History of Architecture 01

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History of architecture 1 o The construction materials that are

INTRODUCTION ON THE HISTORY OF prevalent on a certain country


ARCHITECTURE determine the extent of architectural
- discusses the significant events in the field of features and styles
architecture in relation to:  Wood
o a particular group of people  Brick
o country  stone
o period - CLIMATE
- reveals what architecture went through out the o affect the utilization of materials present
history of human existence and humans' quest in a certain area
for the best solution in providing specific needs o can make or break any architectural
for shelter and the transforming human social styles with respect to longevity or time
needs. of its existence
- Ching, F. (2012) consider these factors in the o leads to more practical development of
development of architecture architectural period
- RELIGION
o usually present in any civilization
 most of the time, the center
o always came up with a physical
- "The time spent in the study of the architecture structure
of the past will never be regretted, for every ruin o play a significant role in keeping the
tells of the history of other days, and enables civilization
the character and conditions of men of past - SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
periods to be conjured up, thus opening wide to o connotes the development of social
all students and lovers of old buildings the need throughout the human existence
enjoyment of contemplating forms which will o The need for transport and public
then have for them a meaning and a charm." facilities expands the architectural
o Sir Banister Fletcher building types
 English architect & Arch’l  demands for a specific style
historian in the 1800s o where the kings or person in leadership
- important to look at the buildings of the past as hold their position
o a product of imagination o The magnificence of structures usually
o a coaction of influences of external came from the intention of showcasing
factors their power and extent of influence
INFLUENCES IN THE STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL > PRE-COLONIAL AND VERNACULAR
HISTORY ARCHITECTURE
"A History of Architecture on the Comparative ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS AS
Method" written by Sir Banister Fletcher INDICATORS OF EARLY LIFE IN THE
- addressed the influences in the development of PHILIPPINES
architecture in each period
- GEOGRAPHICAL CAVES
o The rise of every civilization depends on - Where the earliest form of human shelter in the
its geographical condition Philippines was discovered in
 characteristic features of the - due to the minimal site work and modification
land - PLEISTOCENE PERIOD
o River, mountains, dessert, valleys and o assumed that Philippine's earliest cave
other forms affected how dwellers (ice age offspring) was during
cities/communities were planned and this period
determined the structures they needed - NEOLITHIC PERIOD
- GEOLOGICAL o Recoded trade and cultural contact
o Earth's physical structure and already existed between the Philippines
substance affects the development of and its neighboring SEA count
architectural style in o Continue to the coming of the
countries/civilizations Spaniards
- People in southern Palawan continuously live
the primeval practice of living in caves
- the people follow a nomad way of life
o the need for shelter depends on annual
cycles of seasons
- DRY SEASON
o Ming Dynasty Ware, Mayacay, Tanay o they live in field houses near their
were part of the cargo of the SEA swiddens to tend their harvest
trading - RAINY SEASON
TABON CAVE COMPLEX o they move into the caves staying in their
DATAG
 a basic sleeping platform
o Multiple families were defined by
individual datags

- Most antiquated cave periodically dwelt by IDJANG


prehistoric family 30,000 yrs ago
- discovered in Lipuun Point, South west of
Palawan
o Located on a raised mass of limestone
o visible from any direction for many
kilometers
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and - a triangular-shaped hill made to act like a
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared that fortress of the European countries
there at least 200 caves and rock shelters - purposely shaped by early Ivatans to have
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS ROCKSHELTER steep surroundings to:
(ANGONO-BINANGONAN ROCK ART) o make it difficult for invaders to attack
o make it easier for the settlers to defend
it from the elevated position
- rock formations are added on the sides to
improve its defense
- In total, there have been 4 Idjangs found in
- a shallow rock shelter measuring about 63 Batanes before the arrival of foreigners in the
meters wide, 8 meters deep and 5 meters at the Philippines
highest point - One of the prominent Idjangs is the Savidua in
- Discovered by Carlos "Botong" Francisco, a Sabtana
noted muralist and a National Artist, during a
field trip with a troop of boy scouts
- He recognized that there are engraved images
on the rocks where they are resting
o What artists call a “primitive quality”
- Further research revealed that there is
fragmented earthenware (Neolithic era)
o suggest a primitive life exist in the area - These are the Idjangs in Batanes:
PRE-COLONIAL CULTURE, o Idaud ji Sungahan in Basco
SETLLEMENTS, AND ARTIFACTS o Mananyuy in Mahatao
o Turun in Ivana
TAU’T BATU o ltbud in Uyugan
o Savidug in Sabtang
o Idaud ji Sungahan in Basco
o Sivug, Kulumba and Raungan in
ltbayat
BALANGAY, BOAT HOUSE
o built with wild banana, coconut fronds or
grass usually lashed out with rattan
ARBOREAL SHELTERS
- ARBOREAL means living in trees
- usually found in areas where violent intertribal
- An impressive boat, approximately 25 meters in conflicts or nocturnal raids are frequent
length and carbon-dated to 320 AD - TINGUIAN OF PALAN
- built entirely of wood
- used for seafaring by the ancient kingdom of
Butuan
- the first wooden watercraft excavated in
Southeast Asia (Salinas, C. 2019)
- an evidence of the early Filipinos' maritime
expertise and skill in boat-building during the
pre-colonial times
- BALANGAY OR BUTUAN BOAT o a clan located at northwest of Abra, has
o first mentioned in the Chronicles of two shelters
Pigafetta about the first time they came o DAYTIME SHELTER – a small hut
upon our islands in the 16th century o ALLIGANG - the nocturnal abode
- Among the nine (9) balangay boats found in - TREE DWELLERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1976 in Butuan City, three have been o Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
excavated, examined and found to have existed o Manobos and Mandaya of Mindanao
in 320, 990 and 1250 AD o Moros of Lake Lanao
- "BARANGAY" - derived from balangay due to o Negritos of Bukidnon and North-central
its size that can accommodate multiple Mindanao
household o Bagobo of Davao
o Mandaya
o Bilaan
EPHEMERAL PORTABLE ARCHITECTURE o Ilongot
RICE TERRACES
- Prehistoric Mega structure
- Found in the cordillera region at an altitude of
anywhere from 500-1600 m
- May have been used for cultivation of taro and
- EPHEMERAL - lasting for a very short time other crops which continue to be an important
- an ancient part of our architectural heritage, staple for a part of region
stretching back to the vernacular works of - Wall height = 6m (sometimes 16m)
nomadic cultures - the typical Walls height is around 6m up to 16m
- There are three (3) common ephemeral portable RICE TERRACES PARTS
shelters in the Philippines
- PINANAHANG
o botanic shield of the Agta of Palanan
o built with strong but light branches and
palm fronds
- HAWONG
o Pinatubo; Aeta
o usually constructed with a ridge pole
supported by forked stakes or limbs
o forms two sloping sides with one or both
end open
- DAIT-DAIT
o Northern Mindanao; Mamanua use a - BAWANG – enclosed pond-field surface
simple windscreen when hunting - PUMPUDUNGAN – property maker
- INADO – vegetable mulch mounds diverse range of building tradition in a
- BANONG – dike/pond field rim region
- TOPENG – stone retaining wall PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR
- LOBONG - water ARCHITECTURE
- GUHENG - spillway - The artisans who do the planning are non-pro
- LUYO – worked pond-field soil arch’ts/engrs
- HAGUNTAL – hard earth fill - there is consonant adaptation using natural
- ADOG – rough gravel fill materials to the geographical environment
- GONAD – foundation stone - actual process of construction involves
- ‘AHBUBUL – submerged water source o intuitive thinking
- GANGAL – course fills/small stone o done without blue prints
- ‘ALDOH – second-course walling stone o open to later modification
- DOPLAH – bedrock/original valley-floor earth - there is balance between social/economic
functionality and aesthetic features
RICE TERRACES ZONES - architectural patterns and style are subject to a
protracted evolution of traditional styles specific
to an ethnic domain
LUZON

