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INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE

INTRODUCTION

Welcome Criminology Student!

This course covers the study of the processes of institutional corrections both local and international settings, including pertinent laws
relative to human rights and victim welfare and various rehabilitation programs, including offenders’ re-integration program to the community.

What Will You Learn?

In each lesson, you will read a few pages and then complete a learning activity or assignment. Some lessons may require you to do
some investigative research or observation work in the community. This course is divided into four modules. Which will be submitted in-campus
or thorough online, depending on the current restriction allowed by the government.

Periodical Module and Units as it follows:

PRELIM MODULE
UNIT 1- History of punishment and sentencing
UNIT 2- Development of Jails and Prisons
UNIT 3- Introduction to Philippine Correction System

MIDTERM MODULE
UNIT 3- The Bureau of Jail and Penology
UNIT 4- Bureau of Correction’s Law, Process, Management and Administration
UNIT 5- Reception Procedure
UNIT 6- Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare, Provincial Government

PRE-FINALS MODULE
UNIT 7- Seven (7) Penal Institution in the Philippines
UNIT 8- Definition of Terms
UNIT 9- Punishable Acts

FINALS MODULE
UNIT 10- Diversification of Inmates
UNIT 11- Issues confronting the Philippine Corrections System
UNIT 12- Measures undertaken to improve the treatment of offenders

STUDENT ASSESSMENTS

Attached in the last part of this module are the periodical student assessments which are required for students to submit, following the
scheduled timeline of submissions.

Upon submission of periodical student assessments and presentation of admission slips. Students will be given their periodical major
examination.

For online classes, submissions will be through online depending on the learning management system used by the instructor or
through email.

For modular classes, submissions will be in-campus at the criminology booth and in written format on the answer sheet attached on
each student assessment activity. Students in modular classes may also have the option of submitting their assessments through email.

Examinations

Students that had already completed and submitted their periodical student assessment activities and presented their admission slips will now be
given their specific major examination. This applies both online and modular classes.

Mode of examination for online classes will be through online, depending on the learning management system used by the instructor and
submissions can also be sent through email.

Mode of Examination for modular classes will be in written format, using the attached answer sheets in its particular assessment activity and
will be submitted in-campus or through email.

Major Exams Module Coverage MAJOR EXAM

SCHEDULE
Prelim UNIT 1- History of punishment and sentencing FEB 10-12 2020
Examination UNIT 2- Development of Jails and Prisons
UNIT 3- Introduction to Correction
Midterm UNIT 3- The Bureau of Jail and Penology MARCH 17-20
Examination UNIT 4- Bureau of Correction’s Law, Process, Management and 2020
Administration
UNIT 5- Reception Procedure
UNIT 6- Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare, Provincial Government

Pre-Final UNIT 7- Seven (7) Penal Institution in the Philippines APRIL 14-17 2020
Examination UNIT 8- Definition of Terms
UNIT 9- Punishable Acts
Final Examination UNIT 10- Classification and Diversification of Inmates MAY 12-15 2020
UNIT 11-Issues confronting the Philippine Corrections System
UNIT 12-Measures undertaken to improve the treatment of
offenders
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Time: How Long Will It Take You to Complete this Course?

Learning through flexible framework has several advantages over learning in the classroom. You are in charge of how you learn and
you decide how quickly you will complete the course. You do not have to wait for your instructor or classmates, and you can read as many
lessons as you wish in a single session.

From the date of your admission, you have a maximum of one semester or 18 weeks to complete the course, but the pace at which you
proceed will be as follows:

MODULE NO. COMPLETION DATE

MODULE 1 JANUARY 11 – FEBRAUARY 9 2020
MODULE 2 FEBRUARY 13 – MARCH 16 2020
MODULE 3 MARCH 21 – APRIL 13 2020
MODULE 4 APRIL 18 – MAY 11 2020

SCHEDULE TIMELINE OF STUDENT ASSESSMENTS SUBMISSION

The following chart shows you exactly what assessments you will submitting and when will you be submitting it.

SUBMISSION OF STUDENT ASSESSMENTS

MODE OF MODULE STUDENT ASSESSMENTS FOR SUBMISSION SCHEDULE OF SUBMISSION
SUBMISSION PERIOD
(IN-CAMPUS or PRELIM PRELIM - STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 1 FEB 10-12 2020 or Earlier
THROUGH MODULE PRELIM - STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 2
ONLINE)
(IN-CAMPUS or MIDTERM MIDTERM - STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 1 MARCH 17-20 2020 or Earl
THROUGH MODULE MIDTERM- STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 2
ONLINE)
(IN-CAMPUS or PRE-FINALS PRE-FINALS - STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 1 APRIL 14-17 2020 or Earlier
THROUGH MODULE PRE-FINALS - STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 2
ONLINE)
(IN-CAMPUS or FINALS FINALS - STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 1 MAY 12-15 2020 or Earlier
THROUGH MODULE FINALS - STUDENT ASSESSSMENT 2
ONLINE)

NOTE: FOLLOWING THE SCHEDULED TIMELINE OF SUBMISSION IS CRUCIAL TO HAVE A CONSISTENT FUCOSED
LEARNING EXPERIENCE

INSTRUCTORS DETAILS, FOR FEEDBACKS, INQUERIES AND SUBMISSIONS

INSTRUCTORS FULLNAME KIM ROSARY J. SALLINAS
EMAIL ADD [email protected]
FACEBOOK ACCOUNT NAME Kim Rosary Sallinas
MOBILE CONTACT NUMBER 09356461617 OR (055)544-2371
FACEBOOK GROUPS

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE

General Important terminologies in Institutional Correction
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ACQUITTAL – is a judgment of the court based on the verdict or decision of the judge, that the defendant is not guilty of the charge against
him.

Admission Summary – it is a written compilation made by the staff regarding their findings on the prisoner.
Affliction – distress of mind or body; that which causes continuing anguish or suffering.

Baroning – a process by which a prison inmate obtains wealth, influence and power by means of selling tobacco.

Benefit of Clergy – from the 13th to 19th centuries, clemency shown to clergy guilty of crimes and extended eventually to any offender who
could read.

Bifurcated Process – the separation of the guilt determination process from the sentence-determination process in the criminal court system.

Big School – slang for penitentiary.

Black Maria – a van used to transport prisoners, Paddly-wagon.

Capital punishment- refers to the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying
out that sentence. The specific offenses and circumstances that determine if a crime (usually murder) is eligible for a death sentence are defined
by statute and are prescribed by Congress or any state legislature.

Casework – in correctional work includes the professional services rendered by professionally trained personnel in the description and social
treatment of offenders.

Change Agent – a person or group responsible for helping a client to undertake planned changes in behavior situation. Often a professional,
outside consultants.

Close Confinement – for those incorrigible prisoners when lighter punishment has been proven to be ineffectual the use of bartolina or solitary
confinement is justified when foreseen danger to the convict or others apparent.

Compurgation – an early practice whereby the accused swears an oath of innocence backed-up by a group of oath helpers who would attest to
his character and claim of innocence.

Community corrections- The supervision of criminal offenders in the resident population, as opposed to confining offenders in secure
correctional facilities. The two main types of community corrections supervision are probation and parole. Community corrections is also referred
to as community supervision.

Contagion – a condition in which prison inmates kept together without any attempt to divide them the involvement with crime, would transmit to
each other means and techniques to commit further crimes once outside of prison.

Control – It involves supervision of prisoners to ensure punctual and orderly movement from one place work program or assignment to another.

CONVICTION – is the judgment of a court based on the verdict of a judicial officer or judge, that the accused is guilty of the offense in which
he/she was charge.

CORRECTION
defined:
a. A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
b. It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the
government and the society in general involving the processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses
for purposes of crime prevention and control.
c. It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as the rehabilitation and reformation.

Courtesy Investigation – investigation conducted by another probation officer in behalf of the probation officer on case of the petitioner.

Cultural Conformist – this is juvenile who identifies strongly with his delinquent peers and who considers himself tough.

Cultural Identifier – responds to identification with a deviant value system by living out his delinquent beliefs.

Cultural Shock – a psychological and social disruption experienced by a person suddenly placed in an unfamiliar
culture.

Cumulative Case Summary – starts from the admission report of individual inmates to his behavior and response to treatment programs and
serves as the basis in granting parole.

Custody-To have custody of a prisoner, a state or the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) must physically hold that person in one of its facilities. A
locality, state, or the BOP may hold inmates over whom a different government maintains jurisdiction.

Custody count- The number of offenders in custody. To have custody of a prisoner, a state or the Bureau of Correction (BuCor) must physically
hold that person in one of its facilities. A locality, state, or the BOP may have custody of a prisoner over whom a different government maintains
jurisdiction.
Death Row-Death row refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced to death and are awaiting execution (as in "inmates on death
row"). Historically, death row was a slang term that referred to the area of a prison in which prisoners who were under a sentence of death were
housed. Usage of the term continues despite the fact that many states do not maintain a separate unit or facility for condemned inmates.

DECISION – is the judgment rendered by a court of justice or competent tribunal after presentation of the respective positions of the parties in
an ordinary or criminal case or upon which the disposition of the case is based.

Design capacity-The number of inmates that planners or architects intended for the facility.

Diversification – penal system’s implementation of segregation.

Flat Term – prison term which there is no discretionary release date. Similar to definite sentence.

Furlough – temporary release from jail or prison. Typically for a day, weekend, or holiday or for special visits such as a job test or interview or
family crises, often part of a prerelease program.
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Gate Fever – the feeling of an immediate release from the penitentiary and the feeling of uncertainty in the part of the suppose parolee at the ebb
of his release to the community.

Golden Age of Penology – the period covering 1870 to 1880 was regarded as Golden Age of Penology. The highlights of the said period were as
follows:

- the organization of the National Prison Association last 1870, now referred to as American Correctional
Association; the International Prison Congress was held in 1872.
- It serves as a forum attended by representatives from different countries wherein improvement to prison systems
were tackled in the assemble every 5 years; In 1876 the Elmira Reformatory was established which was
considered the forerunner in modern penology; and in Indiana, Massachusetts USA the first separate was
established.

Greyhound Operations – a method in searching the prisoner for possession of contrabands inside the prisoner cells and compound.

Idleness – the most persistent problem in almost all prison facilities which contribute to failure of the reformation programs.

Indefinite Sentence – is a sentence to prison in which release date is under the discretionary control of a release board.

Indeterminate Sentence – a sentence of imprisonment for the maximum period define by law subject to the termination by the parole board at
any time after service of the minimum period. It is one with minimum and maximum periods of imprisonment.

Indictment – formal charging of a defendant by a grand jury.

Inmate-on-inmate or youth-on-youth sexual victimization involves non-consensual sexual acts or abusive contact with a victim without his or
her consent or with a victim who cannot consent or refuse.

Institutional corrections- Persons housed in secure correctional facilities. There are many different types of correctional facilities, operated by
different government entities. Local jails are operated by county or municipal authorities, and typically hold offenders for short periods ranging
from a single day to a year.

Jail inmates- Offenders confined in short-term facilities that are usually administered by a local law enforcement agency and that are intended
for adults but sometimes hold juveniles before or after adjudication. Jail inmates usually have a sentence of less than 1 year or are being held
pending a trial, awaiting sentencing, or awaiting transfer to other facilities after a conviction.
Judean Christian Theory – emphasized that punishment has a redemptive purpose.

Jurisdiction-A unit of government or the legal authority to exercise governmental power. In corrections, it refers to the government that has legal
authority over an inmate (state or federal). Prisoners under a given state's jurisdiction may be housed in another state or local correctional facility.

Jurisdiction count- Prisoners under legal authority of state or federal correctional authorities who are housed in prison facilities (e.g., prisons,
penitentiaries, and correctional institutions; boot camps; prison farms; reception, diagnostic, and classification centers; release centers, halfway
houses and road camps; forestry and conservation camps; vocational training facilities; prison hospitals; and drug and alcohol treatment facilities
for prisoners), regardless of which government entity physically holds them. This number also includes prisoners who are temporarily absent
(fewer than 30 days), out to court, or on work release; housed in local jails, private facilities, and other states or federal facilities; and serving a
sentence for two jurisdictions at the same time. This count excludes prisoners held in a state or federal facility for another state or the Bureau of
Corrections (BuCor).

Kangaroo Courts – existence of other discredited methods of discipline.

Labeling Theory – a theory originating with Howard Becker that emphasized the self-fulfilling prophecy in deviance
processing that deviants behave in accordance with the labels they are given in the judgmental process.

M’naghten Case – basis for exempting law violators from their criminal liability by reason of insanity
.
Mandatory Release – a release from prison required by statute where an inmate has been confined for a time period equal to his or her full
sentence.

Manipulative Technique – are ways of helping the parolee by altering his environmental conditions go as to being out satisfactory social
adjustment in the individual.

Medium Supervision – given to probationer’s needing moderate attention and requiring twice a month office reporting. Use yellow plan card
tab.

Minimum Supervision – probationer’s needing minimal attention and requiring not more than once a month office reporting. Use green plan
card.

Mittimus – is a warrant issued by a court directing the jail or prison authorities to receive the convicted offender for the service of sentence
imposed therein or for detention.

Mortality rate-A measure of the frequency of deaths in a defined population during a specified interval of time. It is usually defined as the
number of deaths per 100,000 inmates. For example, the overall mortality rate for local jails in 2011 was 122 jail deaths per 100,000 jail inmates.

Movement- In corrections, a movement refers to an admission or a release from a status, such as prisoner, parolee, or probationer. Unless
specifically noted, a transfer between facilities does not count as a movement.

Negative Reinforcement – the employment of a negative stimulus (such as punishment or removal of reward) for undesirable behavior rather
than rewarding desired behavior.

Operational capacity-The number of inmates that can be accommodated based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Ordeal – bases on the principle of divine intervention it is a method of determining guilt with the belief that innocent
persons would be protected from harm.

