STRENGTH OF MATERIALS c – distance from the neutral axis to the

outermost
Simple Stress
- A force applied per unit area
= Stress in Thin-walled Cylinders
Tangential stress
Where F – is a force applied (N or lb)
A – cross sectional area (m2 or in2) =
– stress of material (Pa or psi) Longitudinal stress
Conversion: =
101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi
Thin wall sphere
= 1.032 kg/cm2
Compressive stress - the applied force is toward =
the resisting area Where Pi – inside pressure in Pa or psi
Tensile stress - when the applied is away the Di – inside diameter (mm)
resisting area t – wall thickness in mm
Shearing stress – when the force applied is
parallel to the resisting area Thermal Stress
Bearing stress – when the force is applied to the - Stress of material due to temperature
projected area change
Torsional stress – the stress developed in a 쳌䁐 = 
twisted shaft
= L(t2 – t1) -- thermal elongation

Solid Shaft: =
=
쳌䁜 Where δ - elongation in mm
- coefficient of thermal expansion
m/m0C
Hollow Shaft:
쳌䁜 or in/in 0F
= L – original length
Where – torsional stress (Pa or psi) t2 – final temperature
T – torque applied (N-m or lb-in) t1 – initial temperature
D – diameter of solid shaft F – applied force
- outer diameter for hollow shaft A – cross-sectional area
d – inner diameter for hollow shaft E – modulus of elasticity in Pa or psi

Angular Deformation due to Twisting Moment: Strain – is a change in physical size (deformation)
䁜
= h =
Where T – torque applied Where – strain
L – length - elongation
J – polar moment of inertia L – original length
G – modulus of rigidity
Hooke’s Law – stress is directly proportional to
Power Transmitted on the shaft: strain
䁜t
P = 쳌t σ
=E
Where P – power (W)
T – torque (N-m) =E

N – angular speed (rpm) = --- deformation due to load F

Bending Stress Poisson’s Ratio

t
= =- 
Where M – bending moment N-m or lb-in Where - Poisson’s ratio
– bending moment Pa or psi
 - longitudinal strain
I – moment of inertia m4 or in4 - lateral strain
Spring – is an elastic element that stores energy B. 10.2 mm
when it is released will back to its original C. 15.6 mm
form D. 12.8 mm *

Stress in Spring 5. Determine the maximum thickness of metal plate

= =
쳌 t쳌 ⸵ in which a 7.5 cm diameter hole can be punched,
쳌 if the plate has an ultimate shearing strength of
= 4245 kg per square cm and the punch can exert a
Whal Factor maximum force of 200 metric tons.
t쳌 ⸵ A. 2 cm *
k=
B. 3 cm
m= C. 1.7 cm
D. 2.5 cm
where F – applied force in N or lb
Dm – mean diameter in mm 6. A single bolt is used to lap joint two steel bars
d – wire diameter in mm together. Tensile force on the bar is 20,000 N.
k – Whal’s factor Determine the diameter of the bolt required if the
m – spring index allowable shearing stress on it is 70 MPa.
Do – outside diameter in mm A. 20 mm
B. 16 mm
Practice Test C. 19 mm *
D. 14 mm
1. Determine the outside diameter of a hallow steel
tube that will carry a tensile load of 500 kN at a 7. Determine the force required to punch a ½ in
stress of 140 MPa. Assume the wall thickness to hole on a 3/8 thick plate if the ultimate shearing
be one-tenth of the outside diameter. strength of the plate is 50,000 psi.
A. 112.4 mm * A. 23,562 lb *
B. 123.5 mm B. 21,457 lb
C. 115.5 mm C. 18,905 lb
D. 110.4 mm D. 15,987 lb

2. An elevator weighs 1000 pounds and is 8. A thin hollow sphere of radius 300 mm and
supported by a 5/16 in diameter cable, 1500 ft thickness 2.5 m is subjected to an internal
long. When the elevator carries a 1500 lb the pressure. Determine the internal pressure it the
cable elongates 6 in more. What is the modulus tensile stress of an element in the sphere is 360
elasticity of the cable? kPa.
A. 10.9 x 107 psi A. 7 kPa
B. 108.9 x107 psi B. 6 kPa *
C. 5.87 x107 psi * C. 10 kPa
D. 89.8 x107 psi D. 5 kPa

3. Determine the diameter of the steel rod that will 9. A water reservoir of 24 m high and 12 m in
carry a tensile load of 50,000 kg at a stress of diameter is to be completely filled with water, find
1400 kg per unit cm. the minimum thickness of the reservoir plating if
A. 7.89 cm the stress is limited to 50 MPa.
B. 12.5 cm A. 25 mm
C. 6.74 cm * B. 20 mm
D. 5.78 cm C. 28 mm *
D. 29 mm
4. An iron column of annular cross-section has an
outer diameter of 200 mm and is subjected to a 10. The stress in a 90-cm diameter pipe having a
force of 75 kN. Find the thickness of the wall if the wall thickness of 9.5 cm and under a static head
allowable compressive stress is 10 MPa. of 70 m of water is
A. 14.5 mm A. 32 kPa
 B. 3.25 MPa * C. 76.5
C. 3.25 kPa D. 78.9
D. 32 MPa 16. An iron steam pipe is 200 ft long at 00C. What
will be its increase in length when heated to
11. A steel wire is 4 m long and 2 mm in diameter. 1000C? Coefficient of linear expansion is 10x10-6
How long is it elongated by a suspended body of per 0C.
mass 20 kg? Young’ modulus for steel is 196,000 A. 0.15 ft
MPa. B. 0.20 ft *
A. 1.381 mm C. 0.24 ft
B. 2.891 mm D. 0.13 ft
C. 1.784 mm
D. 1.274 mm * 17. A steel railroad rails 10 m long are laid with
clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15 0C. At
12. From the figure as shown, determine the total what temperature will the rails just touch? If there
elongation of the composite body carrying a were no initial clearance. Assume alpha = 11.7
tensile load of 5 kN. Assume E1 = 10 MPa and E2 micro m/m 0C and E = 200 GPa.
= 15 MPa. A. 46.90 deg
B. 56.06 deg
C. 50.36 deg
D. 40.64 deg *