~ IVATAN HOUSE
- evolved to adopt the harsh environment in the
area
- BABLE - WOOD-AND-THATCH STRUCTURES
o the settlement of Ifugao community o Vernacular dwelling present in the area
o compromise of bale/fale and granary o Dwellings that are present in every
idjang
- LIME-STONE-WOOD-AND-THATCH
STRUCTURES
o Stone houses influenced by the
Spanish Colonial architecture
LAGATITI

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL
STYLES IN LUZON, VISAYAS, AND
MINDANAO
-Combination of a lean-to and a typical thatch
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE roofed house
- VERNACULAR – came from the Latin word - surrounded by cogon walls on the three sides
vernaculus which means native and the extended roof on remaining side
- Exemplifies the most common building - ROOF
techniques based on the forms and materials o supported by perimeter post made of 1
of a particular historical period, region, or group or 1 ½ meter high tree trunks
of people o cogon and broad leaf reed act as purlin
- Broadly applied to denote indigenous, pock, - usually used as resting place in a farm land
tribal, ethnic/traditional architecture found RAHAUNG
among the different ethnolinguistic
o ETHNOLINGUISTIC – refers to the
grammar, syntax, diction in expressing
buildings in a locale, while signifying the
- improvement of Nirindin type of dwelling
- Ivatans integrated a wall base called the
- a shelter with similar roof materials of Lagatiti HURRAHED
- one of the developments of the primitive shelter o made of hardened mud and stone
called as Kamadid or Camarin o made this type of dwelling different from
- characterized by an A-frame supported by wood the integration of stilts
post and a narrow wooden platform built ~ CORDILLERA HOUSE
alongside the post - vary in size and shape
- typically used as: - Common functions:
o a multi-purpose shelter for several o Provision of shelter from cold
activity o Protection from dampness and humidity
o a shelter for boats  Can destroy grains
JINJIN (GINGIN/CHIVUVUHUNG) o offers defense/protection from hostile
tribesman, wild animals and vermin
o homes are design in relation to terrains
and mountains
BINURON

- an improvement of Rahaung incorporated with


walls made of cogon
- "JINJIN"
o an Ivatan word for cogon which
o the prevalent material of this dwelling
o usually found in fishing villages
- serves as a temporary shelter during the fishing
season
- acts as a storage of smoke and dried fish
NIRINDIN

- a traditional Isneg house


- located in Apayao Province in the Cordillera
Administrative Region
- The gable roof made of bamboo shingles and
-a type of dwelling that is present only in the resembled like an inverted boat/hull
island of Itbayat with the same character with - lightly elevated from the ground
Jinjin - It has an exposed floor joist
- used as a permanent house o Suggest the profile of a boat
- the material use is stronger consisting of wood - DATAG OR XASSARAN - the main section
plank and lumber rather that reeds - TAMUYON – slightly raised platform on three
- characterized by a sliding door and window sides
panels BINAYON
MAYHURAHED - FINARYON
- A traditional Kalinga house
- Octagonal in plan
o Exterior features are not strongly o AL-KANG – storage for food, jewelry
defined and wine jars
- DATAGGON – central section o AKHAMANG – rice granary
- SIPI – slightly elevation side sections o FALINTO-OG – pig pens
- PARTS OF FAY-U
o LIM-IN – eating area; the most spacious
in the house since it only contains
 PATYAY – an elevated stick
rack suspended on the wall
 PANANNOM – water jar in one
corner
o TAP-AN – pounding area; the section of
the house with stone pavement – where
pounding rice is done
o ANG-AN – sleeping area; the area
utilized for sleeping with ATAG (reed
mat) as bed for the couple and children
up to 8 years old
o FALIG – granary
o SOKLUT – cooking area
FAY-U BA-LE

- Fale
- Traditional Bontoc house for the affluent - a traditional Ifugao house for the affluent
- a house within a house - a square shaped plan with four posts, two
- usually square in plan girders, three joists or beams.
- The outer part of the house facilitates activities - one of the first pre-fabricated house in
related to granaries and poultry vernacular dwelling in Cordillera
- HALIPAN – the rat guard, a wooden cylindrical
- OTHER BULIDING TYPES disk located at the wooden post
o KATYUFONG – designated for the poor - ABONG – dwelling for the less fortunate/poor
o KOL-OB – residence of widows or - The house as a womb
unmarried old women ; can also be
called katyufong
o AFONG – family residence
o ATO – council house and dormitory of
the young and old
o ULOG/OLOG – female dormitory BINANGIYAN
o porous surface
o horizontality of windows
o roof and window overhangs
o surrounding gardens
- raised above the ground forming the silong
- has an open plan but some variations have
room partitions
- One side of the gable roof extends forming a
- traditional Kankanai house space for living dining and kitchen
- for the wealthy - Some are situated on the ground but other
- made of narra or pine variations is built in stilts as well
- has a high, steep, hipped roof with the ridge - collectively known as Philippine Native ANipa
parallel to the front Hut dwelling
- roof drops to about 1.50 meters - The type of materials used for the wall depends
o conceals the house on the available materials
- The house cage: o bamboo sawali
o rests on a three joists-on two girders- o anahaw leaves framed with wood or
on-four posts structure bamboo slats
o measures about 4 by 4.50 meters - Flooring can be solid wood plank of bamboo
- the plank floor measures about 7 by 7.50 meters slats
- Under the house cage, broad planks laid slightly - Windows are usually awning with a tukod and
above ground level that forms a spacious made of the same material used in the walls
platform that extends to the line of the eaves VISAYAS
- Around the lower floor is a rough stone
pavement ATI’S HOUSE
- height of the house from ground level to roof - Common type of dwelling in Iloilo, Capiz, and
ridge is slightly over 6 meters Guimaras isalnds
- APA/INAPA – for poorer families; temporary - Typically made from round timber post
- ALLAO – more temporary - Walls are made of binanlak nga bolo (small
bamboos)
- Rope are used instead of nails
BAHAY KUBO - Bamboo slat flooring
- Floor area measures 2.5 x 3 m or 8x9 ft. (smaller
than typical bahay kubo)
- Consists of two wind-screens brought together
to form a gabled roof
- The extended roofing forms the receiving area
and PALAYAS – extension area for storage

