CLASS 10 LIGHT - REFLECTION Notes

Light - Reflection and Refraction
LIGHT
 Light is a form of energy, which induces the sensation of vision in our eyes
and makes us able to see various things present in our surrounding.
 The light ray may be objects self-light or reflected light.
Luminous objects are objects which emit light of their own. E.g., sun, bulb,
tubelight, glow worms
Non-luminous objects are objects which reflect light from other sources.
They do not emit light of their own. E.g., Moon, tree, table, painting.
Properties of Light
 It is form of energy
 It travels in straight line.
 Light can form shadows.
Reflection
 Bouncing back of light rays after striking any surface.

 A highly polished surface such as mirror reflects most of the light falling on
it.
Laws of Reflection
I. Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

II. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence,
all lie in the same plane.
IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

Virtual and Real image
 Image is a point where atleast two light rays actually meet or appear to
meet.
Real Image Virtual Image
Formed when light rays appear

Formed when light rays actually meet. to meet.
Can be obtained on screen. Can’t be obtained on screen.
Inverted Erect
Example: image formed on cinema Example: image formed by plane

screen and formed by concave mirror. mirror or convex mirror.

Image Formed by Plane Mirror
Properties of Image formed by Plane Mirror
(i) Always virtual and erect.
(ii) Size of image is equal to the size of object.
(iii) Image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
(iv) Laterally inverted.
Lateral Inversion: The right side of the object appears left side of the image
and vice-versa.
Spherical Mirrors
 Mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved.
There are two types of spherical mirrors:

(i) Convex Mirror
(ii) Concave Mirror

Properties of Concave mirror
• Reflecting surface is curved inwards.
• Converging mirror
Properties of Convex mirror

• Reflecting surface is curved outwards.
• Diverging mirror

Common terms for Spherical mirrors
1. Principal axis: The line joining the pole and center of curvature.
2. Pole (P): The centre of the spherical mirror.
3. Aperture (MN): It is the effective diameter of the spherical mirror.
4. Center of Curvature (C): The centre of the hollow glass sphere of

which the mirror was a part.
5. Radius of Curvature (R): The distance between the pole and the centre
of curvature.
6. Focus (F): The point on principal axis where all the parallel light rays
actually meet or appear to meet after reflection.
7. Focal length (f): The distance between the pole and the focus.
8. Relationship between focal length and radius of curvature: f = R/2

Rules for making ray diagrams by spherical mirror
(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the
principal focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to diverge from the
principal focus in case of a convex mirror.
(ii) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray
which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, after
reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
(iii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or

directed in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, after
reflection, is reflected back along the same path.
(iv) A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards a point P (pole of
the mirror), on the concave mirror or a convex mirror, is reflected obliquely.
The incident and reflected rays follow the laws of reflection at the point of
incidence (point P), making equal angles with the principal axis.

Ray diagrams for images formed by concave mirror
(i) When object is at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F’
Nature of image – Real and inverted
Size – Point sized or highly diminished
(ii) When object is beyond ‘C’
Image Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’
Size – Diminished

(iii) When object is at ‘C’
Image Position – At ‘C’
Size – Same size as that of object
(iv) When object is placed between ‘F’ and ‘C’
Image Position – Beyond ‘C’
Nature of image– Real and inverted
Size – Enlarged

(v) When object is placed at ‘F’
Image Position – At Infinity

Size – Highly enlarged
(vi) When object is between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Image Position – Behind the mirror

Nature of image – Virtual and erect
Size – Enlarged

Position of the Position of the Nature of the
Size of the image
object image image
Highly diminished,
At infinity At the focus F Real and inverted
point sized
Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted
At C At C Same size Real and inverted
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted
Behind the
Between P and F Enlarged Virtual and erect
mirror

Uses of Concave Mirror
(i) Used in torches, search lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful
parallel beam of light.
(ii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see large image of teeth of
patients.
(iii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror to see a larger image of the face.
(iv) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat
in solar furnace.
Ray diagrams of images formed by convex mirror
(i) When object is placed at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F’
Nature of image – Virtual and erect
Size – Point sized

(ii) When object is placed between pole and infinity
Image Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Nature of image– Virtual and erect
Size – Diminished
→ they always give an erect though diminished image.

→ they have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards.
Position of object Position of image Size of image Nature of image

Highly
At infinity At F, behind mirror Virtual and Erect
diminished
Between infinity Between F and P,

Diminished Virtual and Erect
and pole behind mirror
Uses of Convex Mirror

(i) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles.
(ii) Convex mirrors are used at blind turns and on points of merging traffic to
facilitate vision of both side traffic.
(iii) Used in shops as security mirror.

Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror
(i) The object is placed to the left of the mirror.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole
of the mirror.
(iii) All distances measured in the direction of incident ray (along + X-axis)
are taken as positive and those measured against the direction of incident
ray (along – X-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distance measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are
taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are
taken as negative.
 Object distance = ‘u’ is always negative.

 Focal length of concave mirror = Negative
 Focal length of convex mirror = Positive

Mirror Formula
where, v = Image distance

u = Object distance
f = Focal length
Magnification of Spherical Mirrors
It is the ratio of the height of image to the height of object.
where,
h' = Height of the image

h = Height of the object
 If ‘m’ is negative, image is real.

 If ‘m’ is positive, image is virtual.
 If h’ = h then m = 1 (image is equal to object).
 If h’ > h then m > 1 (image is enlarged).
 If h’ < h then m < 1 (image is diminished).

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Light - Reflection and Refraction

 Bouncing back of light rays after striking any surface.

I. Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

Real Image Virtual Image

Formed when light rays appear

Can be obtained on screen. Can’t be obtained on screen.

Example: image formed on cinema Example: image formed by plane

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

Properties of Image formed by Plane Mirror

(i) Always virtual and erect.

(ii) Size of image is equal to the size of object.

(iv) Laterally inverted.

 Mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved.

There are two types of spherical mirrors:

(ii) Concave Mirror

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Properties of Convex mirror

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2. Pole (P): The centre of the spherical mirror.

3. Aperture (MN): It is the effective diameter of the spherical mirror.

4. Center of Curvature (C): The centre of the hollow glass sphere of

8. Relationship between focal length and radius of curvature: f = R/2

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

(iii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

(i) When object is at infinity

Image Position − At ‘F’

Nature of image – Real and inverted

Size – Point sized or highly diminished

(ii) When object is beyond ‘C’

Image Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’

Nature of image – Real and inverted

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

Image Position – At ‘C’

Nature of image – Real and inverted

Size – Same size as that of object

(iv) When object is placed between ‘F’ and ‘C’

Image Position – Beyond ‘C’

Nature of image– Real and inverted

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

Image Position – At Infinity

(vi) When object is between ‘P’ and ‘F’

Image Position – Behind the mirror

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

Ray diagrams of images formed by convex mirror

(i) When object is placed at infinity

Image Position − At ‘F’

Nature of image – Virtual and erect

Size – Point sized

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET

Image Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’

Nature of image– Virtual and erect

→ they always give an erect though diminished image.

Position of object Position of image Size of image Nature of image

Between infinity Between F and P,

Uses of Convex Mirror

IMPERIAL COACHING CLASSES CLASS X RANJEET