Passive Agent – a term used by Glaser to represent parole officers who have a low emphasis on both assistance and control of parolees.
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Pecuniary Liabilities – it consists of the reparation of the damage caused, indemnification of the consequential damages, fine and cost of
proceedings; imposed upon persons who are criminally liable.

Penal Management - Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails or prisons.

PENOLOGY - the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through
punishment of criminal offenders.
a. The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering.
b. Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of criminology that deals with prison management
and the treatment of offenders, and concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress
criminal activities.
c. Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the policy of inflicting punishment on the offender as a
consequence of his wrongdoing.

Prison- Compared to jail facilities, prisons are longer-term facilities owned by a state or by the federal government. Prisons typically hold felons
and persons with sentences of more than a year; however, the sentence length may vary by state.

Prisoners- Prisoners are inmates confined in long-term facilities run by the state or federal government or private agencies. They are typically
felons who have received a sentence of incarceration of 1 year or more. (Sentence length may vary by state because a few states have one
integrated prison system in which both prison and jail inmates are confined in the same types of facilities.

Prison Discipline – is the state of good order and behavior. It includes maintenance of good standards of works, sanitation, safety, education,
health and recreation. It aims at self-reliance, self-control, self-respect and self-discipline.

Positive Discipline – includes the work “discipline” in you, it is not basically punitive.

Preventive Discipline – is the prompt correction of minor deviations committed by prisoners before they become serious violations.

Proselytizing – to convert or induce another to change his religious belief, sect or the like to another.

Rated capacity-The number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to institutions within the jurisdiction.

RA 10575 – the New BUCOR Act of 2013

RA 6981 – Witness Protection Program Act

RA 7438 – Defines the rights of the accused under custodial investigation.

RA 7659 – Act re-imposing the death penalty.

Recognizance – is a legal device deeply embedded in English Law originated as measures of preventive justice and as such it consists obliging
persons. It is a mechanism whereby a person accused of crime may be released on his own strength pending trial of his case or on the assurance
of a reputable person in the community that he will appear if called during the trial to testify.

Regression – refers to the process that entails a simplification of behavior which may contribute harm inflicted upon oneself or render one
vulnerable to others.
Restorative Justice – refers to humanistic and non-punitive means to restore social harmony and correct wrongful acts.

Retaliatory Retribution – refers to the intentional infliction of an appropriate amount of suffering on a competent individual who has breached
some code.

Security – It involves safety measures to maintain the orderliness and discipline with in the jail or prison.

Sentenced prisoners- under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities who have been given a sentence of more than 1 year.

Split Sentence Law – mandated that offenders as punishment would have serve a portion of their sentence in institutions and thereby released to
undergo probation.

Status Passage – transition from one social status to another, as from defendant to convict or inmate to parolee.

Stigma – refers to labeling, mark or brand.

Sublime – to make the punishment fit the crime.

Substantiated allegation means the event was investigated and determined to have occurred, based on a preponderance of the evidence.

Unfounded allegation  means the investigation determined that the event did not occur.

Unsubstantiated allegation means the investigation concluded that evidence was insufficient to determine whether or not the event occurred.

SENTENCE – is the penalty imposed by the court upon a person convicted of a crime.

PUNISHMENT – it is the redress that the state takes against an offender where it signifies pain suffering, or curtailment of its freedom.

PENALTY – is the suffering that is inflicted by the state for the transgression of law

GAOLS - (Jails) – pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.

Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of
criminals in the 16th century.

Hulks – decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into
prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called “floating hells

The Primary Schools of Penology

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1. The Classical School – it maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “free will”. That the individual
calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his conduct by the result of his calculations.

2. The Neo-classical School – it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it should be modified in certain details. Since
children and lunatics cannot calculate the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be regarded as criminals, hence they should be free
from punishment.

3. The Positivist/Italian School – the school that denied individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It
adheres that crimes, as any other act, is a natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered as sick individuals who need to be treated by treatment
programs rather than punitive actions against them.

The Five (5) Pillars of Criminal Justice System

THE FIVE PILLARS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM   I – THE COMMUNITY; II – THE LAW ENFORCEMENT; III –
THE PROSECUTION; IV – THE COURTS; and V – CORRECTIONS.   As we shall see, OUR CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IS
COMPOSED OF FIVE PILLARS THAT FUNCTION LIKE A CHAIN OF LINKS. ANY WEAKNESS IN ANY OF THESE LINKS BREAKS
THE CHAIN, RESULTING TO A BREAKDOWN OF THE SYSTEM: INORDINATE DELAYS IN THE PROCEEDINGS, ACQUITTAL OF
THE GUILTY AND CONVICTION OF THE INNOCENT.   Such weakness can be caused by lack of concern on the part of people in the
community, or inefficiency and corruption on the part of the public officials composing the four (4) other pillars.  

I – THE LAW ENFORCEMENT:  

To this group belong policemen, National Bureau of Investigation agents, Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency agents, the Military, Bureau of
Customs police, Bureau of Immigration officers, Bureau of Internal Revenue examiners, Commission on Audit auditors, Ombudsman fact-
finding investigators, Commission on Human Rights investigators, Land Transportation Office and Traffic enforcers, etc.   They enforce the law
by ensuring compliance therewith, conduct investigations to uncover commissions of crimes and violations of laws, file criminal cases before the
prosecutor’s (fiscal’s) office (if the offender is not a government employee/official) or the Office of the Ombudsman (if the offender is a
government employee/official), and testify in court if a criminal charge is lodged in Court by the prosecutor’s office or the Office of the
Ombudsman.  

II – THE PROSECUTION:  
To this group belong the City, Provincial and Regional State Prosecutors of the Department of Justice, and the investigators and prosecutors of
the Office of the Ombudsman.   They conduct preliminary investigations (if the respondent was not caught in the act of committing the crime) or
inquest proceedings (if the respondent was caught in the act of committing the crime) to determine whether or not there is probable cause
(reasonable ground) to prosecute the respondent in court. If they found probable cause, they lodge a criminal charge against the respondent before
the court. Otherwise, they dismiss the case.   Once the criminal case is filed in court, the court issues a warrant of arrest against the accused (if he
was not caught in the act of committing the crime) or commitment order (if the accused was caught in the act of committing the crime and he has
not yet posted bail or the offense is non-bailable because the crime is punishable by life imprisonment, reclusion perpetua or death).   The
prosecutor ([fiscal] from the DOJ for crimes committed by non-government people, or from the Ombudsman for crimes committed by
government people, although the fiscals can prosecute criminal cases against government people under the continuing authority of the Office of
the Ombudsman) now stands as the lawyer for the State (People of the Philippines) and prosecute the case. The victim, the law enforcer (who
investigated the crime) and other witnesses will now testify in court. The defense counsel will defend the accused. After the trial, the court will
now decide whether or not the accused is guilty. If he is, then he shall be penalized (fine, or imprisonment, or both). If he is not, he shall be
acquitted (set free).  

III – THE COURTS:  

To this group belongs the Municipal Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment not exceeding six (6) years), the Shari’a Circuit Courts
in the ARMM (for criminal violations of the Muslim Code), the Regional Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment of more than six
years, and appeals from the decisions of the Municipal Trial Courts), the Sandiganbayan (for crimes committed by government officials with
salary grade 27 and above regardless of the penalty prescribed for the offense charged, and appeals from the decisions of the Regional Trial Court
in criminal cases against government employees below salary grade 27), the Court of Appeals (for appeals from the decisions of the Regional
Trial Courts in criminal cases against non-government people), and the Supreme Court (for appeals from the decisions of the Court of Appeals,
Sandiganbayan and automatic review of decisions of the Regional Trial Courts and the Sandiganbayan where the penalty imposed is reclusion
perpetua or death).  

IV – CORRECTIONS:  
To this group belong the various Jails (Municipal, City and Provincial Jails), the Bureau of Corrections (in Muntinlupa) and other correctional
facilities. While the criminal case is pending in court, the accused shall be detained at the Municipal, City or Provincial Jail unless he posts a bail
bond for his provisional liberty and if the offense is bailable. After conviction, the convict will be sent to the Bureau of Corrections to serve his
sentence.   Our criminal justice being also a corrective one, the correction officials are mandated to see to it that the convict is reformed and is
able to re-integrate himself into the community after serving his sentence.

I – THE COMMUNITY:   The Filipino community produces our law enforcers (policemen, traffic enforcers, NBI agents, PDEA agents, COA
auditors, Ombudsman fact-finding investigators, etc.); prosecutors (DOJ and Ombudsman prosecutors/investigators); judges (Municipal Trial
Courts, Regional Trial Courts and Sharia Courts); justices (Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals and the Supreme Court); and correction
officials and personnel (municipal jails, provincial jails, city jails, the Bureau of Corrections [Muntinlupa] and other correctional facilities).   A
rotten community will always produce rotten law enforcers, prosecutors, judges, justices and correction officials. The spring cannot rise above its
source.   Members of the community are also the victims of crimes, direct or indirect. They are also the beneficiaries of an efficient and effective
criminal justice system in the form of a peaceful and fear-free environment.   The community is also the greatest source of information about the
commission of a crime. It is from the community that most witnesses come, including victims and whistleblowers. Most crimes against property
(theft, robbery, etc.) are dismissed because the victim does not testify in court, especially when the stolen property is recovered. Hence, thieves
and robbers are set free, free again to steal and rob!  
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INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 1

Unit 1- History of Punishment and Sentencing

10.Ancient Methods of Capital Punishment

The death penalty is the ultimate punishment for criminals to suffer. Even
though this method of correction has seen a drastic decline in use in modern times, back
in the old days, it was an everyday thing to see someone executed by the authorities.
Often, convicted criminals were tortured and killed in brutal ways to set an example for
everyone to witness the consequences of living a life in crime.

Across the world, each and every country had creative ways of delivering capital punishment. Most of the time, the idea was to make
the criminal suffer for as long as possible, while at other times, the chosen method had some symbolic meaning behind it. Nevertheless, criminals
never suffered honorable deaths. In fact, there remains were often displayed for extra humiliation.

Here are ten of the most brutal and horrific methods of capital punishment from ancient times.

1. The Garrote

Executions by garrote were first introduced in 1812 as an alternative to hanging. At least 736 people were executed by garrote in
Spain during the 19th century. Usually, those who were condemned to suffer this method of capital punishment were found guilty of crimes like
murder, banditry, or major acts of terrorism. Prisoners would be seated with their backs against a post, and a rope loop which was also attached
to the pole would then be placed around their necks. Executioners would then use a stick inserted into the loop of the rope to strangle them.
There was also a Chinese variation of this execution method involving the use of bowstring.

2. The Breaking Wheel

Also known as the “Catherine wheel” because it’s associated with Saint Catherine of Alexandria, this brutal torture device was used
during medieval times in Europe. It was popular in France and Germany, and in some instances, it was still in use even after medieval times. It
earned the name “the breaking wheel” because it was specifically designed to break the bones of its victims. Men who were convicted of
aggravated murder suffered this kind of capital punishment. The victim would be lashed to the wheel, and a club or iron cudgel was then used to
beat his limbs. Once the victims succumbed to their injuries, the wheel could be used to display their bodies.

3. Scaphism

This was an ancient Persian method of torture reserved for those who committed serious crimes such as murder or treason. Criminals
would be trapped in a hollowed-out tree trunk or between two boats (hence why this method was also called “the boats”) and force-fed milk and
honey. This punishment had to take place in a swamp or someplace where the boats could lie exposed in the sun. Not only were they forced
against their will to swallow the mixture, but it was also spread all over their exposed body parts. This would attract various kinds of insects as
well as rats, which would basically eat the victim alive.

4. Poena Cullei

Also known as “punishment of the sack,” those who were found guilty of killing a parent (parracide) would be sewn up inside a
leather sack along with an assortment of live animals and thrown into water. According to the first documentation found mentioning poena
cullei, only snakes would be thrown into the sack. Yet, around the time of Emperor Hadrian, the most popular variation of poena cullei was to
throw a cock, a dog, a monkey, and a viper along with the criminal inside the sack.

5. Immurement

In this form of punishment, the convicted criminal would be placed within an enclosed space with no exits. Sometimes, this would
translate into being imprisoned for life, while at other times; the victims would be condemned to die of starvation and dehydration. A photo
which was first published in a 1922 issue of National Geographic depicted immurement in action, with a Mongolian woman trapped inside a
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wooden box in the desert. The photographer, Albert Kahn, witnessed how the woman would beg for food. He had to leave her in the box, because
it would have been a huge breach of protocol for an anthropologist to intervene with another culture’s criminal justice system.

6. Gibbeting

In Scotland, this form of capital punishment was reserved mostly for convicted murderers. According to the Murder Act of 1752, the
bodies of executed murderers would either be dissected or hung in chains. Gibbeting disappeared in practice by the late 1770s, even though it
remained a legal penal option up until 1834. One reason why this kind of capital punishment started to decline is the fact that the body of a
criminal would be displayed in local areas, which had some obvious drawbacks.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 1

7. Lingchi (Slow Slicing)

Lingchi was a brutal method of execution used in China in which the victim would suffer a multitude of cuts before eventually dying of
blood loss. Executioners were tasked with making as many cuts as possible and removing slices of flesh without killing the victim. It was also
known as “death by a thousand cuts.” Lingchi started in the tenth century and was outlawed in 1905. Since it saw the beginning of the 20th
century, it is one of the few execution methods on this list for which photos of it being practiced actually exist.

8. Sawing

During medieval times in Europe, victims would be sawed to death for committing crimes like witchcraft, adultery, murder,
blasphemy, and theft. The Roman Empire had a preference to saw victims in half horizontally, while the Chinese were more inventive by hanging
their victims by their feet and sawing vertically down the body. This method was more effective in making victims suffer, because there would be
better blood flow to the brain, prolonging consciousness.

9. Execution by Elephant

Also known as gunga rao, this form of punishment was mostly used in Asia and India, although there has been some evidence of this
method being used in the Western world on rare occasions. Execution by elephant has been a form of capital punishment in India since the
middle Ages. Victims would often be enemy soldiers or civilians who committed crimes like theft, tax evasion, and rebellion. Even though there
was an abundance of animals that could be used for execution, elephants were utilized because of the fact that they could be trained to torture
and kill criminals.