CEBU NATIVE HOUSE


- Cebu island
- 1521, ANTONIO PIGAFETTA – mentioned that
there are villages made of Nipa hut along the
coast of Mactan
- walls and flooring are built in wood and bamboo
- Traditional lowland dwelling of northern and - the main structure is raised high from the ground
central regions on large logs
- represents the vernacular dwelling in the - entrance can be accessed by means of ladder
Philippines (higher than bahay kubo)
- described as “The passively-cooled house" MINDANAO
o maximizes natural ventilation
LUMA - has ample space underneath the house for the
family’s PELANG (boat) and fishing
paraphernalia
BAY SINUG

- Traditional Tausug house


- Traditional Badjao house - TAUSOG/SULUK
- Houses are built separately in staggard pattern o TAU – people
but connected the neighborhood through o SUG – tide
JAMBATAN and own TAYTAYAN and to the o People of the tide
waters by HARUNAN/HARUN o the first ethnic group in Sulu then
- HARUNAN/HARUN followed by the Badjau
o Stairs where women often wash clothes
and kitchen utensiles
LEPA
- Lipa or Lepalepa
- Traditional Badjao boat-house
- Indigenous ships of Sama-Bajau, indigenous
people in Sulu archipelago
- Present in Malaysia and Indonesia
- No outriggers, roofed, loose and detachable
structure
- DJENGING – has outriggers, roofed, walled in
on all sides by wooden boards
- DAPANG/VINTA – not roofed, only used for
fishing and short trips
SAMAL HOUSE

- the nine posts of this dwelling correspond to


human anatomy
o CENTER – pipul or navel
o SOUTHEAST/SOUTHWEST – pigi or
- Southern Mindanao, Palawan, Zamboanga, hip
and Sulu archipelago o NORTHEAST/NORTHWEST – agata
- Traditional Samal houses or shoulder
- Elevated rectangular one-room structures near o EAST AND WEST – gasuk or ribs
the coastal waters o NORTH – liug or neck
- Houses are clustered in groups by kinship o SOUTH – hita or groin
o 100 – 500 members per group
o Affiliated within the nearest mosque
- SUNGAN - a roof style which is ventilated by - The legendary bird Sarimanok is also being
triangular vents formed by a gable roof displayed inside
- TAJUK PASUNG – roof ornamentation located - PANOLONG
on both ends of the roof apex o a carved beam that protrudes on the
façade
o commonly decorated with the flowing
geometry carving of the Maranaw
traditional design system called okir
o often with pako rabong and naga
LUMAH carvings
- Traditional house of the Yakans in the - There are several terms used among the
mountainous interior of Basilian Island Maranaw dwelling
- consist of one-room divided into o MALA-A-WALAI – traditional large
o KOKAN – the sleeping area or house while
TINDAKAN or multi-use living space o LAWIG – small house
o PANTAN OR SIMPEY – as seating o LAMIN - lady's dormitory tower
area SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN STYLE
o KOSINA – the kitchen by a 0.25 m x AND INFLUENCES IN VERNACULAR
0.25 m PATUNG, wooden flitch ARCHITECTURE
- The plan is approximately 50 to 100 square m
and raised 2 to 3 m above the ground
- usually have PORCH acts as
o receiving room for the guests
o resting place for the household
- there is also a cloth-weaving loom located near
the door leading to the porch
TOROGAN
AUSTRONESIAN ETHNICITY
- studied to be closely related to the indigenous
people of Taiwan who started to migrate to the
Philippines and from the Philippines to
Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, as far as
Polynesia and Madagascar

- dwelling symbol of a high social status in a


traditiona Maranao house - Filipino ancestry is present on the other islands
- serves as an ancestral residence of the Datu in the pacific
and his extended family o believed that the Austronesian was able
o The best-known are in Dayawan and to expand
Marawi City, and around Lake Lanao - A group of scientists in New Zealand:
- elevated above the ground like the Lumah of o conducted a research of the common
Yavans Austronesian words that have the same
- has a distinct post made of cut from trees of meaning
huge girth o built a family tree of Austronesian
- walls are covered with wooden planks languages pointing the indigenous
- roof is thatched with dried coconut leaves Taiwanese Formosan languages as the
- interior looks like a hall with furniture common root, branching to:
among Maranaws  the Philippines
 Indonesia
 New Guinea
 Fiji
 Polynesian languages
 Samoan
 Maori
 Tahitian
 Hawaiian
MERGING OF CULTURE IN INDONESIA
- INDONESIA
o Geographically diverse with a whopping
3,000-mile-wide nation -The Asian spice trade during the Pre-European
o made up of more than 17,000 islands Era marks the route of Traders in Southeast
o stretching near the mainland Southeast
Asia including Taiwan and main land China
Asia to the Melanesian — the
- The trade system is not just about the exchange
indigenous inhabitants of Near Oceania of products but also the ideas and culture
- This leads to the merging of culture of - The Malayan race which refers to the
Austronesian voyagers, southern Vietnam and
Austronesian natives of Maritime Southeast
the Malay Peninsula
Asia includes the natives of
o Philippines
o Indonesia
o Malaysia
o Brunei
- means that the Architectural Characters of
Filipino vernacular is being shared with the other
Malayan Race
o The most prominent building types with
SOUTEAST ASIAN STYLE similarities are the native dwellings
 Lepa – boat house of Badjau in
AUSTRONESIAN DWELLING Sulu
- pile construction on stilts  Lepa – boat house of Badjau in
- raised living floor Borneo
- a pitch roof w/ extended ridges  Mountain village of Indonesia
- common materials used:  Orang asli house – Native
o wood and bamboo Malaysian Dwelling
o palm leaves SOUTH ASIAN STYLE
o grass thatch
o plant fibers SOUTH ASIAN ETHNICITY
- architectural techniques:
o post-beam method
o Jointing
o Box frame
- Influenced SEA vernacular architecture:
o Myanmar (Burma)
o Thailand
o Laos
o Cambodia - ethnolinguistic composition of the diverse
o Vietnam population of South Asia
o Malaysia o India
o Singapore o Pakistan
o Indonesia o Bangladesh
o the Philippines o Nepal
MALAYAN ETHNICITY o Bhutan
o Maldives o mechanize civilizing and urbanizing
o Sri Lanka procedures
- Religion played a big role in the development of o conflating colonial pledge and
architectural design in this region intimidation
- the expansion of the religion towards East and  the alliance of secular and
Southeast Asia did the same thing to the religious hegemony
existing architectural character - GOD, GOLD AND GLORY
- The predominant features and innovation: o The motivations of the Spain in
o roof design colonizing the Philippines
o construction material - FIRST GOAL
- MINANGKABAU ROYAL PALACE, o to colonize the Philippines and involve it
INDONESIA in the spice trade where Portugal was
on the peak of this business
o expeditious search for spices of all sorts
which were indigenous to the East:
 pepper
 cinnamon
 cloves
 nutmeg
o Minangkabau adat was derived from  ginger
animistic and Hindu-Buddhist beliefs - SECOND GOAL
before the arrival of Islam, and o to use Islands of the Philippines as a
remnants of animistic beliefs exist even good medium in trading with other
among some practicing Muslims neighboring countries like Japan and
o From a traditional gable its roof China
transform into high imposing roof with - THIRD GOAL
spires o to Christianize all the inhabitants of the
o Rumah gadang style Philippines.
- PRAMBANAN HINDU TEMPLE COMPOUDS, - CEBU
INDONESIA o Country's oldest settlement that retains
much of the flavor of its long Spanish
heritage
o where Ferdinand Magellan landed on
April 7, 1521
 Him and Humabon sealed a
blood compact
 was killed by Lapu-lapu when
o Hinduism introduced the stone Humabon requested Magellan
construction in the hindu temple to kill his rival Lapu-Lapu
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1571-1898)
COLONIALISM INSTITUTING THE PROGRAM FOR
- set of interaction between colonizer and the COLONIAL URBANISM
colonized in a complex relationship based on
the imposition of political control of powerful - 1565
states over weaker ones o 44 years after the landing of Magellan in
- involves people establishing dominance over Samal, Philippines
the through: o Spanish permanently occupied and
o military conquest take control over the Archipelago
o political domination o suggest the start of Spanish
o some other means of control architecture in the Philippines
- a systematic metamorphosis of the physical o THE ARRIVAL OF MIGUEL LOPEZ
space of the colony is initiated to: DE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION IN CEBU -
ushered the important phase of urban
and architectural development in the - consisted of a grant by the crown to specific
Philippines. official with specified number of "Indios"
(subject) living in a particular area
- 1571 - The colony was divided into parcels assigned
o the Spaniards gained a foothold in to ENCOMENDERO
Manila after launching a military assault - ENCOMENDERO
against Rajah Sulayman, the settlement o a Spanish colonist
ruler o mandated to "allocate, allot or
o Legazpi occupied a strategic site at the distribute" the resources of the domain
mouth of the Pasig River o could acquire tribute from the "Indios" in
o he was to institute an urban prototype of gold, in kind, or in labour in exchange
a colonial settlement, following the for protection and Christian studies
recommendation of the decree issued - This was the original plan of this system
by King Philip Il in 1573 - first applied to the American Subjects
 the colonial towns and cities of - Soon, the encomendoro started to take over and
imperial Spain would be gained control of lands inhabited by "Indios" and
modeled after failed to fulfill their obligations to the indigenous
o The development includes population
 colonial settlements o the type of encomienda that the early
 building of a chapel and the civilization in the Philippines
erection of the fort. experienced
THE INSTRUMENTS OF URBANISM - The crown's attempts to end the severe abuses
(1571) of the system with the Laws of Burgos in the
colonized America (1512-13) and the Law of the
REDUCCION Indies in the Philippines (1542) failed