18. A cylinder of diameter 1.0 cm at 300C is to be

slide into a hole on a steel plate. The hole a
diameter of 0.99970 cm at 300C. To what
A. 120 mm temperature the plate must be heated?
B. 119 mm * Coefficient of linear expansion for steel is 1.2 x10-
C. 115 mm
5
per 0C.
D. 112 mm A. 62 0C
B. 65 0C
13. A 30 m long aluminum bar is subjected to a C. 55 0C *
tensile stress of 175 MPa. Determine the D. 50 0C
elongation if E = 69116 MPa.
A. 80 mm 19. A 1.5 cm solid shaft rotates at 1800 rpm. If the
B. 76 mm allowable torsional shearing stress is 50 MPa,
C. 70 mm what power in kW the said shaft can transmit?
D. 76 mm * A. 5.89
B. 6.78
14. A steel wire is 6 m long hanging vertically C. 5.24
supports the load of 2000 N. Neglecting the D. 6.24 *
weight of the wire, deterimine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140 MPa 20. A solid shaft 2 m long is transmitting 27 kN-m
and the total elongation is not to exceed 4 mm. torque. If the shear modulus of the shaft material
Assume modulus of elasticity E = 200,000 MPa. is 85 GPa and the allowable shearing stress is 70
A. 4.12 mm MPa, determine the angle of twist between the
B. 4.10 mm two ends of the shaft.
C. 4.37 mm * A. 1.520*
D. 4.26 mm B. 1.080
C. 2.100
15. Determine the load capacity in kN on a 25 mm D. 2.000
diameter x 1200 mm long steel shaft it its
maximum elongation shall not exceed 1 mm.
Assume E = 200,000 MPa.
A. 80.0
B. 81.8 *
More Practice Test (Take Home) D. 900 *

1. What is the stress in a thin walled spherical shell 7. Determine the maximum shearing stress in a
of diameter D and a wall thickness t when helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20
subjected to an internal pressure p? mm diameter wire on mean radius of 80 mm
A. = D/pt when the spring is supporting a load of 20 kN?
B. = 4D/pt A. 121 MPa *
C. = pD/4t * B. 130 kPa
D. = pD/t C. 589 kPa
D. 140 MPa
2. A cylindrical water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12
n high. If the tank is to be completely filled, 8. A long beam of length L has a formula which is
determine the minimum thickness of the tank 48EIy = ω (2x4 – 5Lx3 + 2L2x2); where does the
plating if the stress is limited to 40 MPa. maximum deflection occur?
A. 12.77 mm A. 0.678L
B. 13.89 mm B. 0.578L *
C. 11.77 mm * C. 0.789L
D. 10.78 mm D. 0.567L

3. A cylindrical pressure tank is made from a metal 9. A steel support must connect to 30,000 lb tensile
plate whose thickness is 20 mm. The tank has an loads separated by 200 in. The maximum
outside diameter of 500 mm and a length of 3 m. allowable stress is 10000 psi and the maximum
Find the maximum internal pressure that can be elongation is 0.020 in. What is the required area
applied in the tank if the stress in the metal plate in in2?
is limited to 150 MPa. A. 12
A. 12 MPa * B. 11
B. 14 MPa C. 10 *
C. 20 MPa D. 20
D. 15 MPa
10. What weight in lb can be lifted by a screw that
4. How much is the maximum torque that can be has an efficiency of 80% if it is operated by a 50
applied to the end of a hollow circular shaft lb force at the end of a 30 in lever and the pitch of
having an internal radius of 1.5 cm and outer the screw is ½ in?
radius of 2.5 cm if the shear stress of the material A. 16,000
is not to exceed 100 MPa? B. 17,000
A. 2163 N-m C. 15,000 *
B. 2136 N-m * D. 12,000
C. 3621 N-m
D. 3612 N-m 11. What is the stress in an 8-in round x 16-in high
concrete cylinder (E = 2.5x106 psi) when the unit
5. What power in kW a 10-mm diameter solid shaft deformation is 0.0012 in/in?
at 30 rps can transmit if the allowable torsional A. 4000 psi
shearing stress is 40 MPa? B. 3000 psi *
A. 1.84 C. 5000 psi
B. 2.48 D. 2500 psi
C. 1.48 *
D. 2.84 12. A 2.5 in diameter shaft is 2 ft long. Its maximum
shear stress is 10,000 psi. What is the angular
6. Find the constant (in English units) of an 81 hp in deflection in degrees?
a 3-in cold rolled line shafting that is transmitting A. 0.89
at 210 rpm. B. 0.50
A. 800 C. 0.69
B. 700 D. 0.96 *
C. 600