For example, an elephant could be commanded to crush a victim’s limbs before delivering the death blow to their head. Another
example of execution by elephant was witnessed by Francois Bernier, a French traveler. In this method, the elephant was trained to slice
criminals with blades that were fitted to their tusks.

10. Hanging, Drawing, and Quartering

According to an English law, this would be the ultimate punishment for a man who has been convicted of high treason. Women were
burned at the stake instead for the sake of decency. Up until 1870, those who were convicted of high treason would be tied to a hurdle or sledge
(similar to a piece of fencing made out of thin, interwoven branches) and dragged by a horse to the place of execution. Once there, the criminal
would be hanged without a drop to ensure that their neck wouldn’t break. Before he died, the criminal would be cut down and have his genitals
cut off and stomach slit open. The internal organs of the criminal would then be ripped out, and his body would be decapitated. Finally, the
corpse would be divided into four quarters.

Early forms of Punishment

1. Stocks and Pillories.  

These were considered a mild form of punishment. Stocks were used as far back as Roman times. In 1351 a British Act was passed
whereby stocks were to be placed in every town. Initially they were to punish those who refused to take an oath to observe the law. Eventually,
they were used mainly for those who caused disturbances of the peace and those who were drunk. Pillories became popular in the 18th century.
Rather than having the feet clasped as with the stocks, the pillories immobilized the head and hands.

2. Whips. 

Pillories were sometimes used as whipping posts. In 1791 whipping of females ceased.

3.Houses of Correction. 

During the reign of Elizabeth the First, it was passed that all shires have at least on House of Correction for “rogues, vagabonds and
sturdy beggars”. These places were used until 1839 with the passing of the Police Act.

4. Gossips Bridle. 

An iron frame was placed over the head. It had a gag or a plate (or sometimes a sharp knife or pointed metal) which was placed in
the woman’s mouth to prevent her from moving her tongue. With the bridle in place, the woman was led through the streets by an attached chain
or was chained to a whipping post, and subjected to insult and degradation.

5. Ducking Stool. 

This was used mostly for brawling women from around 1560 to 1750. A culprit was placed on a stool attached to a wooden arm
which swiveled from an upright post beside a pond. The number of duckings was usually three.
 9

Lock-ups. These replaced the pillories and usually housed brawlers and drunkards. They were also used as overnight accommodation for
prisoners being transported across the counties.

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6.County Gaol. 

Although each county had its own Sheriff in 1566, not all counties had gaols until some 50 years later. They presented terrible
conditions and were often riddled with disease and overcrowded. Debtors were also incarcerated in the county gaols.

7. Branding. 

In the 17th century, a convicted man could claim “Benefit of Clergy” for exemption. He had to prove to the Court that he could read
and so was regarded as being a clerk. The left hand was branded with a hot iron. Branding was sometimes done on the cheek. It was abolished in
1822.

8. Death for witchcraft.  

During the reign of James, from 1603 to 1625, it is believed that more than 3,000 witches were executed. Witch hunting became a
popular sport and many protested their innocence but were hanged. It was finally abolished in 1736.

9. Transportation.  

Criminals were transported to America between 1718 and 1772 until it was halted by the American War of Independence. The
establishment of a penal settlement at Botany Bay saw the beginnings of transportation here.

10. Judgement of Penance.

Punishment was meted out to those who remained silent in the witness box. Between 1399 and 1413, under Henry IV, if a witness
remained silent after being asked to answer a question a third time they were taken to a dark dungeon, laid on their backs, and a heavy iron
weight was put in place. Gradual starvation followed until death occurred. In 1772 an Act was passed stating that silence assumed a verdict of
guilty. In 1827 a further Act assumed that silence was a plea of not guilty.

11. Capital punishment. 

The death penalty was frequently used up to 1829. After that it was only used for crimes of murder or high treason. After 1868,
executions were conducted in private rather than in public places.

12. Burning to Death.

This brutal punishment for women who committed treason was replaced with hanging from around 1790.
Hung, drawn and quartered. Examples of this gruesome form of punishment occurred during the time when the Roman Catholic faith in England
was being persecuted by Queen Elizabeth I.

13. Gibbet.

  This was also a gruesome form of punishment. Once a murderer was convicted and hung, his body was taken to the scene of the
crime and hung in a gibbet, a frame specially for the victim.

Historical Perspective of Corrections:

13th Century – Securing Sanctuary

- In the 13th century, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refuge in a church for a period of 40 days.

16th Century – Transportation of criminals in England was authorized. At the end of this century, Russia and other European Countries followed
this system. This practice was abandoned in 1835.

Gaols - (jails) – the description given to pretrial detention facilities operated by English sheriff in England during the 18th century.

Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails,usually rowed by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals
in the 16th century.

Hulks – these are former warships used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century.
- These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisons. They were called as the floating hells.

Ordeal – is the church’s substitute for a trial until the 13th century wherein guilt or innocence was determined by the ability of the accused of
being unscathed through dangerous and painful test.

Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus)– gave bishops the power to act as real judges which enabled bishop tribunal to rule on secular matters. - King of
Franks and Roman Emperor.

EARLY CODES:

1. Babylonian and Sumerian CodesCode of King Hammurabi

(Hammurabic Code) – Babylon, credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment. But in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly 100 years
older.

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2. Roman and Greek Codes
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a. Justinian Code – 6th century AD, Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law. An effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all
possible crimes. However, the law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western Legal codes.

The Twelve Tables (451-450 BC) –represented the earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian code.

b. Greek Code of Draco – Greece, a harsh code that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive
concepts. The Greeks were the first to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party.

3. The Burgundian Code (500 AD) –it specified punishment according to the social class of offenders, dividing them into: Nobles, Middle class
and Lower class and specifying the value of the life of each person according to social status.

Unit 2- Development of Jails and Prisons

Public views of punishment for crimes have changed over the centuries. History has its clement and its stormy seasons, and during
times of war, famine, and disorder, gains made in peace and plenty are sometimes lost. Yet generally over time most societies have moved from
the extraction of personal or family justice—vengeful acts such as blood feuds or the practice of "an eye for an eye"—toward formal systems
based on written codes and orderly process. Jails and prisons have changed from being holding places where prisoners awaited deportation,
maiming, whippings, beatings, or execution. Confinement itself has become the punishment. In the United States  today, as articulated by the U.S.
Supreme Court, punishment has at least four justifications: deterrence, societal retribution, rehabilitation, and incapacitation—the last category
intended to protect.

PENOLOGY defined:
-Thestudyofpunishmentforcrimeorofcriminaloffenders.Itincludesthestudyof control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal
offenders.

ETYMOLOGY OF PENOLOGY

Penology (from "penal", Latin poena, "punishment" and the Greek suffix -logia, "study of") is a sub-component of criminology that

deals with the philosophy and practice of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an
appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.

Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of  crime, via the
repression or inhibition of criminal intent via the fear of punishment. The study of penology therefore deals with the treatment of prisoners and
the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted criminals. It also encompasses aspects of probation (rehabilitation of offenders in the community) as
well as penitentiary science relating to the secure detention and retraining of offenders committed to secure institutions.
Penology concerns many topics and theories, including those concerning prisons (prison reform, prisoner abuse, prisoners' rights,
and recidivism), as well as theories of the purposes of punishment (deterrence, retribution, incapacitation and rehabilitation). Contemporary
penology concerns itself mainly with criminal rehabilitation and prison management. The word seldom applies to theories and practices of
punishment in less formal environments such as parenting, school and workplace correctional measures
ETYMOLOGY OF JAIL
Etymologically, a jail is a 'little cage,' ” John Ayto says in his Dictionary of Word Origins. Ayto explains that the English word is
ultimately derived from caveola, a diminutive of cavea, Latin for cage (and the source of the English word “cage”). The “gaol” and “jail”
spellings first showed up in the 1600s.
Types of Jail
1. Lock-up jail – is a security facility for the temporary detention of person held for investigation or awaiting preliminary
hearing.
2. Ordinary jail – houses both offenders awaiting court action and those serving short sentences usually up to 3 years.
3. Workhouse jail farm or camp –houses minimum custody offenders serving short sentences with constructive work
programs.

HISTORY OF PRISON ENLIGHTENMENT

MEDIEVAL TIMES

As in ancient times, medieval Europe had very harsh punishments. Torture and death were commonly administered. From the depths
of the "Dark Ages" came cruel instruments that tortured as they killed. For example, the rack stretched its victims until their bodies were torn
apart. The Iron Maiden—a box thickly set with sharp spikes inside and on the inner side of its door—pierced its victims from front and back as it
closed. People came to watch public executions to see the convicts burn, be hanged, or be beheaded.

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CONFINEMENT

Those arrested were usually confined (imprisoned) until they confessed to the crime and their physical punishment occurred. The
medieval church sometimes used long-term incarceration to replace executions. Some wealthy landowners built private prisons to enhance their
own power, imprisoning those who dared dispute their pursuit of power or oppose their whims. With the enactment of King  Henry II's set of
ordinances, called the Assize of Clarendon (England, 1166), many crimes were classified as offenses against the "king's peace" and were
punished by the state and not by the church, the lord, or the victim's extended family. At this time the first prisons designed solely for
incarceration were constructed.

PRISONS
 11

The only comfort prisoners had in the cold, damp, filthy, rat- and roach-infested prisons of medieval Europe was what they could—or
rather were required to—buy. The prison-keeper charged for blankets, mattresses, food, and even the manacles (chains). The prisoner had to pay
for the privilege of being both booked (charged) and released. Wealthy prisoners could pay for plush quarters but most suffered in terrible
conditions, often dying from malnutrition, disease, or victimization by other prisoners.

THE RISE OF NATIONS

In Europe in the 1500s, while most jails still housed people waiting for trial or punishment, work-houses and debtors' prisons
developed as sources of cheap labor or places to house insane or minor offenders. Those found guilty of serious crimes could be transported
instead of executed. England transported many prisoners to colonial Georgia in the 

United States and later to colonial Australia; France sent many to South America. Although transportation was a less severe punishment than the
death penalty, many prisoners did not survive the harsh conditions either on board the transport ships or life in the early colonies to which they
were sent.

COLONIAL AND EARLYPOST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS

Just as in Europe, physical punishment was common in colonial America. Americans used stocks, pillories, branding, flogging, and
maiming—such as cutting off an ear or slitting nostrils—to punish offenders. The death penalty was used frequently. In 1636 the Massachusetts
Bay Colony listed thirteen crimes that warranted execution, including murder, practicing witchcraft, and worshipping idols. In early  New
York State, 20% of offenses, including pickpocketing, horse stealing, and robbery, were capital crimes (warranting the death penalty).

Jails were used to hold prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing or as debtors' prisons, but were not the punishment itself. The Puritans of
Massachusetts believed that humans were naturally depraved, which made it easier for some of the colonies and the first states to enforce harsh
punishments. In addition, since Puritans believed that humans had no control over their fate (predestination), many early Americans felt there was
no need for rehabilitation.

Pennsylvania

The Quakers, led by William Penn, made colonial Pennsylvania an exception to the harsh practices often found in the other colonies.
The early criminal code of colonial Pennsylvania abolished executions for all crimes except homicide, replaced physical punishments with
imprisonment and hard labor, and did not charge the prisoners for their food and housing.

Ideas of the Enlightenment

The philosophy of the Enlightenment (the Age of Reason) emphasized the importance of the individual. After the  French
Revolution of 1789, which was based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, western European countries abolished torture as a form of punishment
and emphasized that the punishment should fit the individual's crime(s). Rather than inflicting pain as the main element of correction, the idea of
changing the individual became the goal. The French Revolution, however, also introduced the guillotine, a sophisticated beheading machine.

In England, John Howard (1726–90) wrote The State  of the Prisons in England and Wales (1777), in which he described the horrible
treatment of prisoners. Howard thought that prisoners should not be harassed by keepers who extorted from them, nor should they have to suffer
malnutrition and disease. He advocated segregating prisoners by age, sex, and type of crime; paying the staff; hiring medical officials and
chaplains; and supplying prisoners with adequate food and clothing.

Howard called the facilities "penitentiaries" (from the word "penitent," meaning to be ashamed or sorry for committing a sin or
offense) because he based his ideas on the Quakers' philosophy of people repenting, reflecting on their sins, and changing their ways. Public
concern led the British Parliament to pass the Penitentiary Act of 1779; it called for the first secure and sanitary penitentiary. The law eliminated
the charging of fees. Prisoners would live in solitary confinement at night and work together silently during the day. Nonetheless, although
Parliament passed the law, it did not actually go into effect until the opening of Pentonville Penitentiary in North London in 1842.

THE REFORM MOVEMENT

The idea of individual freedom and the concept that people could change society for the better by using reason permeated American
society in the 1800s. Reformers worked to abolish slavery, secure women's rights, and prohibit liquor, as well as to change the corrections
system.

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PENNSYLVANIA SYSTEM

In 1787 in Pennsylvania, a group campaigning for more humane treatment of prisoners established the Philadelphia Society for
Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. Led by Dr. Benjamin Rush, this organization, which included many Quakers, campaigned for the
imprisonment of criminals rather than physical and capital punishment. The Quakers thought solitary confinement could reform criminals. In
such cells the offenders could think over their wrongful ways, repent, and reform. In 1790 Pennsylvania established the Walnut Street Jail in
Philadelphia for "hardened and atrocious offenders."

The association continued pressuring the legislature for more prisons. Eventually, in 1829, the state built the Western Penitentiary
outside Pittsburgh and the Eastern Penitentiary near Philadelphia. The cells (12 by 8 by 10 feet in dimension) with individual exercise yards
isolated inmates so they could work, read their Bibles, and contemplate in order to be rehabilitated. The only voice the inmates heard was that of
the chaplain on Sunday.

The reformers thought solitary confinement not only allowed the offenders to repent but also served as a punishing experience since
humans are social by nature. In addition, the system would be economical since, under these conditions, prisoners would not take long to see the
error of their ways and fewer guards would be needed. However, many prisoners found the total isolation very difficult to endure, and the jails
quickly became overcrowded warehouses for prisoners.