SYSTEM OF CITIES AND TOWNS


- The institution of hierarchical settlement system
- CABECERA (HEAD) or POBLACION – the
core of the municipality
- The formerly scattered barangays were - BARRIOS – the adjacent barangays
forcefully brought together CUADRICULA
- made into a compact and larger communities - A system of streets and blocks laid out in a grid
- was enforced to make the administration and pattern, with uniform precision
collection of taxes easier COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURES
- meant to facilitate religious conversion and - The introduction of building typologies and
cultural change construction technology through colonial
- this resettlement policy was successfully applied infrastructure
in Latin and central America
- the size of the communities was dependent on
the sound range of the church bell - 1573
o BAJO DE LAS CAMPANA - under the THE LAW OF THE INDIES
sound of the bells - Colonial cities were built based in this code
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM - King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the Indies
o established uniform standards and
planning procedures for colonial
Settlements
o provided guidelines for:
 site selection
 layout and dimensioning of
streets and squares
- Legally formed in 1503  location of buildings
- from Spanish encomendar - “to entrust"
o radically changed indigenous o Zones for the churches, shops,
settlement patterns government buildings, hospital and
o created a hierarchy of space slaughter house.
o THE PLAZA COMPLEX consists of grid
pattern with main plaza at the center
surrounded by the church-convent, the
tribunal, and other government
buildings and the market
o Houses of various social class are
usually hierarchically distributed
o secondary plazas are being built as
settlements expanded

NOTES ON SPANISH COLONIAL


- DIFFERENCE OF SPANISH
CONQUISTADORES TO OTHER
EUROPEAN COLONIZERS
o other European limited their
activities to matters of trade
and avoid direct
interference in the region
- The villages must be varying size of
2400 to 5000 people
o Where they can be reached
by the missionaries, tribute
collectors and military.
- CABECERAS - the capital of the
parish while
- VISITA - chapels
- Spanish failed to convert the muslim
sulatanates to Christianity

MANILA: THE GENESIS OF AN INTRAMURAL


COLONIAL CITY
- Initially the Spaniards settlement was in Cebu
and Panay
o the continuous problems are brought by
man and natural occurrence
- pushed Legazpi to search for new headquarters
- in the island of Luzon,
o the fabled Muslim settlement at the
mouth of the river -MAYNILAD
- Manila was captured without a fight

- RAJA SULAYMAN
o Head of manila
o evacuated his fort after the inhabitants
- THE LAW OF THE INDIES CONTENT: set a fire their own settlements
o Specifying an elevated location - envisioned as the Spanish almacen de lafe -
o Orderly grid of streets with central plaza display window of faith
o A defensive wall - bestowed the title "el insigne y siempre leal
ciudad' by Philip Il in June 24, 1574
- 1590
o Three primary Ciudades de - served as the nucleus of Spanish settlements in
Espanoles: the Philippines.
 Cebu - the three bastions are named:
 Nueva Caceres (Naga) o La Concepcion (SW)
 Nueva Segovia (lal-lo o Ignacio de Loyola (SE)
Cagayan) o San Miguel (NE)
o Two villas de Espanoles: - Total inside area of 2025 sqm
 Vigan (Ilocos Sur) - walls ht of 6.1 m x 2.4m thick
 Arevalo (Iloilo) - towers are 9.1 m high from ground level
ARCHITECTS/BUILDERS/NOTABLE - There are 14 cannons were mounted in their
STYLES, BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND emplacement most of which are still there today
THE PATRON OF ART AND o Fuerte de San Pedro
ARCHITECTURE o Cuerpo de Guardia
o Vivienda del Teniente
EARLY STRUCTURES IN CEBU o Almazanes
First development by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi o Pezo
BASILICA DEL SANTO NINO o Mana para los Golas
o Almacenes de Polvora
ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA
- a new hybrid type of construction
- invented to avoid the consequences of both fire
and the earthquake
- A term coined by the Jesuit Francisco Ignacio
- founded by Fray Andres de Urdaneta and Fray Alcina in 1168
Diego de Herrera in 1565 - referred to the structure built partly of wood and
- built on the spot where the image of Santo Nino partly of stone
de Cebu was found during the expedition of - The actual business of building was executed by
Miguel Lopez De Legaspi the maestros de obras or master builders.
- POPE PAUL VI INTRAMUROS: THE BASTION OF AUTHORITY
o made the church basilica in 1965 - INTRAMUROS – A Spanish word of the walled
o declared it as the symbol of the birth city
and growth of Christianity in the - wall is 14 m thick and 7.6m above the moat that
Philippines surrounds it
FUERTE DE SAN PEDRO - has dungeon and watchtower
- entry was through seven gates
- Boarded by Manila Bay and Pasig river
o the wall facing the landward were
marked off by a moat
- a military defense structure in Cebu - Grid pattern of streets with the main plaza at the
- built by MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI center surrounded by
o the first governor of the captaincy o the church
general of the Philippines o the tribunal
- originally made of wood o other government buildings
- improved to stone in 17th century to repel o the marketplace
Muslim raiders - JESUIT PRIEST ANTONIO SEDENO
o Executed and planned Intramuros
during the rule of GOVERNOR-
GENERAL SANTIAGO DE VERA
- LEONARDO TURRIANO
o a Spanish military engineer specializing
in fortifications
o headed the project under the reign of
GOVERNOR-GENERAL GAMEZ
- Oldest triangulate bastion fort of the country PEREZ DASMARIFIAS.
- GOVERNOR-GENERAL JUAN DE SILVA - 1639
o executed certain work on the o the Japanese self-imposed isolation
fortifications in 1609 o the influx of Japanese migrant ceased
o was improved by o the identity of Dilao faded out and only
 Juan Niho de Tabora in 1626 existing in urban memory
 Diego Fajardo Chacon in 1644 ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGOIES
- 1644 - The erection of the Baluarte de San DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL
Diego was also completed PERIOD (SECULAR AND
EXTRAMUROS ECCLESIASTICAL/RELIGIOUD
- pertained to villages outside the walls became ARCHITECTURE)
PUEBLOS
- There 6 type of pueblo namely: CHURCHES
o PUEBLO DE TONDO - Colonial Churches in the Philippines are
 arrabal of underprivilege considered as National Cultural Treasures
natives who provided fresh - Built at the peak of Spanish influence in the
food stuffs for the markets of archipelago
Manila - a fusion of European and Asian architectural
o PUEBLO DE BINONDO motifs
o PUEBLO DE QUIAPO - National Commission for Culture and the Arts
o ISLA DE BINONDO (NCCA) has begun restoration work on 37
 home of ambitious Maharlika churches nationwide that have been identified
o SUBURBAN NODE as National Cultural Treasures for their cultural
- Mechanical trades and services were zoned significance and distinctive architecture
outside the walls
- The trade names were reflected in the street
typonym in the areas of:
o San Nicholas
o Binondo
o Santa Cruz
o Quiapo
THE CHINESE PARIAN
- SANGLEYES - Chinese trading merchants and
crafts men
- Lives in parian
- located at the north eastern of the Intramuros
- relocated at the eastward site just south of Pasig
River
o within easy range of the canon of the
Fort Santiago
- The continuous growth in population of the
Chinese people triggered the Spaniards to allow
some Chinese, especially Christian who has
Filipino wife, to permanently settle on the north
of Pasig River or the Isla de Binondo.
THE JAPANESE DILAO

