GRADE 10 MATHEMATICS

LESSON # 4: POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

MR. ANTHONY CIELO CASTRO, M.SC., LPT

FACILITATOR
Lord, true source of light and wisdom,
give me a keen sense of understanding,
a retentive memory and a capacity to
grasp things correctly. Grant me the
grace to be accurate in my expositions
and the skill to express myself with
thoroughness and clarity. Be with me at
the start of my work, guide its progress
and bring it to completion. Grant this
through Christ our Lord, Amen.
Good morning! J J J
Good morning! J J J
NEEDED MATERIALS

*NOTEBOOK
*BALL PEN
*BOOK
q Recall polynomial equations, its degree and type.
q Solve for the roots of the given polynomial equation.
q Write polynomial equations in standard form given
the roots.
Polynomial Equations
 Hyacinth bought a
rectangular pencil case whose
length is twice of its width,
while the height is 1 inch
shorter than its width. Find
the volume of the pencil case.
 POLYNOMIAL EQUATION

When a polynomial expression

anxn + an-1xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x + a0 is equated to zero,
then it became a polynomial equation.
The zeros/roots of polynomial equations are the values
of the variable that make the polynomial equal to zero.

Polynomial Equations
 WARM- UP

What is the relationship of

the degree of a polynomial
and the number of root/s?
 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (FTA) states that
for every polynomial of degree n has exactly n roots,
including multiple and complex roots.
Examples: How many roots does each equation have?
2 1. x2 – 4 = 0
1 2. 2x + 7 = 13
5 3. 6x5 – 32x2 – 24x + 64 = 0
4 4. 3x4 – 21x2 = 24
3 5. x3 – 4x2 = 11x + 30
Polynomial Equations
q Recall polynomial equations, its degree and type.
q Solve for the roots of the given polynomial equation.
q Write polynomial equations in standard form given
the roots.
 Solve the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
By using the RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
! ±$,±&,±',±(
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
" ±$

TAKE NOTE :
ü The polynomial is QUADRATIC, therefore there are 2 roots.
ü Using Descartes Rules of Signs, there are NO pair of
alternating signs. That means there is NO POSITIVE ROOT,
instead that the 2 roots are both negative.
Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
By FACTORING By using the CONTINOUS SYNTHETIC DIVISION

(x + 2) (x + 3) = 0 -2 1 5 6
-2 -6
x+2=0 x+3=0 -3 1 3 0
x=-2 x=-3 -3
1 0
The roots/zeros of the given polynomial are {-3, -2}.
Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x2 – 6x + 9 = 0.
By using the RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
! ±$,±',±)
= = ±1, ±3, ±9
" ±$

TAKE NOTE :
ü The polynomial is QUADRATIC, therefore there are 2 roots.
ü Using Descartes Rules of Signs, there are two pairs of
alternating signs. That means there are 2 POSITIVE ROOTS.

Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x2 – 6x + 9 = 0..
±1, ±3, ±9
By FACTORING By using the CONTINOUS SYNTHETIC DIVISION

(x - 3) (x - 3) = 0 3 1 -6 9
By Zero-Product Property 3 -9
x-3=0 x-3=0 3 1 -3 0
x=3 x=3 3
1 0
The roots/zeros of the given polynomial are {3, 3}
or {3 with the multiplicity of 2}.
Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x3 – 4x2 – 11x + 30 = 0.
By using the RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
! ±$,±&,±',±*,±(,±$+,±$*,±'+
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±5, ±6, ±10, ±15, ±30
" ±$

TAKE NOTE :
ü The polynomial is CUBIC, therefore there are 3 roots.
ü Using Descartes Rules of Signs, there are 2 pairs of
alternating signs. That means there is a maximum of 2
POSITIVE ROOTS.
Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x3 – 4x2 – 11x + 30 = 0.
±1, ±2, ±3, ±5, ±6, ±10, ±15, ±30
By using the CONTINOUS SYNTHETIC DIVISION
2 1 -4 -11 30
2 -4 -30
5 1 -2 -15 0
5 15
-3 1 3 0 The roots/zeros of the
-3 given polynomial are
1 0 {-3, 2, 5}.
Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x3 + 5x2 – 3x – 3 = 0.
By using the RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
! ±$,±'
= = ±1, ±3
" ±$

