Name Date PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 15 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion Measuring Temperatures 1. Complete a table: a TEMPERATURE OF MELTING ICE TEMPERATURE OF BOILING WATER 2. Suipnose you apply a flame and! warm one liter of water, raising its temperature 10°C. If you ‘ranster the same heat energy to two liters, How ‘much vill the temperature rise? For three liters? Record your answers on the blanks in the drawing at the right. 8. A thermometer is in a container halted with 20°C water. Wher an equal volume of 20°C water is added, the temperature of the mixture will be 0] [Bor] |40"0} b. When instead an equal volume of 40°C water is added, the temperature of the mixture will be foro] BOC] 140°C), ‘¢. When instead a small emount of 40°C water is added, the temperature of the mixture will be [20°C] [between 20°C and 30°C] [20°C] [more than 30°C]. Gircle one: 4. small red-hot pecs of iron is placed in a large bucket of cool water (ignore the heat tranefer to the bucket) a [True] [False] The decrease in iron temperature equals the Increase in the water temperature ». [True] [False] The quantty of heat lost by tne iron equals the ‘quantity of heat gained by the water. fue) {Feb The tenand wt bth overtly ech te _ sane erostanre dt chs commas ee ‘i DETAR d. [True] [False] The final temperature of the iron and water = — eet ig halway Between the nial temperatures of each.CONCEPTUAL PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 15 Temperature, Heat, and Expaneion Thermal Expansion 41. The weight hangs above the flor from the copper wire. When a candle is moved along the wine ‘and warms t, what happens to the height of the weight above the floor? Why? — 2. The levels of water a. O°C and 1°C we shown below In the ist lwo Nasks, AL these temperatures there is microscopic slush in the water. There is slightly more slush at O°C than at 1°C. As the Water is warmed, some of the slush collapses as it melts, and the level ofthe water falls in the lube. Tha’s why the level of water is Sigh lower in the 1°C-lube. Make rough estates end sketch in the appropriate levels of water atthe other temperatures shown, What is important ‘about the level when the water reaches 4°C? se ec 8. The diagram to the left shows an ice- ‘covered pond. Flin the blanks for ikely temperatures of the water at the top and bottom of the pond, L can't GET TS METAL, LID OFF THE JAK SAUULD THEAT THE LID OR COOL «Tr?Name Date CONCEPTUAL PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 16 Heat Transfer Transmission of Heat Oircte one: 1, Ihe tps of both brass rods afe neld In he gas tame. [True] [Falco] Heat ie conducted only ‘ung Rou A. b.(True] (False) Heat is conducted only ‘along Red B. [True] [False] Heat is conducted equally along both Rad A and Rod B. G. [True] [False] The ide thal heut rises" applies lu Heal bansfer by convection, nol by conduction. 2 Why does a bir ff is feathers to keep warm on a cold day? 8. Why does a downiled sleeping hag keep you warm on a cold night? Why sit useless if the down is wot? 4. What does convection have to do with the holes inthe shade ofthe ~ * ceskiamp? SS I + a 5. The warmth of equatorial regions and coldness of polar regions on Earth can be understood by considering light from a flashight striking a surface. Itt stikes perpenchculal, light energy is rere Concentrated ast covers a smaller area; ft strikes et an angle, tne energy spreads over @ larger area. So the energy per unit areas less. Qa = ‘The arrows represent rays of light from the distant Sun incident upon Earth, Two areas of equal size are shown, Area A near the North Fole and Area bi near the ‘equator. Count the rays that reach each ‘area, and explain why Bis warmer than A.PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 16 Heat Transfer Tranomiocion of Hoat 6 The Earth’s seasons arise from the 23.5-deqree tit of Earth's dally spin axis as it orbits the Sun, When Earth ie t the position shou on the right in the sketch below (not to scale), the Northern Hemisphere tits toward the Sun, and sunlight striking itis strong (more tays per area). Sunlight striking Southern Hemisphere is weak (fewer ravs per area). Days in the north are warmer, and daylight is longer. You can see this by imagining Earth