CHURCH LAYOUTS
GREEK CROSS PLAN
- The Japanese supplies the Spanish with goods - implemented in the Philippines
and exotic items not obtainable in the - can be classified as a modified Greek Cross
Philippines but bound for Acapulco
- The original Greek cross plan is known to have
a square central mass and four arms of equal
length
- widely used in Byzantine architecture and in
Western churches inspired by Byzantine
examples

PLAZA COMPLEX
- The layout and placement of both civic and
ecclesiastical building around a central plaza
o based on the Ordinanza of 1573
(Prescription for the Foundation of
Hispanic Colonial Towns)
- commonly referred to the Laws of Indies
LATIN CROSS PLAN CHURCH TYPOLOGY
- emphasizes the altar which is located on the CATHEDRAL
northern side - CATHEDRAL CHURCHES
- The left and Greek Cross Plan right wing is no o The principal church of a diocese
longer occupied by the congregation but with housing the cathedral or bishop's
CHOIR instead throne

o EPDIPISYO (EDIFICIO)
 edifice a building, usually large
in size, with massive structure
and an imposing appearance

- FORTRESS
LINEAR PLAN - FUNERARY CHAPEL
- Baroque Churches consider this type of plan o conspicuously built inside a campo
- The focus of this plan is the allocation of towers santo (cemetery)
at facade. o for the funeral ceremony or service.
 volute
 plain facade with pilasters
 ornamental urns
- FIL-HISPANIC ROCOCO

o Filipino churches which combine


- MONASTIC CHURCH fanciful and elegant designs of
o The principal church of a religious order shellwork and foliage of Rococo
built beside their monastery complex Architecture with scrolls, rocaille, and
o Refer to Page 40 in module. Philippine flora and fauna as
- PARISH ornamental motifs
- PILGRIM CHURCH - GOTHIC REVIVAL
o Miraculous image with a passageway
behind the altar for the veneration to the
image of the devotees

o Philippine churches reviving the spirit


CHURCH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE and form of Gothic, Architecture, late
- EARTHQUAKE BAROQUE 12th to mid of 16th century
o characterized by Pointed arch, ribbed
vault, flying buttress, traceries widow,
slender Pier and column, and lofty
steeple.
- HIGH-RENAISSANCE

o Coined to refer to the massive Filipino


churches with thick walls and elements
of Baroque style
 scrolled buttress
o Italian Renaissance Architecture, late
15th to early 16th century
o typified by heavy rustification, facade
filled with classical elements, and
illusion of sculptural volume in design
- ROMANESQUE REVIVAL
NOTABLE SPANISH COLONIAL
CHURCHES IN THE PHILIPPINES
- BASILICA MINORE DEL SANTO NINO, CEBU

o Style in the late 19th century applying o Oldest church in the Philippines
the elements of the Romanesque style - BANTAY CHURCH (SHRINE OF OUR LADY
including OF CHARITY), ILOCOS SUR
 round arch
 thick wall
 small window
 division of interiors into
compartment bays
o Refer to Page 44 in module
CHURCH ALTAR PIECE PARTS o Belfry served as a watchtower for
- RETABLO pirates
o Altar piece o Neo-Gothic
o A richly decorated framework behind - CARCAR CHURCH (CHURCH OF STA.
the altar CATALINA DE ALEXANDRIA), CEBU
o Usually carved and painted with a ledge
and niche for the saints and tabernacle
at the lower mid-section of the retablo
o Came from the Latin word retaulus -
Retro (behind) and tabula (panel)
CHURCH DOOR PARTS

o Minaret-like bell towers


o Neo-Mudejar
 Type of Moorish Revival
architecture
- MANILA CATHEDRAL, INTRAMUROS,
MANILA

o Situated on a hill surrounded by a


defensive wall
o Separate pagoda-like bell tower at a
o Restoration midpoint of the nave wall
o Fernando Ocampo o The brick walls are devoid of ornament
o Neo-Romanesque but have delicately carved side
- SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, INTRAMUROS, entrances and strong buttresses
MANILA FORTRESSES
- introduced in the Island to find protection from
Pirates and Muslim riders
- first built using logs and timbers but soon
replaced with stones from boulders
- Characterized by:
o heavy stone walls
o moats
o grid road layouts
- Military strategy to safeguard and protect the
Spanish colonial possessions
- PAOAY CHURCH, PAOAY, ILOCOS NORTE - follow the Europena styles of the 15 and 16th
centuries styles
- BASTION AND KEEPS
o covers the blind spots
o prevented invaders from coming close
enough
- WATCH TOWER
o Most outstanding example in the o built to warn the coming of invader
Philippines of Earthquake Baroque o CHURCH BELFRY
o Volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses)  Lookout
and in the pyramidal finials of wall  tolling of bells signaled the
facades approach of the enemies
o Massive coral stone belltower MILITARY ARCHITECTURE AND DEFENSE
- MIAG-AO CHURCH, MIAG-AO, ILOILO INSTALLATION
- Garrisons
- Naval construction
- Fortresses
MAJOR DEFENSES:
- FUREZA DE SAN FELIPE IN CAVITE

