct real roots (C) 10x2 – 3x – 1 = 0
(B) two equal real roots (D) 6x2 + 7x  10 = 0
(C) no real roots
10. Discriminant of the quadratic equation
(D) more than 2 real roots
5x2 + 3x – 7 = 0 is
2. Which of the following equations has two (A) 131 (B) 131
distinct real roots? [NCERT Exemplar] (C) 149 (D) –149
9
(A) 2x2 – 3 2 x + =0 11. If the discriminant of the equation
4 6x2 – bx + 2 = 0 is 1, then the value of b is
(B) x2 + x – 5 = 0 (A) 7 (B)  7
(C) x2 + 3x + 2 2 = 0 (C)  7 (D)  7
(D) 5x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
One Mark Questions
3. Which of the following equations has no real
roots? [NCERT Exemplar] 1. Check whether the given equation
2
(A) x – 4x + 3 2 = 0 (x – 3)2 + 9 = 2x2 is quadratic or not.
(B) x2 + 4x – 3 2 = 0 Solution:
(x – 3)2 + 9 = 2x2
(C) x2 – 4x  3 2 = 0
 x2 – 6x + 9 + 9 = 2x2
(D) 3x2 + 4 3x + 4 = 0  2x2 – x2 + 6x – 18 = 0
 x2 + 6x – 18 = 0
4. Values of k for which the quadratic equation
which is of the from ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a  0
2x2 – kx + k = 0 has equal roots is
 the given equation is quadratic.
[NCERT Exemplar]
(A) 0 only (B) 4 2. If x = –2 is a solution of the quadratic
(C) 8 only (D) 0, 8 equation 2x2 + 3kx + 5 = 0, find the value of
k.
5. (x2 + 1)2 – x2 = 0 has [NCERT Exemplar] Solution:
(A) four real roots The given equation is 2x2 + 3kx + 5 = 0
(B) two real roots x = – 2 is root of the equation
(C) no real roots  2(–2)2 + 3k(–2) + 5 = 0
(D) one real root  8 – 6k + 5 = 0
 13 – 6k = 0
6. The value of k for which roots of quadratic  6k = 13
equation kx2 + 2x + 3 = 0 are equal is: 13
1 1 k =
(A) (B)  6
3 3 13
(C) 3 (D) –3  the value of k is .
6
7. The value of c for which the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots is 3. Find the roots of the quadratic equation
7x2 – 12x – 4 = 0.
[CBSE 2012]
Solution:
b2 b2 7x2 – 12x – 4 = 0
(A) (B)
a 4a  7x2 – 14x + 2x – 4 = 0
a2 a2  7x(x – 2) + 2(x – 2) = 0
(C) (D)
b 4b  (x – 2)(7x + 2) = 0
 x – 2 = 0 or 7x + 2 = 0
8. If the equation x2 – 4x + a = 0 has no real
2
roots, then:  x = 2 or x =
7
(A) a < 4 (B) a  4 2
(C) a < 2 (D) a > 4  the roots of the given equation are 2, .
7
44
44 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations

4. Find the positive root of 4 x 2 + 48 = 8 But ps ≠ qr .... [given]

 ps  qr ≠ 0
Solution:
 (ps  qr)2 > 0 ...(ii)
4 x 2 + 48 = 8  2
b  4ac < 0 ...[From (i) and (ii)]
On squaring both sides, we get  the roots of the given equation are not real.
4x2 + 48 = 64
 4x2 = 64  48 2. From a station, two trains start at the same
 4x2 = 16 time. One train moves in west direction and
 x2 = 4 other in North direction. First train moves
x=2 5 km/hr faster than the second train. If
 the positive root of the given equation is 2. after 2 hours, distance between the two
trains is 50 km, find the average speed of
5. If the roots of the quadratic equation each train. [CBSE 2012]
x2 + px + 25 = 0 are equal then find the Solution: N
value of p. B
Solution:
The given equation is x2 + px + 25 = 0
Since, the roots of the equation are equal, 50 km (x + 5) km/hr
 b2 – 4ac = 0
 p2 – 4(1)(25) = 0
 p2 – 100 = 0
 p =  10 W A x km/hr O E
 the value of p is 10 or  10.
S
6. Find the nature of roots for the quadratic Suppose that the two trains start from point O
equation 5x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 and move in West and North respectively.
Solution: After 2 hours, the two trains reach points A
and B respectively very such that AB = 50 km.
5x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
Let the average speed of train moving in West
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
direction be x km/hr.
a = 5, b =  7 , c = 3  Average speed of train moving in North
2 2
 b – 4ac = (– 7 ) – 4(5)(3) direction = (x + 5) km/hr.
= 7 – 60  Distance covered by first train is 2 hrs = OA
= – 53 < 0 = 2x km
Since b2 – 4ac < 0, Distance covered by second train in 2 hrs
 the roots of the given equation are not real. = OB
= 2 (x + 5) km
HOTS Questions In right triangle OAB, by Pythagoras theorem,
AB2 = OA2 + OB2
1. For the quadratic equation given below, if  502 = (2x)2 + [2(x + 5)]2
ps ≠ qr, then prove that the equation has no  2500 = 4x2 + 4 (x2 + 10x + 25)
real roots.  2500 = 4 [x2 + x2 + 10x + 25]
x2(p2 + q2) + 2x (pr + qs) + (r2 + s2) = 0  625 = 2x2 + 10x + 25
Solution:  2x2 + 10x  600 = 0
The given equation is  x2 + 5x  300 = 0
x2(p2 + q2) + 2x (pr + qs) + (r2 + s2) = 0  x2 + 20x  15x  300 = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get  x(x + 20)  15(x + 20) = 0
a = (p2 + q2), b = 2(pr + qs), c = (r2 + s2)  (x + 20) (x  15) = 0
 b2  4ac = [2(pr + qs)]2  4(p2 + q2)(r2 + s2)  x + 20 = 0 or x  15 = 0
= 4[(pr + qs)2
 x =  20 or x = 15
 (p2r2 + p2s2 + q2r2 + q2s2)] But speed cannot be negative.
= 4 (p r + 2prqs + q2s2 – p2r2
2 2
 x = 15 km/hr
 p2s2  q2r2  q2s2)
 Speed of other train = x + 5
= 4 (2prqs  p s  q2r2)
2 2
= 15 + 5 = 20 km/hr
=  4 (p2s2  2prqs + q2r2)  the average speeds of the two trains are
 b  4ac =  4 (ps  qr)2 ....(i)
2
15 km/hr and 20 km/hr.
45
Class X: Mathematics
3. If a, b, c, p, q and r are real numbers such 31 ± 961 + 1064
that 2(ac + pr) = bq, then prove that atleast x=
2(19)
one of the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
px2 + qx + r = 0 has real roots. 31 ± 2025
x=
Solution: 38
Given equations are ax2 + bx + c = 0, and x=
31 ± 45
px2 + qx + r = 0 38
Let the discriminants of the above two 76  14
x= or x =
equations be D1 and D2 respectively. 38 38
 D1 = b2  4ac 7
 x = 2 or x =
D2 = q2  4pr 19
Now, D1 + D2 = b2  4ac + q2  4pr 7
But x ≠
= b2 + q2  4(ac + pr) 19
= b2 + q2  2  2 (ac + pr)  x=2
= b2 + q2  2bq x 2 2
 Fraction = = 
....[ 2(ac + pr) = bq] 3 x+1 6 +1 7
= (b  q)2 ≥ 0  the fraction is
2
.
....[ (b  q)2 ≥ for all real values of b and q] 7

 D1 + D2 ≥ 0
5. Determine p so that the equation
 D1 ≥ 0 or D2 ≥ 0
x2 + 7px + 4 = 0 has no real roots.
 Atleast one equation has real roots.
Solution:
The given equation is x2 + 7px + 4 = 0
4. The denominator of a fraction is one more
than thrice the numerator. If the sum of the Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
11 a = 1, b = 7p and c = 4
fraction and its reciprocal is 3 find the Now b2 – 4ac = (7p)2 – 4(1)(4)
14
fraction. = 49p2 – 16
Solution: Since the quadratic equation has no real
Let the numerator of the fraction be x. roots,
 Denominator = 3x + 1  b2  4ac < 0
x  49p2 – 16 < 0
 Fraction =
3x + 1  49p2 < 16
3x + 1 16
Reciprocal of the fraction =  p2 <
x 49
According to the given condition, 16
x 3x + 1 11  p2  <0
+ = 3 49
3x + 1 x 14 2
 4
x 2  (3x + 1)2 53  p2    < 0
 7 
x(3x + 1) 14
 4  4
x2 + 9 x2 + 6 x + 1 53  p+  p   < 0
 = 7
 7
 
3x 2  x 14
4 4
 14(10x2 + 6x +1) = 53(3x2 + x)  Either p  > 0 and p + < 0
7 7
 140x2 + 84x + 14 = 159x2 + 53x 4 4
 19x2 – 31x – 14 = 0 i.e. p > and p   which is impossible.
7 7
Comparing with ax2 + bx +c = 0, we get
Or
a = 19 , b = –31, c = –14
 4  4
 By quadratic formula,  p  7  < 0 and  p + 7  > 0
   