AUBURN SYSTEM
 12

The Auburn System (New York, 1819) used the Quaker idea of solitary confinement at night but used a system of congregating
inmates in a common workroom during the day. The prisoners could neither talk nor look at one another. Any violation of the rules was met with
immediate and strict discipline. Each supervisor had the right to flog an inmate who violated the rules.

Reformers perceived the system as economical because a single guard could watch a group of prisoners at work. The work of the
inmates would help pay for their upkeep; they would learn about the benefits of work and have time to meditate and repent. Both the
Pennsylvania and Auburn systems dictated that offenders should be isolated and have a disciplined routine. European countries tended to adopt
the Pennsylvania system while most American states chose the Auburn system. While these methods made it easier to run a prison, they did little
to rehabilitate prisoners. After the American Civil War (1861–65) huge industrial prisons were built to house thousands of prisoners in the

Northeast, Midwest, and California. The western states used their old territorial jails while  the South relied on leasing out prisoners for farm
labor.

THE CINCINNATI DECLARATION

Because many prison administrators were corrupt, convicts were mistreated and used as cheap labor. However, a growing number of
prison reformers were beginning to believe that the prison system should be more committed to reform. In 1870 the newly established National
Prison Association (which later became the American Correctional Association) met in Cincinnati, Ohio, and issued a Declaration of Principles.
The philosophy of the Auburn system (fixed sentences, silence, isolation, harsh punishment, lockstep work) was considered degrading and
destructive to the human spirit. The values in the Declaration of Principles included the following:

1. The penal system should be based on reformation, not suffering, and prisoners should be educated to be free, industrious
citizens able to function in society, not orderly inmates controlled by the guards.
2. Good conduct should be rewarded.
3. Indeterminate sentencing (not a mandated exact sentence) should include the ability for prisoners to earn their freedom
early through hard work and good behavior.
4. Citizens should understand that society is responsible for the conditions that lead to crime.
5. Prisoners should recognize that they can change their lives.

ELMIRA REFORMATORY

The superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New York, Zebulon Brockway (1827–1920), used some of these ideas when New
York opened the reformatory in 1876 for male offenders sixteen to thirty years old. Brockway believed that rehabilitation could be achieved
through education.

Inmates who did well in both academic and moral subjects earned early release by accumulating points. Misbehavior and poor
performance in the educational courses prolonged the individual's sentence. Brockway used this technique because the New York legislature had
passed a law allowing indeterminate sentencing and the release of

inmates on parole when they showed they had been reformed. Brockway recognized that it was difficult to distinguish between those inmates
who had truly reformed and those who were pretending to be rehabilitated in order to be paroled.

PRISON REFORM IN THE EARLYTWENTIETH CENTURY

By 1900 Brockway's correctional philosophy had spread throughout the nation. Nonetheless, by World War I (1914–18), the idea of
using educational and rehabilitative approaches was being replaced by the use of strict discipline. The way the facilities were built, the lack of
trained personnel, and the attitudes of the guards made Brockway's ideas difficult to implement. In addition, the introduction of a probation
system kept the offenders easiest to rehabilitate out of the reformatories.

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Despite this return to discipline, the reform movement survived. The progressives of the early twentieth century believed that if
prisons applied the ideas of behavioral science to the inmates, prisoners could be rehabilitated. The progressives worked to change the social
environment from which criminals came and to design ways to rehabilitate individual inmates. By the 1920s reformers were strongly advocating
indeterminate sentencing, parole, and treatment programs as a way to rehabilitate offenders, but this approach to corrections was not put into
practice until decades later.

While many of the reforms had merit, most could not be properly implemented due to inadequate funding or the unwillingness of
prison officials to act. As each reform apparently failed to solve the problem of crime, many people became disillusioned.

PRISONS AS WORKPLACES

Despite the efforts of reformers, most societies prefer that prisons pay their own way. To do this, prison administrators have at times
constructed factories within prison walls or hired inmates out as laborers in "chain gangs." In rural areas inmates worked on prison-owned farms.
In the South prisoners—predominantly African-American—were often leased out to local farmers. Prison superintendents justified the hard labor
as teaching the offenders the value of work and self-discipline. Many free citizens, after all, earned their livings doing such work in factories and
fields. Some penologists

those who study prison management) believe that the harshness of the prisons made these inmates more vindictive against society.

With the rise of labor unions in the North, the 1930s saw an end to the large-scale prison industry. Unions complained about
competing with the inmates' free labor, especially amid the rising unemployment of the Great Depression. By 1940 the states had limited what
inmates could produce. By 1970 the number of prison farms had decreased substantially because they were expensive to operate and the prisons
found it cheaper to purchase food. In addition, agricultural work no longer prepared inmates for employment outside prison. Since the 1970s,
however, support for prison factories as a way to train inmates for outside jobs has grown. Penologists believe that working in prison factories
 13

helps keep prisoners from being bored and idle and teaches them skills. While they believe prisoners benefit from work, they also assert that
prisoners should not suffer the exploitation that characterized the factories of the 1920s.

REHABILITATION MODEL

The rehabilitation model of corrections began in the 1930s and reached its high point in the 1950s. Qualified staff members were
expected to diagnose the cause of an offender's criminal behavior, prescribe a treatment to change the individual, and determine when that
individual had become rehabilitated. Group therapy, counseling, and behavior modification were all part of the approach. These techniques did
not work with all inmates, especially with those convicted of violent crimes; most states did not budget enough money for their correctional
institutions to achieve these goals; and there were too many prisoners for the prison staff to treat effectively.

COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

In response to an increase in crime during the 1960s, advocates of community corrections thought that rehabilitation needed to be
done within the community, not in the prisons. They favored probation, educational courses, and job training. In 1965 the Commission on Law
Enforcement and Administration of Justice, a panel of experts on crime and the justice system, recommended improvements to the correctional
system and initiated the first standards for operating prison facilities. The task force recommended alternative community-based approaches,
educational and vocational programs, and different treatments for special offender categories. As a result, the American Correctional
Association's Commission of Accreditation established standards by which it assesses correctional facilities for voluntary accreditation.

JUSTICE MODEL

As crime increased in the late 1980s, and the community corrections model seemed unsuccessful, the pendulum once again swung the
other way. Pressure began mounting against rehabilitation, indeterminate sentencing, probation, parole, and treatment programs. Some
penologists advocated putting criminals behind bars for a determinate amount of time, noting that offenders should be kept off the streets so that
they cannot commit more crimes. As a result, the federal government and a growing number of states introduced mandatory sentencing and life
terms for habitual criminals (often called "three strikes" laws after a baseball analogy, meaning that after three convictions "you're out"). They
also limited the use of probation, parole, and time off for good behavior.

As Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia pointed out in their study Prisons Research at the Beginning of the 21st Century (Washington,
DC: National Institute of Justice, 1999), "The rapid increase in the 1990s in the numbers of people confined in prisons and jails coincided with
falling crime rates." However, experts differed as to why this decrease in crime occurred. Some reasoned that imprisoning more criminals
naturally led to less crime in society, while others believed that new policing strategies and tactics—such as community policing and zero-
tolerance—reduced crime.

The rising number of offenders on parole and in prisons and jails has taxed the system. Facilities have become overcrowded and states
have had problems securing sufficiently large budgets to build new prisons and jails or to supply the needed treatment and educational programs.

Meanwhile, state and federal courts have put caps on how many prisoners each facility can hold and have told states that certain basic
services are required. With determinate sentencing often eliminating parole, prisons have turned to a system called gain-time to prevent
overcrowding and maintain control. Gain-time, or good time, allows prison officialo

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deduct a specified number of days from an offender's sentence for every month served without the inmate breaking any rules.

JUVENILES

By the late 1700s children ages seven years or younger were presumed to be incapable of criminal intent, a concept that has carried
over to the present time. In the nineteenth century a movement arose based on sixteenth-century European educational reform movements that
changed the concept of a child from a "miniature adult" to an individual with less fully developed cognitive capacity. This resulted in children
being separated from adult offenders in many U.S. prisons and jails.

By passing the Juvenile Court Act of 1899, the state of Illinois established the first juvenile court, located in Cook County. Using the
British doctrine of "parens patriae" (state as parent), this act formalized the right of the state to intervene in the lives of juveniles in a way that
was different from the manner in which the state dealt with adults. The focus was placed on the welfare of the delinquent child, who was seen as
in need of the justice system's benevolent intervention.

By 1925 most states had passed similar legislation. Unlike the adult criminal justice system, juvenile courts dealt with young
delinquents by considering both legal and nonlegal factors, such as home environment and schooling. However, by the 1960s the juvenile court's
success in rehabilitating young offenders was being called into question, largely due to the growing population of juveniles institutionalized
indefinitely while being "reformed."

In 1974 Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act. It required not only the segregation of juveniles from
adults but also the separation of juvenile delinquents (those charged with a crime) from juvenile status offenders (truants and so-called
"incorrigibles"). This led to the development and expansion of community-based programs in an effort to discourage institutionalization. A
decade later the public's perception was that serious juvenile crime was on the rise again and that the system devised to protect juveniles had
become too lenient. This perception led to a trend in the 1990s to exclude certain serious offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction. Juveniles
charged with certain crimes could legally be tried in adult court, in some states at the sole discretion of the prosecuting agency.

According to Juvenile Justice: A Century of Change (1999 National Report Series, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention),
by 1997 most states had adopted new, stricter laws for dealing with juvenile offenders in one or more of the following areas:

 Transfer provisions—making it easier to transfer juvenile offenders to the adult criminal justice system.
 Sentencing authority—giving criminal and juvenile courts expanded sentencing options.
 Confidentiality—modifying or removing traditional juvenile court confidentiality by making records and proceedings more open.
 Victims' rights—increasing the role of victims of juvenile crime in the juvenile justice system.
 Correctional programming—allowing for the development of new detention programs for certain adult offenders and for juveniles
transferred to the adult justice system.
 14

 In addition, many states have added language to their juvenile codes aimed at holding juveniles accountable for criminal behavior
and imposing punishment consistent with the seriousness of the crime.

EARLY PRISONS

 Mamertine Prison – the only early Roman place of confinement which is built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C.

 Bridewell (1557) – the most popular workhouse in London which was built for the employment and housing of English prisoners. It
was also used for locking up vagrants, beggars, prostitutes and other misfits

 Saint Bridget’s Well – England’s first house of correction.

 Walnut Street Jail – originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was converted into a state prison and became the first
American Penitentiary.

 Hospicio de San Michelle –the first home for delinquent boys ever established. Built by Pope Clement XI in Rome for housing
incorrigible youths under 20 years of age. As empires developed, the owners of large tracts of land, and later the rulers, wanted a more
orderly legal system than blood feuds and thus established courts. Such courts often sentenced the offender to slavery in the victim's
family for several years as restitution for the offense. Other punishments included laboring on public works projects, banishment, or
even death.

THE WORST INFAMOUS PRISON IN THE WORLD

The world’s most violent prisons are places where criminals fight daily either for their sanity or for their very survival. Following is a
list of the top 10 most violent prisons in the world.

1. San Quentin Prison

San Quentin Prison was established in 1852 and is the oldest prison in the state of California. Although the prison has a gas chamber,
the only executions performed there are by lethal injection. Violence is a continual issue at San Quentin even with a large staff of guards. A
particular incident occurred in February 2006 when some racially motivated

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attacks resulted in the injuries of 100 inmates. Additionally, two inmates were killed. The prison is known for its poor conditions, and a 2005
report stated that “it is our opinion that it is dangerous to house people there.”

2. Bang Kwang Prison

Bang Kwang PrisonBang Kwang Prison is located in Bangkok, Thailand and is nicknamed “the Bangkok Hilton.” However, it is far
from being a place that anyone would want to stay. The prison is known for routine torture of its inmates. Inmates are crammed into small cells,
and death row inmates are often given as little as two hours’ notice before they are dragged off to their execution.

3. Rikers Island Prison

Rikers Island PrisonRikers Island Prison in New York has a legacy of prisoner violence. A man named John Reyes, who was a guard
at the prison in 1991, mentioned being daily afraid because of the beatings and murders he witnessed there. Because of the prison’s history of
violence, it is now one of the strictest prisons in the world. Several reform actions at the prison have helped reduce the number of stabbings a year
down from 1,000 to 70.

4. Alcatraz Island Prison

Alcatraz Although Alcatraz Island Prison, located on Alctraz Island off the coast of San Francisco, California, has been shut down for
many years, it housed some of the most dangerous criminals in history. One of its most famous prisoners was Al “Scarface” Capone. The prison
was known for its violent escape attempts, the most notorious being the escape attempt known as the “Battle of Alcatraz” in May 1946. Alcatraz
was forced to close its doors on March 21, 1963 because of its poor reputation and the high cost of maintaining the prison.

5. ADX-Florence Supermax Facility

ADX-Florence in Colorado is designed to hold the worst prisoners, many in near round-the-clock solitary confinement. A lawsuit was filed in
June 2012 by several inmates. The lawsuit charges that the conditions of the prison create an environment for inmate abuse and torture.

6. La Sante Prison

La Sante PrisonParis, France is the home of La Sante Prison. The prison is known as such a brutal place that many prisoners have
taken their own lives over serving their sentence there. 1999 saw the suicides of 124 prisoners. The violence in the prison is so pervasive that the
prisoners are only out of their cells four hours out of the day. The prison’s system also creates a hierarchical structure that makes some prisoners
more powerful than others and the conditions worse for the weaker prisoners.

7. Diyarbakir Prison

The conditions at Diyarbakir Prison in Diyarbakir, Turkey have been notoriously inhumane. One of the dark spots of the prison’s past
for which it has been known is incarcerating children for lifelong sentences. The violent nature of the prison seems to be more from the side of
the prison guards than the prisoners themselves. In 1996, an incident occurred where guards and police beat prisoners severely. This incident
resulted the death of 10 prisoners and the injuries of 23.