o the finest surviving example of Fortress


Baroque
o the façade epitomizes the Filipino
transfiguration of western decorative
elements
o First port town of Cavite
- SANTA MARIA CHURCH, SANTA MARIA,
o The historic core Gov. Gomez Perez
ILOCOS SUR (CHURCH OF NUESTRA
Dasmarinas recognized the strategic
SENORA DE LA ASUNCION)
importance of Cavite Puerto as the
gateway to the City of Manila

o Illustration of the Port of Cavite from the


Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica
de Ias Yslas Filipinas (1734)
o Fort San Felipe is the diamond-shaped
structure
- FUERZA DE NUESTRA SENORA DEL
ROSARIO IN ILOILO o Illustration of Zamboanga and For
Pillar, detail from the the Carta
Hydrographica y Chorographica de Ias
Yslas Filipinas (1734)
- FORT SANTIAGO

o Built because of a necessity


o In 1602, Pedro Bravo de Acuna stayed
at the growing district of Arevalo, the
island’s capital at that time
o Seeing the need for protection from
frequent Dutch and Moro raids, he
ordered the construction of a wooden
fortress at Punta de Iloilo, at the mouth
of the Iloilo River
- FUERZA DE SAN PEDERO IN CEBU o 16th century citadel
o Success in:
 the defeat of Rajah Sulayman
 The invasion of the Chinese led
by Limahong
 The first raising of the US flag
that declared the beginning of
American rule
o a military defense structure in Cebu
o has an Italian-Spanish architectural
o built by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
style
o originally made of wood but improved to
o Miguel Lopez de Legazpi built the fort
stone in 17th century to repel Muslim
for the newly established Manila City
raiders
o Named it after Spain’s patron saint – St.
James the Great
o Also known as Fuerza de Santiago in
Spanish or Moog ng Santiago in
Tagalog
- FUERZA DE SENORA DEL PILAR IN
o Refer to page 52 in module for Parts of
ZAMBOANGA
Fort Santiago
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS
- Establishing a systematize government is one o The tribunal trial court was housed in
of the influences of the Spaniards another area until its abolition in the 18th
- This demands for a facility or a building, from century
Palacio del Gobernador General to Municipio - MALACANANG PALACE
- It is characterized as Monumental civic
architecture
- ARCHITECTURE FOR COLONIAL
ADMINISTRATION

o Originally the vacation house of the


governor along Pasig River but a
- PALACDIO DE GOBERNADOR transfer of location was needed when
the original Alaci de Gobernador was
toppled by 1863 earthquake
OBRAS PUBLICAS AND COLONIAL
BUILDING REGULATION
- PRESUPUESTO
o A proposal detailing the drawing, plan
and cost estimates
- PAQUIO
o Contractual system
- POLO Y SERVICIO
o A tax system
o PALACIO REAL o Compelled every able-bodied male to
o Residence of the highest official of the render labor services for public
land construction for a period of 40 days
- AYUNTAMIENTO annually
 Reduced to 15 days in 1884
- JUNAT CONSULVITA DE OBRAS PUBLICAS
o Consultancy board for public works was
created to mandate, examine and
approve plans for building
EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC
BUILDINGS
- The various religious orders fulfilled the
missionary tasks of bringing education,
healthcare, and social welfare to the indigenous
subjects
o Aka Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del - There are two type of school building
Cabildo, Casa Cosistorial, or Casa Real o THE COLEGIO OR UNIVERSIDAD -
o Housed several administrative offices found in the urban areas
and archives o ESCUELA PRIMARIA - situated in
o A seat of colonial governance different pueblos (towns)
- MUNICIPO - Six schools built within the walled city:
o Smaller version of ayuntamiento o UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
- ADUANA
o customs house

- HACIENDA PUBLICA
o treasury
- REAL AUDENCIA
Oldest existing university in - Due to the Hispanic urban program, living
Asia standards were elevated through urban
 Founded on April 28, 1611 infrastructure and public works
o COLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN - The industrial revolution of Europe affects the
o JESUIT COLLEGIO DE MANILA improvement in transportation and other
o COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE services
o COLLEGIO DE STA RITA - BRIDGE
o COLLEGIO DE SANTA POTENCIANA
- School inside Intramuros but also served as
orphanage:
o HOSPICIO DE SAN JOSE
o ASILO DE SAN VICENTE DE PAUL
HOSPITALS
- HOSPITAL REAL
o PUENTE DE ESPANA (BRIDGE OF
SPAIN)
 Built after the destruction of
Puente
o GRANDE
 First and only bridge crossing
the Pasig River in the 1863
o Aka San Juan de Dios first hospital earthquake
o Built by the Franciscans
o Catered only to the Spaniards
- HOSPITAL DE SAN GABRIEL - TRAIN STATIONS
o For the Chinese in Binondo
- HOSPITAL DE SAN LAZARO
o For the lepers
- OBSERVATORIO ASTRONOMICO Y
METEOROLOGICO DE MANILA

o TUTUBAN STATION OF THE


MANILA-DAGUPAN RAILWAY LINE
 Served as the main terminal for
all northbound destinations
- LIGHTHOUSES
o THE PASIG FAROLA
o Known as the Manila Observatory  The oldest lighthouse in the
o established by the Jesuits to assist in Philippines
forecasting typhoons  Aka the San Nicolas lighthouse
o founded and led by Jesuit cleric
Federico Faura
o begun issuing warnings on typhoons in
1879, and the next year earthquake
observations
o 1884 – The Spanish government
recognized the observatory as the
official institution for weather
forecasting
o 1885 – time service
o 1887 – seismology
o 1889 – astronomy
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
- the city became one of the major colonial port
cities in Southeast Asia
- Chinese and traders started to settle near
Intramuros
o secure a better location for their trading
business
- Activities outside Intramuros became diverse
that some influential people in that time begun
to live outside the walled city
- ALCAICERIA DE SAN FERNANDO
o very first large commercial structure
o silk market in Binondo
o housed stores for Chinese merchants
and government offices
o Tabacaleras, tobacco and cigar
factories (cigarreras) female workers
o The Bahay Na Bato was later
retrofitted to have room for commercia
function
- WATER SYSTEM o Sari-sari store and carinderias.
- HOTEL DE ORIENTE

