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14.1 Functions of Several Variables

The document discusses functions of several variables including: 1. The graph of a function f of two variables is the set of points (x,y,z) such that z=f(x,y) where (x,y) are in the domain. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating functions, finding domains, and sketching domains. 3. Level curves and contour maps are introduced as important concepts for visualizing functions of several variables.

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Hebatallah Mujahed Mohmoud Kana
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30 views26 pages

14.1 Functions of Several Variables

The document discusses functions of several variables including: 1. The graph of a function f of two variables is the set of points (x,y,z) such that z=f(x,y) where (x,y) are in the domain. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating functions, finding domains, and sketching domains. 3. Level curves and contour maps are introduced as important concepts for visualizing functions of several variables.

Uploaded by

Hebatallah Mujahed Mohmoud Kana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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14.

1 Functions of Several Variables


Note: If f is a function of 2 variables with domain D, the graph of f
 
is the set G = ( x, y, z )  3 such that z = f ( x, y ); ( x, y )  D
Example 1
For the following functions,
1. evaluate f (3, 2),
2. find the domain,
3. sketch the domain.
𝑥+𝑦+1
(a) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = (b) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑦 2 − 𝑥
𝑥−1
Example 1
For the following functions,
1. evaluate f (3, 2),
2. find the domain,
3. sketch the domain.
𝑥+𝑦+1
(a) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑥−1
Solution
3+2+1 6
1. 𝑓 3,2 = =
3−1 2
2. Dom 𝑓 = 𝑥, 𝑦 | 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ 1
2. Dom 𝑓 = 𝑥, 𝑦 | 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≠ 1
3. sketch the domain.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 ≥ 0  𝑦 ≥ −𝑥 − 1
𝑥 ≠ 1 means that the points on the line x = 1 must be
excluded from the domain.
Example 1
For the following functions,
1. evaluate f (3, 2),
2. find the domain,
3. sketch the domain.
(b) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑦 2 − 𝑥
Solution
1. 𝑓 3,2 = 3 ln 22 − 3 = 3 ln 1 = 0

2. Dom 𝑓 = 𝑥, 𝑦 | 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 > 0
2. Dom 𝑓 = 𝑥, 𝑦 |𝑦 2 − 𝑥 > 0
3. sketch the domain.
𝑦2 − 𝑥 > 0  𝑦2 > 𝑥

The domain is the set of points to the left of the parabola


x = y2.
Example 2
Find and sketch the domain of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
Solution
The domain of f is

which is the disk with center (0, 0) and radius 3.


Example 3
Find and sketch the domain of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = ln(9 − 𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 )
Solution
𝑥2
9 − 𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 > 0  𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 < 9  + 𝑦2 < 1
9
Example 4
Find and sketch the domain of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2)
Solution
−1 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2 ≤ 1  1 ≤ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 3
Graphs
Example 5
Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 6 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦
Solution
𝑧 = 6 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦  3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
which represents a plane.
This is a portion of the plane
in the first octant.
Example 6
Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
Solution
𝑧= 9 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2  𝑧2 = 9 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 9
Equation of a sphere with center the origin and radius 3.
But, since z  0, the graph of f is just the top half of this
sphere.
Contour lines, Level curves
The contour lines are the curves in space in which the plane z = k cuts
the surface z = f (x, y ) .
A contour line is sometimes called a trace.

The Projection of a
contour line onto the
xy-plane is called a
Contour line
level curve.

Level curve
Contour maps

A set of level curves forms a contour map.

Example 6
Find an equation for the level curve
of the function:
f(x, y) = 100 − x2 − y2
that passes through the point (6, 6).

The above contour map consists


of three level curves f(x, y) = k,
where c = 0, 51, 75 respectively.
Example 7
Sketch the level curves of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 6 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦
for the values k = − 6, 0, 6, 12.
Solution
The level curves are 6 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝑘
Take k = − 6, 0, 6, 12 to obtain the straight lines
Example 8
Sketch the level curves of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
for the values k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
Solution
The level curves are
9 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑘  9 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑘2  𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 − 𝑘2
Take k = 0, 1, 2, 3 to obtain
a family of concentric circles
with center (0, 0) and radius
9 − 𝑘2.
Example 9
Sketch the level curves of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1
for the values k = 5, 6.
Solution
𝑦 2
𝑘 = 5: 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 = 5  4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4  𝑥 2 + =1
4
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑘 = 6: 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 = 6  4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5  + =1
5/4 5
These are ellipses.
Functions of Three or More Variables
Example 10
Find the domain of the function
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 − 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑧
Solution
𝑧−𝑦 >0  Dom 𝑓 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑅3 | 𝑧 > 𝑦
Example 11
Find the domain of
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + ln(4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 )

Solution
𝑥≥0 𝑦≥0 𝑧≥0 4 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 > 0
Note: For functions of 3-variables level curves become
level surfaces, where f (x, y, z) = k.
Example 12
Find the level surfaces of the function
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Solution
The level surfaces are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 ≥ 0.
These form a family of concentric spheres with radius 𝑘
Example 12
Sketch the domain of the function f ( x , y ) = y − x − 2
Solution
y −x −20  y x +2

Dom(f ) = {(x , y ) : y  x + 2}
Example 13
Sketch the domain of the function f ( x , y ) = cos −1 ( y − x 2 )
Solution
The domain of the inverse cosine function is:
the range of the cosine function which is: [−1,1]
Therefore, −1  y − x 2  1  x 2 −1  y  x 2 +1
Dom( f ) = {(x , y ) : x 2 − 1  y  x 2 + 1}
Example 14
Sketch the level curves of the function f ( x , y ) = 25 − x 2 − y 2
for c = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

Solution

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