8. La Sabaneta Prison
 15

La Sabaneta Prison is located in Venezuela, South America. The facilities of the prison are designed to house 15,000 prisoners, but
actually houses 25,000. The prison is greatly understaffed, with approximately 1 guard for every 150 inmates. The prison is known for its violent
incidents. A violent gun battle in 1994 resulted in the death of 108 prisoners. Additionally, 196 prisoners were killed and 624 wounded because of
jail violence in 1995.

9. Tadmor Prison

Tadmor Military Prison in Palmyra, Syria is known as one of the most oppressive prisons for a prisoner to serve time in the world.
Amnesty International has stated that “every aspect of it was designed to dehumanize its inhabitants.” The most notorious event in the prison’s
history was in June 1980. President Hafez al-Assad survived an attack on his life by the Muslim Brotherhood. It was reported that he orders
soldiers to execute every prisoner in sight in retaliation for the attack. Tadmor was closed down in 2001, but reopened in 2011. It is no less brutal
today.

10. Carandiru Penitentiary

Carandiru Penitentiary in Brazil, South America is arguably the most violent and deadly prison in the world. In 1992, a violent prison
massacre occurred when 102 inmates were shot dead. The prison is also known for terrible health problems. In the prison’s health wing, nearly
one in five inmates has been diagnosed with HIV.

Though the world outside is itself a dangerous place, prisons are undoubtedly some of the most violent places in the world. Prisons
take the most dangerous elements in the world and isolate them in small places. Though there are many violent prisons in the world, these ten
serve as some of the most notorious.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 1

Unit 3- The Philippine Corrections System

The Philippine Corrections System is composed of the institutions in the

government, civil society and the business sector involved in the confinement, correction
and restoration of persons charged for and/or convicted of delinquent acts or crimes.
The public sector formulates sound policies and rules on corrections, penology and jail
management, rehabilitation and restoration. All prisons or penitentiaries, jails and
detention centers are under the direct control and supervision of the government. The
government, thus, plays a dominant role in the correction and rehabilitation of offenders.

The civil society which includes the non-government organizations, people’s organizations, religious organizations, academe and the
media, provide support services such as health services, training, livelihood, spiritual guidance and counselling. It is also active in advocacy and
social mobilization for the protection of inmates’ human rights and enhancement of access to justice. The business sector has minimal
participation in corrections services but offers tremendous opportunities for improved efficiency and public sector exit options.

A. Adherence to the United Nations (U.N.) Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and the UN Standard Minimum
Rules for Non-Custodial Measures

The Philippines adheres to the provisions of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and UN Standard
Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) and other international human rights instruments which define and guarantee the
rights of inmates. Some of these provisions are already embodied in the Philippine Constitution4 and in its laws, rules and regulations and
ordinances. Section 2, Article of the Constitution, moreover, provides that “The Philippines… adopts the generally accepted principles of
international law…”.

B. Prison/Penitentiary, Jail Distinguished in the Philippines, there is a distinction between a “jail” and “prison”.

A “jail” is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences. It is
differentiated from the term “prison” which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the Bureau of
Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice. Jails include provincial, district, city and municipal jails managed and supervised by
the Provincial Government and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), respectively, which are both under the Department of the
Interior and Local Government.

Municipal and city prisoners are committed to municipal, city or district jails managed by the BJMP. A district jail is a cluster of
small jails, each having a monthly average population of ten or less inmates, and is located in the vicinity of the court.6 Where the imposable
penalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the same was committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her
sentence in the provincial jail which is under the Office of the Governor. Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender shall serve
his or her sentence in the penal institutions of the BuCor.

C. Four Classes of Prisoners

1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of three years and one day to death;

2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six months and one day to three years;

3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to three years; and

4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six months.

D. Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation;

 16

2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and

3. those awaiting final judgment.

E. Four different goals of corrections are commonly espoused: 

 retribution, 
 deterrence,
  incapacitation, and 
 rehabilitation.

Each of these goals has received varied levels of public and professional support over time.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

II.INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Three major government functionaries are involved in the Philippine correctional system, namely: The Department of Justice (DOJ),
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). The DOJ supervises
the national penitentiaries through the Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and probation system through the Parole and Probation
Administration, and assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through the Board of Pardons and Parole. DILG supervises the
provincial, district, city and municipal jails through the provincial governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, respectively.
DSWD supervises the regional rehabilitation centers for youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.

Unit 4- The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

OVERVIEW

As one of the five pillars of the Criminal Justice System, the BJMP was
created to address growing concern of jail management and penology problem. Primarily,
its clients are detainees accused before a court who are temporarily confined in such jails
while undergoing investigation, waiting final judgement and those who are serving
sentence promulgated by the court 3 years and below. As provided for under R.A. No.
6975, the Jail Bureau is mandated to take operational and administrative control over all
city, district and municipal jails.

Under what Department of the Government BJMP is attached?

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology is an attached agency of the Department of the Interior and Local
Government mandated to direct, supervise and control the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails in
the Philippines with pronged tasks of safekeeping and development of its inmates, officially classed as persons deprived of liberty (PDL).

What is the Function of BJMP?

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology supervises and controls all district, city and municipal jails. To enhance public safety
by ensuring humane safekeeping and development of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) in all district, city, and municipal jails for their
reintegration to society.

What Law created the BJMP?

The Jail Bureau, pursuant to Section 60 to 65, Chapter V, Republic Act No. 6975 amended by Republic Act No. 9263 (Bureau of Fire
Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004), is headed by a Chief who is assisted by two (2)
Deputy Chiefs, one (1) for Administration and another for Operations, and one (1) Chief of Directorial Staff, all of whom are appointed by the
President upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government from among the qualified officers with the rank of at
least Senior Superintendent in the Jail Bureau. The Chief of the Jail Bureau carries the rank of Director and serves a tour of duty that must not
exceed four (4) years, unless extended by the President in times of war and other national emergencies.

What are the functions of the Jail Bureau?

The Jail Bureau operates and maintains Regional Offices in each of the administrative regions of the country, headed by a Regional
Director for Jail Management and Penology, with the rank of at least Senior Superintendent. The Regional Director is assisted by an Assistant
Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional Director for Operations, and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff, who are all officers
with the rank of at least Superintendent.

In every province, the Jail Bureau operates and maintains a Provincial Jail Administrator’s Office headed by a Provincial
Administrator, who oversee the implementation of jail services of all district, city and municipal jails within its territorial jurisdiction. In large
cities or a group of clustered municipalities, a District Jail headed by a District Warden may be established. The City and Municipal Jails, each
headed by a City or Municipal Warden.

Functions

(i) Formulate policies and guidelines on the administration of all district, city and municipal jails.
(ii) Formulate and implement policies for the programmes of correction, rehabilitation and treatment of
inmates.
(iii) Plan and programme funds for the subsistence allowance of inmates.
(iv) Conduct research, develop and implement plans and programmes for the improvement of jail services
throughout the country.
 17

After twelve (12) years of existence as a separate agency under the DILG, the BJMP still shares its responsibilities with the Philippine National
Police (PNP). The involvement, however, of the police in penology and jail management is a temporary arrangement in view of BJMP’s limited
capacity.

Command Structure

1. The President of the Republic of the Philippines

2. The Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (SILG) through:
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2
a. the Undersecretary for Operations, Department of the Interior and Local Government (UO, DILG).
b. the Undersecretary for Peace and Order, Department of the Interior and Local Government (UPO, DILG).
c. the Undersecretary for Public Safety, Department of the Interior and Local Government  (UPS, DILG).
d. the Assistant Secretary for Peace and Order, Department of the Interior and Local Government (ASPO,DILG).
e. the Assistant Secretary for Peace and Security, Department of the Interior and Local Government (ASPS,
DILG).

National Office
Chief, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (C, BJMP; highest ranking official with the rank of "Jail Director" equivalent to the 2-star Major
General Officer in the military)
 Deputy Chief for Administration, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (DCA, BJMP; with the rank of Jail Chief Superintendent
equivalent to 1-star Brigadier General Officer in the military)
 Deputy Chief for Operations, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (DCO, BJMP; with the rank of Jail Chief Superintendent
equivalent to 1-star Brigadier General Officer in the military)
 Chief of Directorial Staff, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (CDS, BJMP; with the rank of Jail Chief Superintendent
equivalent to 1-star Brigadier General Officer in the military)

Directorates
 Directorate for Personnel and Records Management
 Directorate for Human Resource Development
 Directorate for Operations
 Directorate for Inmates Welfare and Development
 Directorate for Logistics
 Directorate for Comptrollership
 Directorate for Program Development
 Directorate for Intelligence
 Directorate for Investigation and Prosecution

Support Services
 Office of Program Management
 Office of Legal Services
 Office of General Services
 Office of Accounting Services
 Office of Finance Services
 Office of Supply Accountable Officer
 Office of Internal Audit
 Office of Chaplaincy Services
 Office of Community Relations Services
 Office of Information & Communications Tech. Services
 Office of Health Services
 NESJO

Ranks
Officer ranks equivalent to the Military:

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

 Jail Director (JDir.) - 2-star Major General (Chief of the Bureau; BJMP highest ranking official).
 Jail Chief Superintendent (JCSupt.) - 1-star Brigadier General (Regional Director, Directorial Staff, Deputy Chief).
 Jail Senior Superintendent (JSSupt.) - Colonel (3 Sampaguita Leaves) (Provincial Director, City Director).
 Jail Superintendent (JSupt.) - Lieutenant Colonel (2 Sampaguita Leaves) (Jail Warden)
 Jail Chief Inspector (JCInsp.) - Major (1 Sampaguita Leaf)
 Jail Senior Inspector (JSInsp.) - Captain (2 Anahaw Leaves) (Doctor, Lawyer, Chaplain; Deputy Warden).
 Jail Inspector (JInsp.) - Lieutenant (1 Anahaw Leaf) (Nurse, Social Worker, I.T. Officer, Technician, Engineer, Therapist, Teacher,
Scientist, Accountant, Criminologist)
NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
 18

 Senior Jail Officer IV (SJO4) - Master Sergeant

 Senior Jail Officer III (SJO3) - Technical Sergeant
 Senior Jail Officer II (SJO2) - Staff Sergeant
 Senior Jail Officer I (SJO1) - Sergeant
 Jail Officer III (JO3) – Corporal

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

 Jail Officer II (JO2) - Private First Class

 Jail Officer I (JO1) - Private
 Jail Officer (JO) - Basic Jail Internship
 Non-Uniformed Personnel (NUP) - Civilian Employee

Unit 5- Reception Procedure in BJMP

PROCEDURE ON ADMISSION

A. DESK OFFICER

1. Upon commitment of an inmate, check the credentials of the person bringing the inmate to determine his/her/their identity and
authority.
2. Make sure that the following documents are available:
• Commitment Order
• Information/Complaint
• Medical Certificate issued by Government Hospital.
3. Examine the arrest report and the authenticity of the commitment order.
4. Take all cash and other personal property from the inmate, list them down on a receipt form duplicate, duly signed by him/her and
countersigned by the inmate. Original receipt should be kept for the record and duplicate should be given to the inmate.
5. All cash and other valuables of the inmate must be turned over to the Jail Property Custodian for safekeeping and covered by a receipt.

B. RECORDS ADMITTING OFFICER

 Receives the documents from the DO and starts the booking procedures.
 Inmate is fingerprinted and photographed.
 Inmate is strip-searched to check for any markings, cuts, bruises, etc. and same shall be indicated in the jail booking report.
 Inmates clothing shall be checked for presence of contrabands.
 In a dialect that the inmate understands, he/she shall be apprised of the provisions of Art 29 of the RPC as amended by RA 6127.
 If the inmate agrees to abide by the same disciplinary rules upon convicted inmates, he/she shall be asked to sign a Detainee's
Manifestation. Otherwise, the warden issues a Certification under oath to the effect that the detainee was apprised of the provision of
Art 29 of the RPC as amended and that the inmate refused to sign.

C.JAIL MEDICAL OFFICER

1. Conducts thorough check-up on the overall condition of the inmate during the time he/she was brought to the jail.

2. Checks on the entries in the medical certificate to ascertain any discrepancies and records any findings not indicated.

D. CHIEF CUSTODIAL! OFFICER OF THE DAY

1. Orients the newly committed inmate of the rules and regulations of the jail.

E. RECORDS! DESK OFFICER (as the case maybe)

1. Assigns the newly committed inmate to his/her cell.

F. JAIL WARDEN

1. Coordinate with concerned agencies regarding the case of inmate for speedy disposition and to furnish them copy of the needed
documents available.

Unit 6- PROCEDURE TO BE TAKEN ON INMATES WHILE UNDER BJMP CUSTODY

1. The jail warden shall see to it that all the concerned agencies and persons shall be informed of the commitment of the inmate in
his/her jail by submitting a written report. (Refer to the sample/draft letters to different agencies).

2. The warden, through his paralegal officer, shall ensure that the case of inmate is being attended to by the courts and prosecutors'
office by constantly coordinating with them with the purpose of speeding-up the

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

disposition of the case. For this purpose, the sharing of non-confidential information with the concerned agencies is encouraged.
 19

3. The following agencies/persons shall be notified by the warden upon commitment of the inmate:

PROCEDURE ON RELEASING

A. DESK OFFICER
1. Upon receipt of Release Order, verifies authenticity of said order.

B. RECORDSADMIN OFFICER
1. Starts processing inmates' release.
2. Checks inmate records to be sure that the data in the Release Order coincide with the data in the inmates'
carpeta (spelling of name, offense, Criminal Case Number, etc.)
3. Checks that the inmate has no other pending case/s
4. Routes the Release Paper to different signatories.

C. PROPERTY CUSTODIAN
1. Checks on the receipt of property and returns to the inmate his/her deposited items.
2. Makes sure that returned properties were duly received by the inmate in his/her logbook.