TAKE NOTE :
ü The polynomial is CUBIC, therefore there are 3 roots.
ü Using Descartes Rules of Signs, there is one pair of
alternating signs. That means there is a maximum of 1
POSITIVE ROOT.
Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x3 + 5x2 – 3x – 3 = 0.
±1, ±3
By using the SYNTHETIC DIVISION
1 1 5 -3 -3
1 6 3
1 6 3 0
x2 + 6x + 3 Cannot be factored out any further since
the other roots are IRRATIONAL.
Therefore, use the QUADRATIC FORMULA.

Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x3 + 5x2 – 3x – 3 = 0.
x2 + 6x + 3 By using the Quadratic Formula : 𝑥 =
!"± "! !$%&
'%

−6 ± 6' − 4(1)(3) −6 ± (4)(6)

𝑥= 𝑥=
2(1) 2
−6 ± 36 − 12 −6 ± 2 6
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
𝑥 = −3 ± 6
−6 ± 24
𝑥=
2

The roots/zeros of the given polynomial are {1, −3 ± 6 }.

Polynomial Equations
 The Irrational Root Theorem say that
irrational roots come in conjugate pairs.

Recall that the real numbers are made up of the

Rational and Irrational numbers. You can use the
Rational Root Theorem and the Irrational Root Theorem
together to find all the real roots of P(x) = 0.
 Solve the equation x4 – 3x3 = - x2 + 3x.
First, make sure that the equation is in STANDARD FORM:

x4 – 3x3 = - x2 + 3x
x – 3x + x – 3x = 0
4 3 2

Second, to use the RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM there must be a CONSTANT TERM. If
there is none, that means the polynomial has GCMF (Greatest Common Monomial Factor).

x (x3 – 3x2 + x – 3) = 0
! ±$,±'
= = ±1, ±3
" ±$
Learning Competency: C2.4. Illustrates Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x4 – 3x3 = – x2 + 3x.
x (x 3 – 3x 2 + x – 3) = 0
𝑃𝑂𝑆𝑆𝐼𝐵𝐿𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑆: ±1, ±3

TAKE NOTE :
ü The factored polynomial is a MONOMIAL and a CUBIC
polynomial which has a total of 4 roots.
ü Using Descartes Rules of Signs for the cubic polynomial,
there are 3 pairs of alternating signs. That means there is
a maximum of 3 POSITIVE ROOTS.
Learning Competency: C2.4. Illustrates Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x4 – 3x3 = – x2 + 3x.
x (x 3 – 3x 2 + x – 3) = 0
𝑃𝑂𝑆𝑆𝐼𝐵𝐿𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑆: ±1, ±3
By using the CONTINOUS SYNTHETIC DIVISION
3 1 -3 1 -3
3 0 3
1 0 1 0 Therefore, the factors are
x (x – 3) (x2 + 1).
x2 + 0x + 1

Learning Competency: C2.4. Illustrates Polynomial Equations

 Solve the equation x4 – 3x3 = – x2 + 3x.
x (x – 3x + x – 3) = 0
3 2

x (x – 3) (x2 + 1) = 0

Learning Competency: C2.4. Illustrates Polynomial Equations

 Solve the equation x4 – 3x3 = – x2 + 3x.
x (x3 – 3x2 + x – 3) = 0
x (x – 3) (x2 + 1) = 0
x = 0 x – 3 = 0 x2 + 1 = 0 By Zero-Product Property

x=0 x=3 x = -1
2

x2 = ­1
x = ±𝑖
The roots/zeros of the given polynomial are {0, 3, ±𝑖}.
Learning Competency: C2.4. Illustrates Polynomial Equations
 Solve the equation x4 – 3x3 = – x2 + 3x.
The roots/zeros of the given polynomial are {0, 3, ±𝑖}.