making its complete daily 24-hour spin. Do two things on the sketch: () Shade the part of Earth in nighttime darkness for all positions, as is already done in the lett position. (i Label each position with the proper month—March, June, September, or December. Sesote Vou aSwER e ee aa ‘@. When Earth isin any of the tour positions shown, during one 24-hour spin, a location at the equator receives sunlight halt the time and is in darkness the other haif the time. This means lad reyiors a the equator elays reveive abuut burs of sunlight and hours of darkness, b. Can you see that in the June position regions farther north have longer daylight hours and shorter nights? Locations notth of the Arctic Circle (dotted line in Norther Hemisphere) are ‘continually in view of the Sun as Earth spins, so they get daylight hours a day, .¢. How many hours of light and darkness are there in June et regions south of the Antarctic Cirle (Gotted line in Southern Hemisphere)? Six months later, when Earths at the December position, isthe situation in the Antarctic Circle the same or is it the reverse? 8. Why do South Amenca and Australia enjoy wat weather in December instead of June?Name Date CONCEPTUAL PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 17 Change of Phase Ice, Water, and Steam ‘All matior can oxiet in th cold, liquid, or gascous phases. The eolid phase normally ovite at rolatively low temperalures, he liquid phesse al iyhes temperatures, and the gaseous phase at sil higher temperatures. Weter is the most common example, not only because ot ts abundance but also hecatine the temperatures forall thre phases ara common Stuy “Energy and Changes of Phase’ in your textbook and thon ancwer the following: 1. How many calories are needed to change 1 gram ot O°C => |warer] ice to water? 2. How many calories are needed to change the temperature Cf 1 gram of water by 190? 8. How ray calories are neaded to melt 1 gram of °C ioe ‘and tum itto water at a room temperature of 23°C? 4. A.50-gram sample of ice at 0°C is placed in a glass beaker thet containe £00 g of water at 20°C. ‘a. How much heat is needed to melt the ice? ». By how much would the temporature of the water change: Tic released this much heat to the ice? ¢. Whet will be the final temperature of the ribdure? (Disregard any heat absorbed by the glass or given off by the surrounding air.) 5. How many closer neoded to change 1 gram or 100 vot waar 10°C sou =f tot 6. Filln the number of calories at each step below for changing the phase ot 1 gram ot 0°C ice to 10°C steam cumuccor ewe. => HEAL. NEEDED sh 713CONCEPTUAL PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 17 Change of Phase Ice, Water, and Steam—continued 7. One gram of steam at 100°C condenses, and the water = cools to 22°C. Joo =| 22°C ‘2 How much heats released when the steam condenses? ». How much heats released uien the water coals from 100°C to 22°67 ¢. How much heat is released altogether? __ ©. In ahouseholé radiator 1000 g ot steam at 100°C condonsos, and the water cools to 90°C. a. How much beats leased when the steam condenses? 'D. How much heat Is released wnen the water cools trom 100°C 10 9u"G? enn Same c. How much heat is released altogether? 9. Why is it difficult to brew tea on the top of @ high mountain? 10. How many calories are given up by | gram of 100°C steam that condenses to 100°C water? 11. How many calories are aiven up by 1 gram of 100°C steam that condenses and drops in temperature to 22°C water? 12, How many calories are given to household radiator when 1000 grams of 100°C steam condenses, and drops in temperature to 90°C water? 13. To get water from the ground, even in the hot desert, dig a hole about a half meter wide and a half meter deep, Place a cup at the bottom. Spread a sheet of plastic wrap over the hole ard place stones along the edge 10 hold it secure. Weight the center of the plastic vith a stone so it forms a cone shape. Why wil water collect in the cup? (Physics can save your life f you're ever etranded in a docer!)Name Date CONCEPTUAL PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 17 Change of Phase Evaporation 1. Why do you fee! colder when vou swim in @ pool on a windy dav? 2. Why does your skin feel cold when a litle rubbing alcohol is applied tow 2. Briefly explain from a molecular point of view why evaporation le @ cooling procoss. 