INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FOR
FUNCTION OF DIODE
WORK
Electrons when
the Emission of
Apparatus has been to study
Function of Diode
cathode is heated.
no Instrumont comprises of tho following builtin parts
Voltage.
DCRegulated power supply of 0-300 Volts for Anode

2 DC Regulated power supply of 0-6Volts for Healer.

to measure voltage
and current
3. FOur round meters are mounted on the front panel

THEORY

that both types of ions (Positive

whileworking on the themionic emission. Richardson observed
and Negative) are emitted. When the pressure inside the valve decreases gradualy, the emis
off and the
are completely cut
sion of positive andnegative ions decreases till positive ions
rate per unit area0
negative ions stabilise to a steady value. Richardson found that the emission
une emiter is a constant, which depends upon the nature of the metal and its temperature.

When the cathode is heated, electrons are emitted and gathers in the space surrounding
the cathode. These electrons exert a repeling electrostatic force on the electrons emitted next,

which start returning to the cathode. Their return is, however, preventedby next emited electrons
which repel them outward. Thus, a dense cloud of electrons is formed in around the cathode, with

fewer electrons futher away from the cathode. When the plate is given a small positive potential,
some electrons from the space-charge which are nearest to the plate are atracted to it and a
small plate current flows. The reduced space charge now draws more electrons rom the cath
ode. As the plate potential is increased, an increasing number of electrons are attraced to the
plate and the plate current increases. The saturation curent is obained at suficiently high plate
potentials. In the space cloud, the state of equilibrium is reached when so many electrons re-
turned to the metal, are emitted. In such a case, the pressure ofthe eiectron cloud is constant and
work has to be done to extract more electrons. The work réquired to extract an electron from
metal is known as the Work Function.

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 PROCEDURE
Svitch ON the on the front panel
instrument
s i n g N/OFF toggle
swich provided
Increase the heater heater current. Calculate the
value of eater voltage
heater resistanesmallsteps and note down the
to 0 Volt).
resistance using formula. (Kee the anode volatge
lance by u
R
Heater Voltage! Heater Current
Now set the
heater in
Current atn theany value and increase the anode voltage (0-300VoIs
steps of 50 Volts. Note
downt responding anode current.
5.
s and enween anode voltage &anode current by taking anode voltage along
axis anode current along
Y-axis.
Vary the heater current and
repeat steps 4&5.
V2R
WORK FUNCTION OF
DIODE APPARATUS
linlu
10
Julullu
0-10V DC S00mA
SOrmA
500rmA DC
30mA. DC 0-300V DC

RED
BLACK RED
BLACK RED ELACK RED | BLACK

o-10v.Dc
STVOUS 0-300V.Dc
L --.
SET VOUS

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 PRECISON INSTRU 7-U A, JA MENTS COMPANY
AR NAGAR, DELHI
217 impac 110
INSTRUCTION MANUL
AMENT OF DODEAPPARaTUS
RATUS FOR WORK FUNCTION
FOR Y VALVE.
DLSHMAN EQUATION.
ALVE && TO VERIFY RICHARD-
TO VERIFY RICHAR RICHARD
Our "PISCO"
make
&lo vetuly Reh apparatus
Aralus to setermine
determ the work function of filament of diode valve
rUNon cquatio.
perlom the whole is a
completely self-contained experimental kut
expenment to

FORMULA USED; Work

Functiun ""of pure tungsten is given
uy
Slope of Logi,T' Versus IT curve
eV
5040
Where
Saturated Plate Curent in amp.
Coresponding Absolute temperature
FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION:
he
apparatus consists of 4 D.C.
front meters (MO65) with their
panel for making the terminals brought out on the
(10V & 250V)& two are connections. Out of the 4 meters, two meters are voltmeter
millimeters (500mA, 1OmA).
The two meters on the left-hand
monitoring the filament voltage &side of the front
current
panel, namely 10V & 500mA. are for
with help of the L.T. respectively. The filament voltage is controlled
LH.S supply (potentiometer) provided beneath the rwo meters on the

The two meters on the

right hand side of the front
monitoring the plate
help of the H.T. voltage & current respectively.panel, namely 250OV & 10mA. are for
The plate voltage is controlled
with
supply (potentiometer) provided beneath the rwo
meters on the RH.S.
There is a 8-pin (0CTAL) base
under study is mounted. All the provided on the front panel on which the diode vale
connections of the baseValve are made
Lerminals marked "F" (filament), "K"
(cathode) & "A" (anode). The valveinteraly
to the
6X6 or 6H6, but it used is either
may vary from time to time
depending upon availability.

rmpenry Confidential Ver 1.0

Page I of
- /RT
= A e
en -
k
A un me
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 Prccision Instrunents CuunpanY

PROCEDURE:
A. Measurement
nt of
i. filament Resistance
Room Temperature
at
Various valuçs of filament volage fV", note the corresponding valuc o
amept current" * determine the filanent
i. R-VI resistancc by using the relation
ii Ograph
Note the room
between filament
currnt (X-axis) and resistance
iv
temperature ,. (Y-4xIs).
EXtrapolate the graph, to find
The
absolule temperature T, the resistance, Ra, of filament for zero curren
To corresponding to R,is given by
273+ 1, Kelvin
B.
Determination
i. of Saturated
current.
Adjust the filament current
Vary
ii. the plate voltage& obtain low
to
the
value
a

Note filament current i', filament condition of saturated plate current

ne 1lament resistance'R' voltage 'v' and saturated plate current Js
V/A). corresponding to (Using the relation R=
s
Repeat the above
vi.
For each
value of
procedure for different values (low) of
filament current i or filament filament current.
absolute resistance
temperature T by relation 'R find the
RV
1.2
VIl.
Then plot graph between
a

temperatures are in Log!0Js/T

that the (Y-axis) Versus 1/T (X-axis) (Note
Kelvin)
OBSERVATIONS:
1) Tabie for
finding
Room temperatureRo:
t,
C

S.No. Filament Currnt, i, Filament voltage,v, in

in nA volts Filament resistance in
ohms
2 oy'
40mA
0m A
11.7
6 25
Plot graph (1) & find R, and T

Company Confidential Ver 1.0 N

Page 2 of 3

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 l'tecision Instruments Comp.n).
Table for find ng Ji

Filament Filament Filument Saturntion Corresponding

S.No. Current, i. Temperature,t.
voltage,v, in resistinod,R, Plate Current
in Amp. volts J, in Amp. kelvin
in ohns

2
s0
4 S

6
1,
Calculations:
Find the slope oftLognT° (Y-asis) Versus 1/T (X-axis) eurve. It is given by AB/BG
fig. 3.). Therefore work fünction of tungsten is

AB/BC)
e.
504

RESULT:
The straight line graph between LogialT & 1/T verifies the Richardson equation.

(
-
Filameat Resistance in Ohms
LOGT

Filament Curent in mA
in °K
ig 0)

Company Confidential Ver1.0 Page 3 of3

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