o THE CARRIDEO WATERWOKS


 Installed the piped-in water
system
 The water was offered to the
public for free of charge
o Since pre-colonial times, Manila
Residents used the Pasig River as o The Spanish architect Juan Jose
their main source of water Huervas y Arizmendi, who also
o The water was filtered through cloth in commissioned to designed the La
a tapayan (earthenware cooling jar) Insular building, was commissioned to
and then cleansed with alum design the hotel
o According to José Rizal, the rivers and o costs $100,000
esteros in Binondo were used as: o housed three floors with 83 rooms,
 Bath stables for 25 horses, an attic, and a
 Sewer broad entrance floored and roofed in
 Laundry red clay tiles
 Fishery - MONTE DE PIEDAD
 Transport
 drinking water
o This can be one of the reasons for
water-borne epidemics during those
periods
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
- Spain attempted to establish an Asian trading
o aka the Church Pawnshop of Manila
empire to be based in Manila
o the oldest savings bank in the o VIVIENDA
Philippines  a type of accessorias
o opened in Plaza Goiti or Santa Cruz, consisting of zaguan (central
Manila passageway leads from a front
o was established by Franciscan friar door), sala and sleeping area
Felix Huertas quarter in each unit
o funded by the Catholic Church through BAHAY NA BATO
the OBRAS PIAS
 a fund for charitable works
DOMESTRIC STRUCTURES
- The evolution of dwellings in the Philippines
during the Spanish era depends on the social
status of the Mestizo and Indio
o The Laws of the Indies in the community
planning showed this hierarchy
 Looking at the heritage town of - A housing prototype which combined elements
Taal as an example. Houses of of the indigenous and Hispanic building
the prominent families were traditions to prevent the dangers posed by fire,
planned near the Minor Basilica earthquakes and cyclones
of St. Martin of Tours of the - CHARACTERISTICS
main road going there o Generally, has two storeys, at times
- The material used was improved to harness three
natural calamities in the archipelago o The ground floor is made of cut stone or
o introduction of new construction brick, the upper of wood
techniques transformation of the typical o Windows ground floor, grillworks,
Bahay Kubo into Bahay Na Bato second floor, sliding shutters with Capiz
- During the colonization dwelling are called shells or glass panels
Bahay or Casa o Capped by a high hip roof with a 45-
o CASA GRANDE degree-angle
 Huge house of a plantation or o Refer to page 62 in module for more
hacienda information
o CASA DE MADERA
 Log or wooden house
o CASA DE DOS AGUAS
 Gabled roof house
o CASA DE QUATRO AGUAS
 Hipped roof
o CASA DE MATERIALES FUERTES
 House of strong materials
o CASA DE MATERIALES LIGAROS
 House of light materials
- ACCESORIAS

