Raya Melisande D. Rapi M1 - L1.

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Zoology
HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Throughout its development, this sub-branch of science has overlapped many times
with other fields such as medicine and biology. The systematic study of the animal
kingdom dates all the way back to the ancient periods through figures like Aristotle
and Galen all the way to modern figures like Charles Darwin, all of whom are
recognized for their contributions to the field.

Pre-Scientific Era EARLIEST HUMANS

Early human communities started an
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION unsystematic study on animals around
them (such as their migration patterns)
This period 10,000 years ago marked in order to survive.
the era when humans shifted from
being mainly hunter-gatherers to being
pastoral farmers and started to
domesticate animals, thereby gaining
more information on these creatures.

4TH CENTURY BC Ancient Eastern

Zhuangzi, along with other taoist Cultures
philosophers, started the discussion of
evolution through ideas that a species AYURVEDIC TRADITIONS
develops different attributes in
This system stated that the body
accordance to their environment in order
comprised of 5 elements and 7 basic
to survive.
tissues, resembling the Four Humors of
the Human Body of the Ancient Greeks.
6TH CENTURY BC Progress on surgical procedures were
also made as well as a classification
The Sushruta Samhita by Sushruta was system of living things based on method
one of the earliest Ayurvedic treatises of birth.
and materia medica. It described 700
medicinal plants, 64 preparations from
mineral sources, and 57 preparations
based on animal sources.

Ancient Greek and Pre- HIPPOCRATES

Socratic Philosophers His, and along with his followers', ideas
and medical theories started to spread
ARISTOTLE and create a lasting impact on biological
Known as the father of biology, he studies.
proposed theories on processes of
metabolism, temperature regulation, ARISTOTLE'S LEGACY
information processing, embryonic
development, and inheritance. Detailed Aristotle, and nearly all Western scholars
observations of animals in Lesbos were after him until the 18th century, proposed
also made, classifying 540 species and that living things were arranged on a
dissecting at least 50 of them. scale of perfection starting from plants to
humans, labeling it the scala naturae or the
Great Chain of Being.

HEROPHILUS OF CHALCEDON & Hellenistic Zoology

ERASISTRATUS OF CHIOS
They built up on Aristotle's previous work, CLAUDIUS GALEN
performing experimental dissections and Became the most important figure in
vivisections for physiological studies. medicine and anatomy during this period.
He dissected animals throughout his life in
LUCRETIUS order to understand body functions.
Along with other atomists, they
contrasted Aristotle's teleological theory
that all aspects of life and beings are a
result of design and purpose.

Medieval and Islamic

THE BYZANTINE AND
Zoology ISLAMIC WORLD
AL-JAHIZ Scholars like Avicenna and Averroes
translated and commented on the work of
Introduced the concept of a food chain
Aristotle.
and a supporter of environmental
determinism.
HIGH MIDDLE AGES
ALBERTUS MAGNUS Figures like Hildegard of Bingen, Albertus
Magnus and Frederick II further expanded
Wrote and published De animalibus libri
knowledge in the natural sciences.
XXVI, one of the most extensive
zoological compilations predating modern
times.
 The Renaissance 1543
Andreas Vesalius wrote and published the
CONRAD GESSNER De humani corporis fabrica, a treatise on
seminal human anatomy. He was also the
In 1551-1558, he wrote and published his first to emphasize empiricism in medicine
four-volume work, Historiae animalium, in instead of authority and abstract
Zurich with a fifth volume one following reasoning. Bestiaries became more
on 1587. This marked the starting point of systematized because of this.
modern zoology.
WILLIAM TURNER
PIERRE BELON Made the Avium praecipuarum while
Wrote and published La Nature Diversite exiled in Europe. It was the first
Les Poison which focused on marine ornithological treatise to contain clear
mammals and birds. He also was among descriptions of the appearance of
the first to point out the similarities individual species based on his own
between human and bird skeleton observations.
morphology.
GUILLAUME RONDELET
ULISSE ALDROVANDI Described marine animals in the
Noted down systematic and organized Mediterranean Sea.
observations of animals, plants, and
minerals which were gathered through ART & SCIENCE
anatomical dissections. Artists like Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo
da Vinci worked with naturalists and
studied physiology in detail due to their
interest in the bodies of animals and
humans.

ACADEMIES & SOCIETIES

The Enlightenment
Institutions for natural sciences such as
Period
the Academia Naturae Curiosorum and CARL LINNAEUS
the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
were established for scientists looking for Created a basic taxonomy of the natural
mutual support and for discourse. world in 1735 and introduced scientific
names for all of his identified species.
GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC,
COMTE DE BUFFON, WILLIAM HARVEY
Brought back the discussion of evolution Wrote and published the De motu cordis
through his transformist ideas and the where he studied the roles of the blood
concept of common descent. and blood vessels as wells as contrasted
the works of Galen.
SANTORIO SANTORIO
Studied the processes of metabolism
which had a major impact on the
quantitative approach to physiological
studies.

The Impact of
ROBERT HOOKE
Microscopy Wrote and published the Micrographia
which was based on the observations
ANTON VAN made using the compound microscope he
LEEUWENHOEK invented.
His invention of the 200x magnification
microscope allowed scholars to discover JAN SWAMMERDAM
spermatozoa, bacteria, and infusoria, and His microscopy studies led to further
other microorganisms. developments in entomology as well as
the basic techniques of microscopic
NICHOLAS STENO dissection and staining procedures.
First proposed the existence of fossils
THE CELL THEORY
trapped under the layers of Earth's
sediments in an essay. The work of scientists like Matthias
Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Robert
Remak, and Rudolf Virchow led to the
development of the 3 tenets of what we
know today as the Cell Theory.

ALEXANDER VON The 19th Century

HUMBOLDT
Laid the groundwork for biogeography
GEORGES CUVIER
through his investigations on the Published papers and conducted lectures
relationship between animals and their on the comparative anatomy of fossils
environment using quantitative methods. and living mammals which confirmed that
the fossils were those of extinct species,
THE AGE OF REPTILES contrary to what was believed at the
time.
Fossils discovered and discovered by the
likes of Gideon Mantell, William Buckland, JEAN-BAPTISTE
Mary Anning, and Richard Owen
LAMARCK
established the existence of an "age of
reptiles" predating prehistoric mammals. Conceptualized a chain of development
from microbes to humans based on the
inheritance of acquired characteristics
mechanism.
 ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE CHARLES DARWIN
He was one of Charles Darwin's Wrote and published his book, On the
contemporaries. Similarly to Darwin, he Origin of Species, on the 24th of
also came to the conclusion of evolution November 1859 which then became the
through natural selection. very foundation of evolutionary biology
as we know it today.