4, When hot water rapidly evaporates, the result can be dramatic. Consider 4 g of boiling water spread over a large surface sn that 1 q rapidly evaporates. Suppnse further thatthe surface ‘and surroundings arc very cold so that all 540 calories for evaporation come from the remaining 3 g of water. How many calories are taken from each gram ‘of water thet remeins? b. How many calories are released when 1 g of 100°C water cools 10 oC? ¢ How many calones are released when 1 g ot (°C water changes to 0°C ice? 1d What happens in this case to the remaining 8.9 cf boiling water whon 1 g ropidly evaporatos?Name Date CONCEPTUAL PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 17 Change of Phase (Our Earth’s Hot Interior ‘A major puzzle faced scientists in the 19% century. Volcanoes showed that Earth ia molten boneath its erust. Penetration into the crust by bore oles and mines showed that Earth's temperature increases with depth. Scientists found that heat flowe from tho interior to the eurface. Thoy accumod that tho sures of Ezith'sinlerrial lea vras priori, tne afiergiow oF Its tery birth. Measurements of cooling rates indicated a relatively young Farth—same 25 to 30 millions years in age ut geological evidence indicated an older Earth. This puzzle, wasn't solved unl the discovery of radioactivity. Then it was Jeamed that the interior is kept Not by the eneray of radioactive decay. We now know the age of Earth is some 4 5 billions years— ‘a much older Earth Al rock contains trace amounts of radioactive minerals. Those in common grenite release energy atthe rate 0.03 Joule/iogrameyear. Granite at Earth's surface transfers this energy to the eurroundings as fast as itie generated, co we don't find granite warm to the touch. But what if a sample of granite were thertnlly insulated? Thal is, suppose the increase of inkernal energy Jue to radioactivity were contained. Then it would get hotter. How much? Let's figure it out, using 790 joulekilogram kelvin as the specific heat of granite Calculations to make: 1. How many Joules are required to increase the temperature ot 1 kg of granite by 1000 K? 2. Now many years WOuld it take radioactive dexay in a kiloyran of Granite to produce tris many joules? (Questions to answer: 1. How many years would it take a thermally insulated 1-ky chunk (of granite to undergo a 1000 K increase in temperature? ‘An electric tooster stays hot << ewreeeneend - mietd tte while electric energy is supplied, * Hatcridifemchunieol gente louniegea 100K and does cook until suitbed tneroese in tompereture? ‘ff, Similarly, do you think the sey sare vor peg ise Earth hot will one day suddenly 4. Why are your anewereto the above the came (orden)? | Sich off Tike tact ocr “or: realy, esse ‘over a long time? Circle one: 4. [True] [False] The energy produced by Earth radioacavny tutimately becomes terrestrial radiation.Name Date CONCEPTUAL PRACTICE PAGE Chapter 18 Thermodynamics Absolute Zero ‘A mass of cir is conteinod 80 thet the volume can change but the pressure Temalns constant. Table | shows air volumes at various temperatures when the air is warmed slovly. 1. Plot the data in Table Ion the graph and connect the points. TABLE I Teno () [vauwe Gi) Noun (4) oO : ry 50 7 100 ~200 +00 50 100 “Temperature (°C) 2 The graph shows Now the volume ot air varies with temperature at constant pressure. Ihe straighiness of the line means that the air expands uniformly with temperature. From Your raph, you can predict what will happen to the volume of air when it ie cooled Extrapolate (extend) the straight line of your graph to find the temperature at which the volume Of the air would become zero. Mark this point on your graph. Estimate this temperature: _ Althougl air would liquely before coving ty this laniperauure, Une procedure suggests the tere is alower limit to how cold something can be. This is the absolute zero of temperature. Careful oxporimente chow that abeclute 20r0 “. Scientists measure temperature in kelvins instead of degrees Celsius, where the absolute ero of temperature is 0 kelvins. f you relaheled the temperature axis on the graph in ‘Question 1 50 that it shows temperature in Kelvins, would your graph look lke the one below? TEMPERATURE (K)