b  b 2  4ac
x= 4 4
2a i.e. p < and p  
7 7
 (31) ± (  31)2  4(19)(14) 4 4
x=   <p<
2(19) 7 7
46
46 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations
2. If the price of petrol in increased by ` 5 per
Value Based Questions
liter, a person will have to buy 2 litre less
petrol for ` 300. Find the original price and
1. The sum of the lives of CFL Lamp and the increased price of petrol.
ordinary lamp is 16 years. Twice the i. Why the price of petrol increasing
square of the life of a CFL Lamp exceeds day by day?
the square of the life of ordinary lamp by ii. Why should we conserve fuels?
164. Is this situation possible? If so, Solution:
determine the life of each lamp. Which Let the price of petrol be x per litre.
type of lamp is eco-friendly and one 300
should prefer? Which value is depicted in  Quantity of petrol for ` 300 = litres
x
the problem? New price of petrol = ` (x + 5)
Solution: 300
 Quantity of petrol for ` 300 = litres
Let the life of CFL lamp be x years. x+5
 Life of ordinary lamp = (16 – x) years According to the given condition,
According to the given condition, 300 300
– =2
2x2 = (16  x)2 + 164 x x+5
 2x2  (16  x)2 = 164 1 1 
 300    =2
 2x2  (256  32x + x2) = 164 x x+5 
 2x2  256 + 32x  x2  164 = 0 x+5  x 2
 =
 x2 + 32x  420 = 0 x( x + 5) 300
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get 5 1
 
a = 1, b = 32, c =  420 x 2  5 x 150
 b2  4ac = (32)2  4(1)( 420)  x2 + 5x = 750
= 1024 + 1680  x2 + 5x – 750 = 0
= 2704 > 0 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
2
Since b  4ac > 0, a = 1, b = 5, c =  750
 By quadratic formula,
 the roots are real and distinct
 the given situation is possible. b  b 2  4ac
x=
The roots are given by 2a
5  52  4(1)(750)
b  b 2  4ac x=
x= 2(1)
2a
5  25  3000 5  3025
32  2704 x= x=
x= 2 2
2(1)
5  55
32  52 x=
x= 2
2 5  55 5  55
 32  52  32  52 x= or x =
x= or x = 2 2
2 2 50  60
x= or x =
20  84 2 2
x= or x =
2 2  x = 25 or x =  30
 x = 10 or x =  42 But price of petrol cannot be negative.
But life of lamp cannot be negative.  x = 25
 x = 10 years  Original price of petrol = ` 25 per litre
Increased price of petrol = 25 + 5
 Life of CFL lamp = 10 years
= ` 30 per liter.
 Life of ordinary lamp = 16  x i. The price of petrol increasing day by
= 16  10 day because of increased consumption
= 6 years of petrol.
 One should prefer CFL lamp since it is eco- ii. We should conserve fuels as it takes
friendly and has longer life millions of years to form fossil fuels,
The value depicted in the problem is and the reserves are getting depleted
i. Environmental awareness. day by day.

47
Class X: Mathematics

Memory Map

Quadratic Equations
Second degree polynomial
( General form: ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0)

Method to solve Nature of roots of

2
Quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0, a  0
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0

D = b2 – 4ac
Factorisation Completing the Square Quadratic formula
i. if D > 0, roots are real and
ax2 + bx + c = 0 Steps  b ± b  4ac
2 distinct
 (px + q) (rx + s) = 0 b c x = ii. if D = 0, roots are real and
1. x2 + x + =0 2a
q s a a equal
x=  , 
p r b
2. x2 + x = 
c iii. if D < 0, roots are not real
a a
2
 b   b 
3. x2 + 2   x +  
 2a   2a 
2
 b  c
=  –
 2a  a
2
 b  b 2  4ac
4.  x +  
 2a  4a 2
 b  ± b2  4ac
5.  x + 
 2a  2a
 b ± b 2  4ac
6. x =
2a

48
48 
 Chapter 04: Quadratic Equations

Sample Test Paper

Total Marks: 20
1. Find the roots of the equation x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 [1]
2. Check whether the equation (4x – 1) (x – 3) = (2x – 4) (2x – 3) is a quadratic or not [1]
3. Find the nature of the roots of the given quadratic equation, and find the roots if they exist
(x  5)(x  3) = 5 [2]
4. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 5x2 – 2 10 x + 2 = 0 [2]
x  4 x  6 10
5. Solve for x :   ; x  5, 7 [3]
x 5 x7 3
6. If 2 is a root of the quadratic equation 3x2 + px – 8 = 0 and the quadratic equation 4x2 – 2px + k = 0
has equal roots. Find the value of k. [3]
7. A two digited number is such that the product of its digits is 28. When 27 is added to this number,
the digits interchange their places. Find the number. [4]
8. A bus travel at a certain average speed for a distance of 75 km and then travels a distance of 90 km
at an average speed of 10 km/h more than the first speed. If it take 3 hours to complete the total
journey, find its first speed. [4]

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