TAKE NOTE :
ü The factored polynomial is a MONOMIAL and a CUBIC
polynomial which has a total of 4 roots.
ü Using Descartes Rules of Signs for the cubic polynomial,
there are 3 pairs of alternating signs. That means there is
a maximum of 3 POSITIVE ROOTS.

Polynomial Equations
Determine the roots/zeros of the given polynomial
equations and their multiplicity, if there is any.
1. x 4+ 2x –
3 11x
– 12x + 36
2

2. x3 + 3x2 – 4x = 0
3. x2 – 9 = 0
4. 2y + 4y – 30y
3 2

5. 4x + 4x – 24x = 0
6 5 4
Polynomial Equations
Determine the roots/zeros of the given polynomial
equations and their multiplicity, if there is any.
1. x 4+ 2x –
3 11x
– 12x + 36
2 −3 with the multiplicity of 2
2 with the multiplicity of 2

2. x3 + 3x2 – 4x = 0 –4, 0, 1
3. x2 – 9 = 0 –3, 3
4. 2y + 4y – 30y −5, 0, 3
3 2
−3 with the multiplicity of 1

5. 4x + 4x – 24x = 0
6 5 4 0 with the multiplicity of 4
2 with the multiplicity of 1

Polynomial Equations
q Recall polynomial equations, its degree and type.
q Solve for the roots of the given polynomial equation.
q Write polynomial equations in standard form given
the roots.
 WRITING POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
In writing polynomial equations given the roots,
STEP 1 : Convert the roots/zeros into its binomial factor.
STEP 2 : Multiply all the factors.
STEP 3 : Write the polynomial equation in standard form.

Polynomial Equations
 Write the polynomial equations whose roots are {-3, -2}.
Since there are 2 roots, then the polynomial is QUADRATIC.
STEP 1: Convert the roots/zeros into its STEP 2: Multiply all the factors. STEP 3: Write the polynomial
binomial factor. equation in standard form.
x = - 3 and x = - 2 (x + 3) (x + 2) = 0 x2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = 0
(x + 3)=0 and (x + 2)=0 x2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = 0 x2 + 5x + 6 = 0

Therefore, the polynomial equation whose roots

are {-3, -2} is x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
Polynomial Equations
 Write the polynomial equations whose roots are
{4 with the multiplicity of 2}
Since there are 2 roots, then the polynomial is QUADRATIC.
STEP 1: Convert the roots/zeros into its STEP 2: Multiply all the factors. STEP 3: Write the polynomial
binomial factor. equation in standard form.
x=4 and x=4 (x - 4) (x - 4) = (x – 4)2 x2 – 4x – 4x + 16
(x - 4) and (x - 4) x2 – 4x – 4x + 16 x2 – 8x + 16 = 0

Therefore, the polynomial equation whose roots is

4 with the multiplicity of 2 is x2 – 8x + 16 = 0.
Polynomial Equations
 Write the polynomial equations whose roots are {±1, ±5}.
Since there are 4 roots, then the polynomial is QUARTIC.

Therefore, the polynomial equation whose roots

are {±1, ±5} is x4 - 26x2 + 25 = 0.

Polynomial Equations
 Write the polynomial equations whose roots are {-1, 0, 6}.
Since there are 3 roots, then the polynomial is CUBIC.

Therefore, the polynomial equation whose roots

are {-1, 0, 6} is x3 – 5x2 – 6x = 0.

Polynomial Equations
 Write the polynomial equations whose roots are
−3 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 2
.
0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 3
Since there are 5 roots, then the polynomial is QUINTIC.

Therefore, the polynomial equation whose roots

−𝟑 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟐
are 𝟎 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟑 is
x5 + 6x4 + 9x3 = 0.
Polynomial Equations
q Recall polynomial equations, its degree and type.
q Solve for the roots of the given polynomial equation.
q Write polynomial equations in standard form given
the roots.
 Which is easier,
finding the roots/zeros
or writing the
polynomial equations?
Why?
Theorems on Polynomials
GRADE 10 MATHEMATICS

LESSON # 6: POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

MR. ANTHONY CIELO CASTRO, M.SC., LPT

FACILITATOR