D. DESK OFFICER
1. Puts into record the release of inmate and the condition of the inmate upon his/her release.

E. JAIL WARDEN
1. Report to concerned agencies/persons the release of inmate for aftercare program. The following
agencies/persons shall be notified by the warden upon release of the inmate:

a. Barangay Captain mandatory

b. Priest or religious minister mandatory
c. Family if release is not witnessed by any member of immediate family
d. Court in case of convicted inmate

Unit 7- The Bureau of Corrections

OVERVIEW

BuCor has for its principal task the rehabilitation of national prisoners9, or those sentenced to serve a term of
imprisonment of more than three years. Since its creation, the BuCor has evolved with modern penology and has
shifted from the traditional view of imprisonment as society’s retribution against criminal offenders into one which
regards imprisonment as a humanizing and enriching experience.

Corrections focus on rehabilitation and regards inmates as patients who need treatment and guidance in
order to become productive and responsible members of society upon their release. At present, BuCor has seven prison
facilities for its 26,792 prisoners. It has one prison institution for women and one vocational training centre for juveniles.
All prison institutions have their own Reception and Diagnostic Centre (RDC), Classification Board, Rehabilitation

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

and Vocational Training Programmes, Inmate Complaints, Information and Assistance Centre(ICIAC), Inmate Council and Board of Discipline.
RDC receives, studies and classifies inmates committed to BuCor.

The Classification Board classifies inmates according to their security status. To extend prompt, efficient and timely services to
inmates, BuCor created ICIA which is tasked to act, within seventy-two hours, on all the complaints, requests for information and assistance of
inmates.10 The common complaints/requests made by inmates are complaints against employees/co-inmates, status of prisoners ‘release,
computation of Good Conduct and Time Allowance and problems regarding visitors’ visits. The Inmate Council, which is composed of finally
 20

convicted inmates, serves as an advisory body of the Superintendent of each institution.11 The Board of Discipline hears complaints and
grievances with regard to violations of prison rules and regulations.

HISTORY

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

Old Bilibid Prison circa 1900

The Old Bilibid Prison which was located on Oroquieta Street in Manila was established in
1847 and by a Royal Decree formally opened on April 10, 1866. On August 21, 1870 the San Ramon
Prison and Penal Farm was established in Zamboanga City for Muslim and political prisoners opposed to
the rule of Spain.

AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

The Iuhit penal Settlement now known as Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm was established in
1904 by the Americans in 28,072 hectares of land. The land areas expanded to 40,000 hectares in the late 1950s. and expanded again to 41,007
hectares by virtue of Executive Order No. 67 issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on October 15, 1912.
The Bureau of Prisons was created under the Reorganization Act of 1905 as an agency under the Department of Commerce and
Police. The Reorganization Act also re-established the San Ramon Prison in 1907 which was destroyed during the Spanish–American War in
1898. The prison was placed under the Bureau of Prisons and receive prisoners in Mindanao.
The Correctional Institution for Women was founded on November 27, 1929 by virtue of Act No. 3579 as the first and only prison for
women in the Philippines. Later, on January 21, 1932, the bureau opened the Davao Penal Colony in Southern Mindanao. The New Bilibid Prison
was established in 1935 in Muntinlupa due to the increased rate of prisoners.

CONTEMPORARY ERA
Proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954, established the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in  Occidental Mindoro, and the
Leyte Regional Prison was established on January 16, 1973, under Proclamation No. 1101. The Administrative Code of 1987 and Proclamation
No. 495, issued on November 22, 1989, changed the agency's name to the current Bureau of Corrections from Bureau of Prisons. [6]

The Logo: Bureau of Prisons and Bureau of Corrections Logo

The three (3) keys symbolized the three Century Prisons: the Old Bilibid Prison (1866), San Ramon Penal
Farm (1870) and Iwahig Penal Colony (1904), integrated into one (1) office of the Bureau of Prisons

The façade of the Bureau of Prisons with the iron bars and the post towers reflected the function of
safekeeping of prisoners confined in its custody.

The seal signifies the productive and worthwhile activities that an inmate is engaged in while inside prison. The focus of an
education as means of self-actualization and personal growth supported with sports, skills development and religious
activities that would help him assume a new outlook in life. He is also engaged in various livelihood programs under the
operation of agro-Industries to enable him to have employment opportunities once released.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

The seal features a rehabilitated inmate (white) while in custody of the seven (7) prisons and penal farms (bars)
thru educational, therapeutic, productive approaches and restorative justice. He looks forward to a brighter future (rays of
the sun), but would need the assistance of his family and loved ones, the society and the church, for him to completely
undergo transformation and re-integrates successfully in the community

The Bureau of Corrections was founded in 1905. The eleven (11) bay leaves, which represent a decade per leaf, refer to
the achievement and developments of BUCOR since its existence. It also cover the 112th anniversary of BUCOR where its
first ever modernization law put into place.
The man-figure represents the Person Deprived if Liberty (PDL), who had undergone security and effective
rehabilitation programs (prison railings with green background) through meaningful justice (justice symbol), is about to be
released from prison facing the EAST where the sun rises which represent the free society and symbolized new hope. The
seven rays of the sun further symbolized the seven (7) Operating Prison and Penal Farms of BUCOR.

What Law Created the Bureau of Corrections?

 21

Act – refers to R.A. 10575, entitled “An Act Strengthening the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) and providing Funds Therefor,”
otherwise known as the Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

What Department of the Government BuCor is attached?

Bureau of Correction is under the Department of Justice.

What is the main function of the BuCor?

The Bureau of Corrections ,Kawanihan ng mga Bilangguan, literally "Bureau of Prisons", which was the old name of the agency from
1905 to 1989; abbreviated BuCor) is an agency of the Department of Justice which is charged with the custody and rehabilitation of national
offenders, who have been sentenced to three years of imprisonment[2] or more. The agency has its headquarters in the New Bilibid
Prison Reservation in Muntinlupa City.

BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS (BUCOR)

The Bureau of Corruption is tasked with the following functions:

a. To confine persons who have been convicted of a criminal offense by the courts to serve sentence in a
penal institution.
b. To provide correctional environment which seeks to protect the physical and emotional wellbeing of
offenders.
c. To provide humane treatment by affording them human basic needs the correctional community and
prohibiting cruel methods rehabilitation.
d. To provide opportunities for rehabilitation programs designed to change the offenders’ pattern of criminal or
anti-social behavior.
e. To engage in agro-industrial endeavors to develop penal farms into productive profit center that employs
offender manpower skills and labor and provide a source of income to supplement the Bureau’s financial
outlet.
f. To perform other functions that maybe directed by the Secretary of Justice of other competent authorities.

ORGANIZATION

It is headed by Corrections Director General USEC GERALD QUITALEG BANTAG. The bureau has 2,862 employees, 61% of
whom are custodial (uniformed) officers, 33% are non-uniformed personnel and 6% are members of the medical service.
Command Leadership Structure

 The President of the Philippines as Commander-in-Chief

 The Secretary of Justice
 The Director General of the Bureau of Corrections (DG, BUCOR; with the Rank of Undersecretary donning the 3-Star rank)
 The Deputy Director General for Administration (DDGA; with the Rank of Assistant Secretary donning the 2-Star rank)
 The Deputy Director General for Security and Operations (DDGSO; with the Rank of Assistant Secretary donning the 2-Star rank)
 The Deputy Director General for Reformation (DDGR; with the Rank of Assistant Secretary donning the 2-Star rank)

Directorates

 Directorate for Administration

 Directorate for Security and Operations
 Directorate for Reformation

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

 Directorate for Reception and Diagnostics
 Directorate for External Relations
 Directorate for Planning and Management
 Directorate for Health Services
 Directorate for Finance and Logistics

Support Services

 Internal Affairs Ser

 vice
 Human Resource Development Division
 Legal Affairs Division
 Investigation and Intelligence Division
 Personnel Training and Development Division
 Records Division
 Inmate Documents and Processing Division
 Accounting Division
 Operating Prisons and Penal Farms
 22

Mission
To maximize the assets' value of the BuCor to effectively pursue its responsibility in safely securing transforming national prisoners through
responsive rehabilitation programs managed by professional Corrections Officers.
Mandate
The Principal task of the Bureau of Corrections is the rehabilitation of National Prisoners.
The Bureau carries out the following task to carry out its mandate:

 Confine persons convicted by the courts to serve a sentence in national prisons.

 Keep prisoners from committing crimes while in custody.
 Provide humane treatment by supplying the inmates' basic needs and implementing a variety of rehabilitation programs
designed to change their pattern of criminal or anti-social behavior.
 Engage in agro-industrial projects for the purpose of developing prison lands and resources into productive bases or profit
centers, developing and employing inmate manpower skills and labor, providing prisoners with a source of income and
augmenting the Bureau's yearly appropriations.

Units
The Bureau of Corrections currently have 7 operating units located nationwide:
SEVEN PENAL INSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

1. The  New Bilibid Prison  in  Muntinlupa City

2. The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW)  in  Mandaluyong City / and The CIW Mindanao, Sto. Tomas, Davao
3. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm  in  Puerto Princesa City,  Palawan
4. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro
5. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City
6. Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog,  Leyte
7. Davao Prison and Penal Farm  in  B.E. Dujali, Davao

Ranks
Main article: Police ranks of the Philippines

The following ranks are in force in the BuCor. While the Bureau forms part of the Department of Justice, its ranks follow those of the uniformed
services in the Department of the Interior and Local Government.
Commissioned Officers

 Corrections Director General (Lt. General)

 Corrections Deputy Director General for Administration (Maj. General)
 Corrections Deputy Director General for Security and Operations (Maj. General)
 Corrections Deputy Director General for Reformation (Maj. General)
 Corrections Chief Superintendent (Brig. General)
 Corrections Senior Superintendent (Colonel)
 Corrections Superintendent (Lt. Col.)

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

 Corrections Chief Inspector (Major)
 Corrections Senior Inspector (Captain)
 Corrections Inspector (Lieutenant)
Non- Commissioned Officers

 Corrections Senior Officer 4 (Executive Master Sergeant)

 Corrections Senior Officer 3 (Chief Master Sergeant)
 Corrections Senior Officer 2 (Senior Master Sergeant)
 Corrections Senior Officer 1 (Master Sergeant)
 Corrections Officer 3 (Sergeant)
 Corrections Officer 2 (Corporal)
 Corrections Officer 1 (First Class)

Rank system until 1992

While the BuCor reports to the Department of Justice, in the past it sported a military rank system mirroring the former Integrated
National Police and therefore similar to the Chilean Gendarmerie and the Italian Corpo degli Agenti di Custodia. Until 1989 officers and agents
sported "Prisons" in their rank title.
 23

List of Director Generals

 M. L. STEWART -1910 - 1913

 W.H. DADE -1914 - 1920
 J.W. QUILLEN -1920 - 1923
 DIR. RAMON VICTORIO -1923 - 1930
 LT COL PAULINO SANTOS -1930 - 1937
 MAJ ERIBERTO B MISA SR. -1937 - 1949
 DIR. EUSTAQUIO BALAGTAS -1949 - 1954
 ATTY. ALFREDO M. BUNYE -1954 - 1958
 DIR. ENRIQUE A. FERNANDEZ -1958 - 1962
 COL EDUARDO QUINTOS -1962
 DIR. FELIX P. AMANTE -1962 - 1965
 COL DOMINADOR M DAÑAN -1965 - 1966
 DIR. ALEJO S. SANTOS -1967 - 1971
 B/GEN VICENTE R RAVAL -1971 - 1982
 DIR. CATALINO J. MACARAIG JR. -1979
 ATTY. RAMON J. LIWAG -1982
 B/GEN VICENTE E EDUARDO -1982 - 1986
 LT COL EMILIO N CEA -1986
 B/GEN MELITON D GOYENA -1986 - 1991
 ATTY. CLETO B. SENOREN -1991
 DIR. ERIBERTO B. MISA JR. -1991 - 1993
 ATTY. VICENTE G. VINARAO -1994 - 1998
 LT GEN PEDRO G SISTOZA -1998 - 2001
 COL RICARDO B MACALA -2001 - 2003
 USEC. DIONISIO R. SANTIAGO -2003 - 2004
 ATTY. VICENTE G. VINARAO -2004-2007
 DIR. RICARDO B. DAPAT -2007
 USEC. OSCAR C. CALDERON 2007-2010
 GEN ERNESTO L DIOKNO -2010-
 ATTY. MANUEL G. CO -May 2011-August 2011
 LT GEN GAUDENCIO S PANGILINAN JR -2011-2012
 ATTY. MANUEL G. CO -August 2012-November 2012
 ATTY. RAFAEL MARCOS Z. RAGOS -November 2012-March 2013
 DIR. FRANKLIN JESUS BUCAYU
 LT GEN RICARDO RAINIER G CRUZ
 ATTY. BENJAMIN DELOS SANTOS
 DIR. ROLANDO ASUNCION

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 2

 ASEC VALFRIE TABIAN
 USEC RONALD M DELA ROSA -April 30-October 12, 2018
 USEC NICANOR E FAELDON -November 2018-September 2019
 USEC GERALD Q BANTAG -September 2019-Present

Unit 8- Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare, Provincial Government

Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare

Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 603, as amended, was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment
of youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination of the case. The Bureau provides intensive treatment for the rehabilitation
of youth offenders on suspended sentence. Under the said law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor or youth who is over nine years but
under eighteen years of age at the time of the commission of the offence.

The Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) was created through Presidential Decree 603, otherwise known as the Child and
Youth Welfare Code in 1974. It is mandated to coordinate the implementation and enforcement of all laws, formulate, monitor and evaluate
policies, programs and measures for children. Executive Order No. 806 signed in 2009, amended EO No. 778 and affirmed that CWC shall
continue to function and exercise the same powers pursuant to the provisions of PD 603 and Executive Order 233 and attached to DSWD .

Provincial Government
 24

Provincial jails, numbering 104 in all, including sub-provincial extensions, are under the supervision and control of the provincial
governments.

Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six months and one day to three years; 3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to
a prison term of one day to three years; and 4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six months.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 3

Unit 9- Seven (7) Penal Institution in the Philippines

 The  New Bilibid Prison  in  Muntinlupa City

 The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW)  in  Mandaluyong City / and The CIW Mindanao, Sto. Tomas, Davao
 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm  in  Puerto Princesa City,  Palawan
 Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro
 San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City
 Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog,  Leyte
 Davao Prison and Penal Farm  in  B.E. Dujali, Davao

1.The New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City

The New Bilibid Prison (NBP) is one of seven major facilities handled by the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor), an agency under the
Department of Justice. Bilibid, as it is more popularly referred to, is located in Muntinlupa City. It is one of the main stations for male offenders
from different parts of the Philippines. The Old Bilibid Prison, built in Manila in 1847, was the primary correctional facility in the country before
1900. It was formally opened through a Spanish Royal Decree in 1865. When the Old Bilibid was moved from Manila to  Muntinlupa in 1936, it
was "renamed" the New Bilibid Prison.

2. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

Penal Farm is one of the most popular prisons in the Philippines. It was established in 1902 by the United States for the Filipino
prisoners who had fought with the American during their colonization in the Philippines. The Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm is located at
Baranggay Iwahig, Palawan and is 30-minute ride from the province's capital, Puerto Princesa. Currently, it houses some 4,000 inmates.
 25

The Iwahig Prison and penal Farm colony encompasses a 37-hectare picturesque farm. With coconut palm trees, rice, and other crops
planted and cultivated by the prisoners and their families, the colony and the penal farm attract tourists and visitors alike. Within the farm is
Balsahan River, known for its cascading waters coming from the nearby mountain.

3. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro

The Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm is situated in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. By the virtue of Presidential Proclamation no. 72,
it was established on September 26, 1954.

Sprawled on a 16, 190-hectare land area, the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm is one of the prisons nearer to  Manila. According to
records and file, the Sablayan prison first housed colonists, employees and prisoners on January 15, 1955. Since its establishment, the prison is
continuously improved through construction of several buildings, including dormitories, employee's quarter, guardhouse, schoolhouse, chapel,
recreation hall and Post Exchange. The Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm is also where prisoners from New Bilibid Prison are brought for
decongestion purposes. It follows the same colony standards as other penal farms.

4. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City

The San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm is situated in Zamboanga City, Philippines. It was established to house the Muslim rebels and
prisoners opposing the Spanish leadership. The prison is right in front of the Jolo sea and is sprawled within a 1, 414-hectare property. It was on
August 21, 1869 when the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm was built. Decades later, when the Americans took over the country, the Bureau of
Prisons was created under the supervision of the Department of Commerce and Police. Due to the havoc wreaked by the Spanish-American war,
the penal farm was destroyed. In 1907, it was then re-established and started to house prisoners from Mindanao. By 1915, it was placed under the
protection of the Bureau of Prisons.

5. Davao Prison and Penal Farm in B.E. Dujali, Davao

The Davao Prison and Penal Farm is the first and one of the oldest and most recognized penal colonies in the Philippines. Located in
Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte, the penal colony is sprawled at the vast Tadeco Banana Plantation.

Formerly known as the Davao Penal Colony, the Davao Prison and Penal Farm was built on January 21, 1932. It was established
within a 5, 212-hectare of land and was supervised by Bureau of Corrections and the Department of Justice.

The Bureau of Corrections, alongside with the Department of Justice is geared towards the training and reformation of the prisoners.
These two departments also aim to teach the prisoners how to read, write, do jobs like carpentry, wood carving, barbering, basic appliance
repairing, plumbing, shoe making. By uplifting their literacy and awareness, the prisoners will learn how to be responsible citizens especially
when out of the prison. The Davao Prison and Penal Farm has partnerships with the Tagum Agricultural Development Co. (Tadeco). Today, there
are about 800 prisoners working for Tadeco's banana plantation.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 3

6. Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte

The Leyte Regional Prison, situated in Abuyog, Southern Leyte, was established a year after the declaration of martial law in 1972 by
virtue of Presidential Decree No. 28. While its plantilla and institutional plan were almost ideal, lack of funds made the prison unable to realize
its full potential and its facilities are often below par compared with those of other established penal farms.

The LRP has an inmate capacity of 500. It follows the same agricultural format as the main correctional program in addition to some
rehabilitation activities. The prison admits convicted offenders from Region VI and from the national penitentiary in Muntinlupa.

7. The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW)

The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) is one of seven major facilities handled by the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor), an
agency under the Department of Justice. Located in Muntinlupa City, CIW is one of the main stations for female offenders in the Philippines. It is
the smallest but the most overcrowded correctional institution in the country, its 500 inmate-capacity reaching 951 (90% congestion rate) in 2001.

Unit 10- DEFINITION OF TERMS

Alcoholics - those inmates who suffer from alcoholism or those engaged in the improper compulsive intake of alcohol which may result in
physical, social and behavioral problems.

Bisexual - are those inmates who have a sexual attraction or sexual behavior toward both males and females, and may also encompass sexual
attraction to people of any gender identity or to a person irrespective of that person’s biological sex or gender.

Carpeta - otherwise known as “inmate record or jacket”, contains the personal and criminal records of inmates, documents related to his/her
incarceration such as but not limited to: commitment order, subpoenas, personal identification, orders from the court, and all other papers
necessarily connected with the detention of an inmate.

Child or Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), also known as “Youth Offender” - a person under eighteen (18) years old who is alleged
as, accused of or adjudged as having committed an offense under the Philippine laws.

Chief Custodial Officer - is the personnel in-charge in the overall supervision of all custodial functions. City Jail - is a facility or a place of
confinement for those inmates who are sentenced with a penalty from (1) one day to three (3) year imprisonment.

Clustering of Jails - the designation of a municipal or city Jail as a facility for one or more adjacent municipalities in order to maximize the
utilization BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual 2015 Edition Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Page 5 of personnel and other
resources. The “host” city or municipality is named as a district to accommodate inmates from the municipalities clustered to it.
 26

Commitment Order - a written order of the court, or any other agency authorized by law to issue, entrusting an inmate to a jail for the purpose
of safekeeping during the pendency of his/her case.

Contraband - any article, item, or thing prohibited by law and/or forbidden by jail rules that would pose as security hazards or endanger the lives
of inmates.

Conjugal Visitation – refers to the visit by the wife for a short period, usually an hour, more or less, to her incarcerated husband during which
they are allowed privacy and are generally understood to have sexual contact.

Detainee - a person who is accused before a court or competent authority and is temporarily confined in jail while undergoing or awaiting
investigation, trial, or final judgment.

District Jail - is a facility or a place of confinement for inmates coming from a city or clustered municipalities who are waiting or undergoing
trial or serving sentence of one (1) day to three (3) years.

Drug Dependents - are those inmates who have a psychological craving for habituation to and abuse of or physiologic reliance on a
chemical/drug substance.

Drug Users - are those inmates who take substances/drugs that can alter their body and mind works.

Escape-Prone Inmates - are inmates who are likely and have the tendency to escape from the jail facility.

Gay - is a male homosexual inmate, who experiences romantic love or sexual attraction to fellow male inmates.

High Risk Inmates in BJMP Jails - are those considered as highly dangerous or with high probability of escaping or being rescued because of
the gravity of the crimes they are accused of or have a propensity for being troublemakers or initiators of jail riots and disturbance and who
require a high degree of control and supervision. Particularly included herein are those charged with heinous crimes, such as murder, terrorism,
kidnap for ransom, violation of R.A. No. 9165, the imposable penalty for which is from life imprisonment to death, etc. These also include those
who have a record of escaping from jails, recidivists, habitual delinquents, and those with severe personality or emotional disorders that make
them dangerous
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 3
of their fellow inmates or the jail personnel. BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual Revised 2015 Page 6 Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology

High Profile Inmates in BJMP Jails - are those who are not necessarily charged with heinous crimes but are prominent figures in society or
public figures whose cases have drawn public interest.

Infirmed Inmates - are those inmates who are physically or mentally weak for a prolonged period of time specifically caused by age or illness.

Inmate - is the generic term used to refer to a detainee or prisoner.

Inmates with Disability - are those inmates who have an impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional,
developmental, or some combination of these. Inmates with Other Nationalities - are those inmates who are foreign nationals.

Instrument of Restraint - a device, contrivance, tool or instrument used to hold back, keep in, check or control inmates; e.g., handcuffs.

Jail - is a place of confinement for city and municipal detainees/prisoners, any fugitive from justice, or person detained awaiting or undergoing
investigation or trial and/or pending transfer to the National Penitentiary, and/or violent, mentally ill person who endangers him/herself or the
safety of others, duly certified as such by the proper medical or health officer, pending transfer to a mental institution.

Jail Aide – is an inmate who requires less supervision than other inmates. Although he/she may be assigned special tasks, he/she has no special
privileges, and is not allowed to work alone nor exercise any authority over other inmates.

Jail Incident -any untoward or uncommon actions, events, or conditions such as jail break, riot, noise barrage, stabbing or assault upon personnel
that occurs in jail and perpetrated by any person, which may or may not have followed or depended upon another action of grave or serious
consequences such as escape, injury, death, fire, flood, earthquake, or other calamity which affects the jail.

Jailbreak - the escape from jail by more than two (2) inmates by the use of force, threat, violence or deceit or by breaching security barriers such
as by scaling the perimeter fence, by tunneling and/or by other similar means or by burning or destructing of the facility or a portion of the
facility with or without the aid of jail officer or any other person.

Jail escape - it is an act of leaving from jail of an inmate through unofficial and illegal ways or without any legal order from the authorities.

Jail Warden - person charged with the overall operational and administrative control of jail. BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual 2015
Edition Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

Illegal Contraband- are those that are unlawful in themselves and not because of some extraneous circumstances (i.e. dangerous drugs,
weapons, potential weapons, explosives).

Lesbian - is a female homosexual inmate, who experiences romantic love or sexual attraction to fellow female inmates.

Mentally ill - are those inmates who suffer from mental illness and afflicted with or exhibiting irrationality and mental unsoundness.

Mittimus Order - a warrant issued by a court bearing its seal and the signature of the judge, directing the jail or prison authorities to receive
inmates for the service of sentence.

Municipal Jail - is a facility or a place of confinement for those who are sentenced with a penalty for a term not exceeding six (6) month
imprisonment.

Nuisance Contraband - are those that may not be classified as illegal under the Philippine laws but are forbidden by jail rules i.e. cellphone,
money or other commodities of exchange such as jewelry, appliances and gadgets, excessive wearing apparels and sleeping paraphernalia,
intoxicating liquors, cigarettes, pornographic materials, gambling paraphernalia and other products that are considered as instruments for vices
since they threaten the security, fire safety, sanitation of the facility, and the orderly activities of the jail.
 27

Offender - refers to a person who is accused of violating or transgressing laws and ordinances passed by competent authorities in the Philippines.

Officer - in general, the term officer shall refer to all uniformed personnel of the BJMP; when referring to rank, however, the term officer shall
refer to those holding the rank of jail inspector and above.

Penology - a branch of criminology dealing with jail management and administration of inmates. Pregnant Inmates - a female inmate bearing a
developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within her body.

Prisoner - an inmate who is convicted by final judgment.

Provincial Jail – is a facility or a place of confinement for inmates who are sentenced with imprisonment from six (6) months and (1) one to
three (3) year imprisonment.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 3

Provincial Jail Administrator - refers to the official duly designated to head the BJMP Provincial Jail Administrator’s Office and to oversee the
BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual Revised 2015 Page 8 Bureau of Jail Management and Penology implementation of jail services of all
district, city and municipal jails within its territorial jurisdiction.

Reformation - means amending or improving by changing inmate's behavior or removing his or her faults or abuse and removing or correcting
an abuse a wrong or error.

Regional Director - refers to the official duly designated to head the BJMP Regional Office, to oversee the implementation of jail services within
his/her jurisdiction covering provincial jail administrator’s offices, district, city and municipal jails, and to ensure the enforcement of laws and
regulations related to the functions his or her office as mandated of him or her.

Regional Office- means an office, which has administrative and operational control over its provincial jail administrator’s offices, district, city
and municipal jails. Rehabilitation - a program of activity directed to restore an inmate’s self-respect and sense of responsibility to the
community, thereby making him/her a law-abiding citizen after serving his/her sentence.

Safekeeping - refers to the temporary custody of a person for his/her own protection from the community he or she comes from, and for the
community he or she comes from.

Senior Citizens Inmates - are those inmates who have reached sixty years old, or those who have retired from work, and those who generally
belong to the "old age" bracket.

Sex Offenders - are those inmates who committed crimes involving sex, including rape, molestation, pedophilia, sexual harassment and
pornography production or distributions.

Sexual Deviates - inmates who have a type of mental disorder characterized by a preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices, as
pedophilia, sadomasochism, or exhibitionism or inmates whose sexual practices are socially prohibited.

Suicidal Inmates - are those inmates who have a tendency to commit suicide or to harm themselves.

Transgender - are those inmates whose gender identity or gender expression does not match with their innate sexual identity.

Transfer -the delivery, notwithstanding his/her or their appeal, of an inmate or inmates sentenced to more than three (3) year imprisonment, from
any BJMP manned jail to any of the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual 2015 Edition Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Page 9 prisons or penal farms or the delivery of an inmate/s from BJMP-manned jail to another jail facility.

Unit 3- PUNISHABLE ACTS

An inmate is strictly prohibited from committing any of the following acts:

1. MINOR OFFENSES:

a. Selling or bartering with fellow inmate(s) those items not classified as contraband;

b. Rendering personal service to fellow inmate(s); BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual Revised 2015 Bureau
of Jail Management and Penology
c. Untidy or dirty personal appearance;

d. Littering or failing to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his/her quarters and/or surroundings;

e. Making frivolous or groundless complaints;

f. Taking the cudgels for or reporting complaints on behalf of other inmates;

g. Reporting late for inmate formation and inmate headcount without justifiable reasons; and h. Willful waste of
food.

