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Bash & Shell Programming Basics

This document provides shortcuts and commands for using the bash shell. It discusses file globbing patterns for wildcard expansion, using the tab key for command and file name completion, and accessing command history. It also covers tilde expansion for the home directory, brace expansion for repetitive strings, and command substitution. The document describes creating and running shell scripts, and includes examples of branching, looping, and arithmetic in scripts. It discusses redirecting and appending standard input/output and error streams.

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Anand K
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172 views2 pages

Bash & Shell Programming Basics

This document provides shortcuts and commands for using the bash shell. It discusses file globbing patterns for wildcard expansion, using the tab key for command and file name completion, and accessing command history. It also covers tilde expansion for the home directory, brace expansion for repetitive strings, and command substitution. The document describes creating and running shell scripts, and includes examples of branching, looping, and arithmetic in scripts. It discusses redirecting and appending standard input/output and error streams.

Uploaded by

Anand K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Using the bash Shell

Command Line Shortcuts - File Globbing


● Globbing is wildcard expansion:
* * - matches zero or more characters * ? - matches any single character
* [0-9] - matches a range of numbers * [abc] - matches any of the character in the list
* [^abc] - matches all except the characters in the list
* Predefined character classes can be used
Command Line Shortcuts - The Tab Key
● Type Tab to complete command lines: For the command name, it will complete a command name. For an
argument, it will complete a file name
$ xte<Tab>
$ xterm
$ ls myf<Tab>
$ ls myfile.txt
Command Line Shortcuts History
● bash stores a history of commands you've entered, which can be used to repeat commands
● Use history command to see list of "remembered" commands
$ history
14 cd /tmp
... output truncated ...

Command Line Expansion The tilde


● Tilde ( ~ ) refers to your home directory
$ cat ~/.bash_profile
Command Line Expansion - Commands and Braced Sets
$ echo "This system's name is $(hostname)"
This system's name is star11.star.com
● Brace Expansion: { } Shorthand for printing repetitive strings
$ echo file{1,3,5}
file1 file3 file5
$ rm -f file{1,3,5}
Scripting Basics: Shell scripts are text files that contain a series of commands or statements to be
executed. Shell scripts are useful for:
* Automating commonly used commands * Performing system administration and troubleshooting
* Creating simple applications * Manipulation of text or files
Creating Shell Scripts
Step 1: Use such as vi to create a text file containing commands
#!/bin/bash
● Comment your scripts!: Comments start with a #
Step 2: Make the script executable: $ chmod u+x myscript.sh
● To execute the new script:
* Place the script file in a directory in the executable path -OR-
* Specify the absolute or relative path to the script on the command line
Sample Shell Script
#!/bin/bash
# This script displays some information about your environment
echo "Greetings. The date and time are $(date)"
echo "Your working directory is: $(pwd)"

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Shell Programming - Basics
Standard Input and Output
● Linux provides three I/O channels to Programs
* Standard input (STDIN) - keyboard by default (<)
* Standard output (STDOUT) - terminal window by default (>)
* Standard error (STDERR) - terminal window by default (2>)
* &> Redirect all output to file
● File contents are overwritten by default. >> appends.

Redirecting STDIN from a File


● Redirect standard input with <
$ tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' < .bash_profile
* This command will translate the uppercase characters in .bash_profile to lowercase.
Equivalent to:
$ cat .bash_profile | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'
Scripting: Examples : 1. Branching
#!/bin/sh
if [ "$1" = "1" ]
then
echo "The first choice is nice"
elif [ "$1" = "2" ]
then
echo "The second choice is just as nice"
elif [ "$1" = "3" ]
then
echo "The third choice is excellent"
else
echo "I see you were wise enough not to choose"
echo "You win"
fi
$ sh branch 1
The first choice is nice

2. looping
#!/bin/sh
fruitlist="Apple Pear Tomato Peach Grape"
for fruit in $fruitlist
do
if [ "$fruit" = "Tomato" ] || [ "$fruit" = "Peach" ]
then
echo "I like ${fruit}es"
else
echo "I like ${fruit}s"
fi
done
3. Multiplication
$vi multable.sh
echo "enter the value of n:"
read n
i=1
for((i=1;i<=10;i++))
do
echo " $n * $i = `expr $n \* $i`"
done
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