2. LESS GRAVE OFFENSES:

a. Failure to report for work detail without sufficient justification;
b. Failure to render assistance to an injured personnel or inmate;
c. Failure to assist in putting out fires inside the jail;
d. Behaving improperly or acting boisterously during religious, social and other group functions;
e. Swearing, cursing or using profane or defamatory language directed at other persons;
f. Malingering or pretending to be sick to skip work assignment;
g. Spreading rumors or malicious intrigues to besmirch the honor of any person, particularly BJMP personnel;
 28

h. Failure to stand at attention and give due respect when confronted by or reporting to any BJMP personnel;
i. Forcing fellow inmates to render personal service to him/her and/or to others;
j. Exchanging uniforms or wearing clothes other than those issued to him/her for the purpose of circumventing jail
rules;
k. Loitering or being in an unauthorized place;

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 3

l. Using the telephone without authority from the desk officer/warden; BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual
2015 Edition Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
m. Writing, defacing, or drawing on walls, floors or any furniture or equipment;
n. Withholding information, which may be inimical or prejudicial to the jail administration;
o. Possession of lewd or pornographic literature and/or photographs;
p. Absence from cell, brigade, place of work during headcount, or at any time without justifiable reason; and
q. Failure to turn over any implement/article/s issued after work detail.

3. GRAVE OFFENSES:
a. Making untruthful statements or lies in any official communication, transaction, or investigation;
b. Keeping or concealing keys or locks of places in the jail which are off-limits to inmates;
c. Giving gifts, selling, or bartering items with jail personnel;
d. Keeping in his/her possession money, jewelry, cellular phones or other communication devices and other
items classified as contraband under the rules; e. Tattooing others or allowing him/her to be tattooed on any
part of the body, or keeping any paraphernalia to be used in tattooing;
f. Forcibly taking or extorting money from fellow inmates and visitors;
g. Punishing or inflicting injury or any harm upon himself/herself or other inmates; h. Receiving, keeping, taking
or drinking liquor and prohibited drugs;
i. Making, improvising or keeping any kind of deadly weapon;
j. Concealing or withholding information on plans of attempted escapes;
k. Unruly conduct and flagrant disregard for discipline and instructions;
l. Escaping, attempting or planning to escape from the institution or from any guard; BJMP Comprehensive
Operations Manual Revised 2015 Page 24 Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
m. Helping, aiding or abetting others to escape;
n. Fighting, causing any disturbance or participating therein and/or agitating to cause such disturbance or riot;
o. Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts by himself/herself or others and/or allowing himself/herself to be the
subject of such indecent, immoral or lascivious acts;
p. Willful disobedience to a lawful order issued by any BJMP personnel;
q. Assaulting any BJMP personnel;
r. Damaging any government property or equipment;
s. Participating in kangaroo court, an unauthorized or irregular court conducted with disregard for or perversion
of legal procedures as a mock court by the inmates in a jail/prison;
t. Affiliating with any gang or faction whose main purpose is to foment regionalism or to segregate themselves
from others;
u. Failing to inform the authorities concerned when afflicted with any communicable disease, such as
tuberculosis, sexually-transmitted diseases, etc.; v. Engaging in gambling or any game of chance;
w. Committing any act which violates any law or ordinance, in which case, he/she shall be prosecuted
criminally in accordance with law; and
x. Committing any act prejudicial to good order and discipline. Any personnel, especially warden, found to be
allowing and tolerating any violation mentioned above will be immediately relieved from his/her designation
without prejudice to his or her being administratively charged.
 29

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 4

Unit 11- Classification and Diversification of Inmates

Every jail needs a good classification system to identify and separate inmates into compatible, controllable living units to
ensure their security and safety as well as that of the staff and the institution. Classification exists to some degree in every jail in which inmates
are ~assigned to housing units with differing levels of custody or surveillance or whenever they are provided or denied access to jail activities or
services. However, the development of classification in jails has consistently lagged behind that in our nation's prisons. Indeed, many jails today
are said to have classification systems similar to those in our prisons 100 years ago.! This chapter discusses the evolution of jail classification,
including the factors impacting on its slow development.

Assigning Inmates to Prisons

Prison classification is a method of assessing inmate risks that balance security requirements with program needs.

Newly admitted inmates are transported from county jails to one of several prison receiving centers where the risk assessment process
begins. There are separate reception centers for females, male youth, and adult males. Upon admission, processing and evaluation of offenders
begins. A series of evaluations are administered, including medical and mental health screenings. Prison classification specialists develop an
individual profile of each inmate that includes the offender's crime, social background, education, job skills and work history, health, and criminal
record, including prior prison sentences. Based on this information, the offender is assigned to the most appropriate custody classification and
prison.

From this initial classification, inmate behavior and continuing risk assessments by prison staff will determine the inmate's
progression through the various custody levels to minimum custody and eventual release.

Prison managers assign inmates to work, rehabilitative self-improvement programs, and treatment. As inmates serve their sentences,
the inmates who comply with prison rules, do assigned work, and participate in corrective programs, may progress toward minimum custody.
Inmates who violate prison rules are punished and may be classified for a more restrictive custody classification and a more secure prison.
Inmates are then required to demonstrate responsible and improved behavior over time to progress from this status to less restrictive custody
classifications and prisons.

Inmate Custody Levels

What are the classification of inmates?

Inmates may be classified and assigned to one of five custodial levels; close, medium, minimum I, minimum II and minimum III.
The classification levels are in descending order of perceived public safety risks presented by the inmate. Inmates in close custody present the
highest risk while inmates in minimum III generally present the least risk.

Within this mix of custody assignments, inmates also may be subject to various control statuses. The control statuses include
restrictive housing for administrative purposes (RHAP), restrictive housing for disciplinary purposes (RHDP), restrictive housing for control
purposes (RHCP), and high-security maximum control (HCON).  Each of these control statuses further restricts inmate freedoms and privileges.

Assignment and removal of inmates from these statuses is generally at the discretion of higher level classification authorities in the
state prison system. The imposition of these additional custody control measures is generally for the purpose of maintaining order in the prison,
protecting staff safety or providing for inmate safety.

What does inmate classification mean?

Classification is the ongoing process of collecting and evaluating information about each inmate to determine the inmate's risk and
need for appropriate confinement, treatment, programs, and employment assignment, whether in a facility or the community. It tries to balance
inmate, departmental, and public interest while preparing inmates for their return to society.

CLASSIFICATION

DOC classifies an inmate each time he is newly admitted to the department. Seven factors determine the overall risk level:

1. the inmate's escape profile;

2. severity and violence of the current offense;

3. history of violence;

4. length of sentence;

5. presence of pending charges, detainers, or both;

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 4

6. discipline history; and

7. security risk group membership.

 30

What is Diversification?

Diversification – it refers to penal system’s implementation of segregation.

PRIVELEGES OF DETENTION AND SENTENCED PRISONERS

Detainees may enjoy the following privileges:

1. To wear their own clothes while in confinement;

2. To write letter, subject to reasonable censors, provided expenses shall be borne by them;
3. To receive visitors during daytime;
4. To receive books, letters, magazines, newspapers and other periodicals that the jail authorities may allow.
5. To be treated by the Health Services or by their own doctor or dentist at their own expense upon proper
application and approval.
6. To be treated in a government or private hospital, provided it is authorized by the court at their own expense.
7. To request free legal aid if available and enjoy the right to be visited by their counsel anytime.
8. To grow hair in their customary style provided it is decent and allowed by the rules.
9. To receive fruits prepared food, subject to inspection and conformity by the jail officials.
10. To smoke cigarettes, except in prohibited places;
11. To read books and other reading materials available in the jail premises; and
12. To perform such other works as may be necessary for hygienic and sanitary purposes. Except for the wearing of prescribed
prisoners uniform, all the privileges of detainees mentioned above may be enjoyed by
sentenced prisoners.

RIGHTS OF PERSON UNDER DETENTION

 The right to be assisted by counsel of his own choice at all times.

 Right to be informed of his right to remain silent.
 Right to be visitation by any member of his immediate family or any medical doctor or priest or religious ministers chosen by him or
any member of his immediate family, or by his counsel or by any national non-governmental organizations duly accredited by the
CHR or byany institution and non-governmental organizations duly accredited by the office of the President.

Unit 12- Issues confronting the Philippine Corrections System

A. Overcrowding of Certain Prison Institutions/Jails

The PNP’s consistent and unrelenting drive to get the job done against criminals, terrorists and those who threaten the peace has
resulted in the arrest of thousands of individuals.25 There is, thus, a continuing increase in the prison population of the Philippines as shown in
the table below and, unless the trend is reversed, prisons and jails will soon be facing severe problems of overcrowding and congestion.

B. Fragmented Set-Up of the Corrections System

Authorities say that the present set-up of the corrections system does not lead to sound management and
is not in keeping with the government’s machinery. It also results in functional overlaps and diffusion in the conduct of corrections and
restoration activities.

C. Lack of Information Technology Systems and Expertise

Lack of technology to properly maintain inmates’ records and process documents for their immediate release is a prevailing situation.
Limited use of information technology to support investigation and validation of information on inmates with pertinent agencies like the courts,
prosecutors’ offices and law enforcement agencies, to back up recommendations for early release of qualified offenders, and/or for providing
them with other needed services, impedes corrections and rehabilitation programmes.

D. Lack of/Inadequate Training

Lack of or inadequate training has been cited as one of the reasons for the lack of awareness and understanding by some prison/jail
officials and staff on the rights of inmates.

Unit 3- Measures undertaken to improve the treatment of offenders

Consistent with its constitutionally-declared policy that “[t]he State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full
respect for human rights”27 and its obligations as a State Party to some, if not most, of the international human rights instruments, the Philippine
government has undertaken measures to improve the treatment of offenders. These measures include:

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 4

A. The Muntinlupa Juvenile Training Centre

The establishment of a separate facility for juveniles serving sentence at BuCor has long been a serious concern of the Department of
Justice. As stipulated in our laws, and the UN Standard Minimum Rules for Delinquency (the Riyadh Rules), youth offenders should be
segregated from adult offenders and given different rehabilitation programmes that will answer their special needs.

Unable to establish a separate facility for juveniles serving sentence at the national penitentiaries, due mainly to limited resources, the
Philippine government successfully sought financial assistance from the Government of Japan, through Japan International Cooperation Agency,
for the construction of a juvenile training centre. Since the completion of the construction of the training centre in October 2003, youth offenders
at BuCor are segregated from adult offenders and given appropriate rehabilitation programmes and services.

B. Prioritization of Projects
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The establishment of a Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre for National Prisoners and DOJ Intranet were identified as the
priority projects, among others, of the Department in its Development Agenda for 2001-2005.The Centre, established in 2002, is now providing
rehabilitation services to modify the behavioral dysfunction of drug dependent inmates. It fills the void between an institution that is punishment-
oriented and one that is wholly rehabilitation-centred.

While the DOJ Intranet is not yet fully implemented, the BuCor and BPP have expanded their computerization programmes which
facilitated the processing of the release on parole/executive clemency of qualified prisoners through the use of a computerized inmate monitoring
and tracking database system capable of generating prison records/reports. As a result, BuCor was able to speed up the processing of prison records
and the immediate forwarding of 6,414 prison records to the BPP for evaluation.

C. Jail Decongestion Programme/OPLAN Decongestion

In 1993, The DOJ launched a jail decongestion programme designed to facilitate the release of inmates. To implement the programme,
a Memorandum of Agreement was entered into between and among the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO), National Prosecution Service (NPS),
BJMP and the three corrections agencies of the DOJ – BuCor, PPA and BPP. The Agreement aims to help the government decongest jails, unclog
court dockets, provide detention prisoners with a fair and speedy trial, provide access to the programmes of probation and parole, and lessen
expenditures for prisoners’ daily maintenance and subsistence.

Pursuant to the programme, the PPA conducted 3,858 jail visits with the end in view of assisting detention prisoners to avail of the
benefits of probation, parole or executive clemency. Through PPA’s interviews with inmates, 6,239 inmates were found to be qualified for
probation, 2,079 for parole and executive clemency, while 3,119 records were referred to the PAO for assistance in the preparation and filing of
petitions for probation. The BJMP has also launched its own OPLAN Decongestion Programme which seeks to help inmates avail themselves of
the benefits of the applicable laws and such other legally recognized means for their early release from incarceration.

D. Proposed Legislation on Jail Integration

Executive Order No. 324 dated April 12, 1996 created a Review Committee to study the integration into one department of all
government agencies involved in corrections. Its member-agencies include the DOJ, the National Police Commission, BuCor, BJMP, PPA, BPP,
the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare of DSWD, the Commission on Human Rights, League of Provincial Governors and three non-
government organizations.

The Review Committee prepared a draft of a proposed legislation integrating all national prisons and all provincial, city and municipal
jails and consolidating the functions of BuCor and BJMP under a new bureau to be known as the Bureau of Correctional Services under the DOJ.
The bill was prepared several years ago but Congress has yet to enact the same into law.

E. Full Utilization of Early Release Schemes

The full utilization of early release schemes such as release on recognizance, probation, parole and executive clemency has greatly
reduced the number of persons in detention, thus, reducing the congestion rate of some prison and detention facilities.

In 2003, the BPP handled and processed 13,872 petitions for parole/executive clemency. It likewise received and considered 3,046
petitions for parole out of which 2,285 had been granted; recommended the grant of conditional pardon to 126 prisoners and the commutation of
sentence of 1,020 prisoners. The PPA, on the other hand, investigated 9,418 applications for probation/parole/executive clemency and submitted
a total of 7,558 manifestations/petitions recommending the grant of probation/parole/executive clemency.

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION MODULE 4

F. Increasing Public Awareness on the Plight of Inmates

Proclamation No. 551, series of 1995, issued by then President Fidel V. Ramos, declared the last week of October as “National
Correctional Consciousness Week”, otherwise known as NCCW. The annual celebration of the NCCW has played a great role in generating
public awareness on the plight of inmates and their need for rehabilitation. It educates the community on the situations prevailing in prisons/jails
and making the people aware that prisoners are human beings that should be accorded full respect for their human rights. It also encourages
public participation in the re-socialization and public acceptance in the reintegration of prisoners into society as productive and law-abiding
citizens after service of sentence in prison.