o can be compared to an apartment - PARTS


dwelling in the present day o COCHERA – driveway or garage
o Evolved from the need of migrant o ZAGUAN – vestibule or storage,
laborers for cheap housing in usually for the caroza
commercial and industrial areas
o ENTRESUELO – mezzanine area, for IVATAN HOUSE (LIME-STONE-WOOD-AND-THATCH
offices or servants’ quarters STRUCTURE)
o CUADRA – horse stables - SINADUMPARAN, STONE HOUSE
o COCINA – kitchen
o CAIDA/ANTE-SALA – interior
overhanging veranda, most immediate
room from the stairs
o SALA – living room
o BANYO/BANO – bathroom
o LATRINA – toilet
o COMEDOR – dining area
o AZOTEA – outdoor terrace located
beside a balon or over an aljibe (water
cistern)
o CUARTO – bedroom
OTHER BUILDING TYPE
- CALABOZO – Jail o built parallel to the road and with stone
- REPUERTE - Houses of ill masonry wall and thick thatch roof
- FUMADERO DE OPIO - opium dens consisted o the main house with PAYA (shelves) is
of rooms provided with benches and mats for the a one-room space used for sleeping
smokers to lie on and living (RAKUH)
- BURDELS - prostitution business o the kitchen is an independent structure
- HIPPODROME - where they held horse racing; (Kusina)
established by club known as Manila Jockey o BEATERIO – with clay roof
Club - SINADUMPARAN A BINEDBARAN
- SABUNGAN - Cock pit
- TABACALERAS - tobacco and cigar factories
- LA INSULAR CIGAR FACTORY - rare example
of mudejar inspired architecture
- TRANVIA - street car system
- ESTACION FERROCARRIL - rail way station
- MANILA - DAGUPAN RAILWAY LINE –
designed by Juan Jose Hervas and completed
in 1887, served as the main terminal for all
northbound destination
- TEATROS – theater; for theatrical, dance and
musical performances
- TEATROS AL AIRE LIBRE – earliest theater
in the Philippines which were made up of
temporary podium surrounded by an open o Typically found in ltbayat island
space for the spectator o A variation of the sinadumparan with the
- CAMARIN-TEATRO – barn theater thick gable-end cogon roof exposed or
TWO MOST SIGNIFICANT THEATERS: built above the masonry gable wall
- TEATRO DE BINONDO - a two storey building - MAYTUAB/NITUAVAN
of stone, brick and wood with an arcaded first
storey and and an open colonnaded and
balustrade balcony
- TEATRO DEL PRINCIPE ALFONSO – a
popular venue for zarzuelas and comedias
SPANISH INFLUENCE ON THE
FARTHEST ISLAND OF THE NORTH
(BATANES ISLAND)
- the United States and Philippine
Commonwealth military recaptured the
Philippines
1946
- The Insular Government were dissolved
- the Commonwealth of Philippines, it's the
o Hipped roof version of Sinadumparan transitional government
o Removal of the gable wall allowed taller - JULY 4, 1946
structures o the US formally recognized the
Philippine architecture during the American independence of the Republic of the
colonial period including second world war (1898- Philippines
1946) COLONIAL MISSION REVIVAL AND MONUMENTAL
1898 AMERICAN NEOCLASSICISM
- Beginning of the American colonial period of the - Were declared as the official style of imperial
Philippines enterprise of the United State
- APRIL 1898 WHITE CITY OF COLUMBIAN WORLD’S FAIR OF
o began with the boutade of the Spanish 1893
and American War - set the tone of building iconography in the
o Philippines was under Spanish East Beaux Arts lineage
Indies PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION IN
- DECEMBER 10, 1898 SAN FRANCISCO
o signing of the Treaty of Paris on - consolidated the revival of Mission Style or Neo-
o Spain gave up Philippines to the United Castilian architecture
States, CONSTRUCTION OF FORTS AND CAMPS
o the beginning the era of American - FORT STOTSENBURG
colonization o near Angles Pampanga covered central
o The interim U.S. military government of Luzon
the Philippine Islands experienced a - FORT WILLIAM MCKINLEY
period of great political turbulence o in province of Rizal East of Manila
o The change of power signaled the o became the home of the main American
beginning of Pseudo-Hispanic Mission round unit in the Philippines
Style and Neoclassic style in the o constructed in 1905
Philippine architectural scenography o hailed as the second largest military
1901 cantonment in the world
- the military government was replaced by the  next to British cantonment in
Insular Government of the Philippines Aldershot
o a civilian government
o WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT - first
Governor-General o HARRY ALLYN
1934  the supervising architect who
- The passage of the Philippine Independence designed the wooden barracks
Act at Fort McKinley in a style that
1935 resembled the swish cottages
- a Philippine presidential election was held or chalets adapted to tropics
- NOVEMBER 15, 1935 - CAMP WALLACE
o MANUEL L. QUEZON - second o in Poro Point La Union
President of the Philippines o covered the Lingayen gulf area
o prepared for the country's - CAMP JOHN HAY
independence o in Baguio
1941 o protects the nearby goldmine
- After the World War II, Japanese invasion and - WARWICK BARRACKS
subsequent occupation of the Philippines o in Cebu
1945 - FORT SAN PEDRO
o the old Spanish Fort
o used as headquarters  could be availed by the
o additional barracks and warehouses residents free of charge
are constructed outside - Imprints of these barrios could still be seen in
- In addition to camps and headquarters, officer's Sampaloc, San Lazaro and Vito Cruz
housing and enlisted men's barracks the camp - With the success of the sanitary barrios, the
also had: American authorities focused their efforts to
o Armories modernizing the Filipino house
o Warehouses THE HYGIENIC CITY AND ITS MODERN
o Messes URBAN FACILITIES AND SERVICE
o officers and enlistee's men clubs
o hospitals CHANGES OF PUBLIC SPACES AND UTILITES
o commissaries - The Old Botanical Garden enclosure was
o post exchanges removed and the site was converted into the
o recreational facilities MEHAN GARDEN
o chapel - The Luneta Esplanade was rehabilitated and
- The landscaping, layout and construction extended out to sea
generally followed standard US design. - The marshy field of Bagumbayan was drained
THE HEALTHY HOUSING ALTERNATIVE - The roads and pavements in the Escolta,
Rosario, and other principal thoroughfares in the
TSALET heart of Binondo's business quarters were
- A single-storey structure constructed of either repaired and rehabilitated
entirely of wood or a combination of - The provision of Manila's utilities and other
ferroconcrete and wood urban services was undertaken by the
- The living areas were maintained at an elevation Philippine Commission as early as 1902
between 1 to 1.5 meters above ground o with the authorization of a franchise
o slightly lower than the bahay kubo to granted on a competitive bidding to
discourage the placement of domestic construct and maintain in the streets of
animals in the under-floor area Manila and its suburbs an electric street
- EXTENDED PORCH railway and the service of electric light,
o The most obvious innovation of this heat, and power
house
o veranda in the principal façade AUGUST 15, 1898
o could be accessed by either an L- - All public works were placed under the United
shaped or T-shaped stairway States Army Corps of Engineers
- Expressions in interior design continued to MAJOR JAMES F. CASE
some stylistic variants derived from either - Drew the plan for the new American designed
o Greek Revivalist Neoclassicism reservoir
o Art Nouveau MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER
 long, curving, dynamic, floral - The first American architectural historian to
rhythmic lines survey the Philippine architecture
- DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE - took notice of the distinguished qualities left by
o a product of a close collaboration the Spanish colonies in architecture in the
between the architect/maestro de obras Philippines
and the sculptor - "The Architecture of the Philippines and of the
SANITARY BARRIOS Spanish West Indies is a great deal better being
- A neighborhood concept introduced in 1908 Spanish than it would.... Had been of the United
- permitted nipa houses to be built on highly States."
regulated blocks of subdivided lots - enumerated the distinct qualities of tropical
- Each sanitary block had a: architecture which are:
o built-in surface drainage o thin walls impermeable to heat
o public latrines o the long dark open arcades along which
o public bath houses and laundry one may make his way into the shades
o public water hydrants PORTS, CANALS, AND BRIDGES TO MANILA
- The improvement was a necessity to provide  now occupied by Robinson's
safe anchorage and wharf facilities for freight Ermita
and passenger ships o San Lazaro Hospital
- The project of improvement of the Port of Manila o Santa Mesa Detention Hospital
was divided into four Divisions namely: o Semaphore Station
o The improvement of the outer harbor or o several wooden resort cottages in
bay of Manila Baguio
o The improvement of Pasig River below - introduced:
the Bridge of Spain - now Jones Bridge o the application of concrete and lime
 the bar at the entrance masonry
 the inner basin o the use of cast concrete ornaments
 the canal connecting the latter  mimicked the familiar local
with the river building motif
o The improvement of upper Pasig River - Many of his structures were constructed using
to Laguna de Bay these types of wood
o Building of a drawbridge across the o prone to termite attacks
Pasig River near its mouth, giving o easily deteriorated in tropical weather
passage to steam and street cars, and - none of his structures survived to this day
other vehicles and foot passengers. o Even his iconic cement buildings, such
- Pasig River also widened to 76m up to the as the Bureau of Science Building and
Bridge of Spain and the river's intermediate the Customs House were reduced to
arterial canals were deepened to 5-5 meters rubble during the last world war
ARCHITECT EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE, THE - implored for the authorities to design
INSULAR ARCHITECT standardized school architecture
- An architect reared in the style of ECLECTIC - recommended the uniform design of school
REVIVALISM houses with preference for the one or two-storey
- Task: "To make all necessary plans, structures
specifications for construction and repair of - Bourne’s Notable Work
public buildings, and to send these plans and
specifications, with estimate of cost, through the
Secretary of Public Instruction, to the Civil
Governor for his approval, and when approved
by the Governor, shall be presented to the
Commission with a requisition for an o The Insular Plant and Cold Storage
appropriation or appropriations for execution” BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES
- Bourne's initial works in Manila consisted mostly BUILDING
of:
o extensive alterations
o repairs
o additions of existing structures owned
by the insular government
- His renovation work had a strong affinity to
Hispanic designs, boldly expressed in
government buildings, such as the: - THE MISSION REVIVALIST edifice was
o Malacanang devoted to modern scientific research and
o Ayuntamiento colonial technoscience
o Intendencia - Was founded under the Philippine
o Audiencia Building Commission Act No. 156 on July 1, 1901
o Postigo Building - consisted of biological and chemical laboratory
o Oriente Building pavilions occupying the 24-acre site of the old
o Bilibid Prisons Exposition Grounds
o Exposition structures at the Exposition - served as an architectural set piece in a large
grounds in Ermita tract that was destined to become a Science
Complex and University Town, which would o shifted the attention of the colonial
extend from Calle Faura to Calle Herran (now government to a much more auteur-
Pedro Gil) in Manila centric and grander urban vision
SAN LAZARO MORGUE - The position of Insular Architect was abolished
- one-storey structure with concrete floors and replaced by CONSULTING ARCHITECT
- had fitted tables for laying the corpses and o a high-profile government position
autopsy tables with marble tops created to accommodate Burnham's
- Notable extensive feature was the pierced, favored architect, WILLIAM E.
decorative wooden screen PARSONS
o borrowed from the callado concept of  interpret Burnham's imperial
the bahay na bato to facilitate cross aspiration for Manila and
ventilation. Baguio with fidelity and sanctity
THE MISSION STYLE
- Readily exportable architectural style BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS (BPW)
- could easily be replicated - Was formally organized on November 1, 1905
o its essential character was expressed - pursuant to the provisions of Act No. 1407, also
straightforwardly known as the "Reorganization Act"
- Its bold, arched openings and expansive, plain, o passed by the Philippine Commission
unadorned, whitewashed stucco surfaces, on October 26, 1905.
which to a certain extent evade finely detailed - BPW’s function was confined to the construction
craftsmanship, rendered the style to of roads and public buildings
uncomplicated reproduction - The consequence of a merger between two
- The stylistic essentials of the Mission Revival bureaus created in, namely:
include: o the Bureau of Engineering and
o Curvilinear Construction of Public Works under the
o parapeted, or scalloped rooflines and Department of Commerce and Police
gabled roofs that recalled Spanish o the Bureau of Architecture and
Baroque designs Construction of Public Buildings under
o round arched entrances the Department of Instruction
o white or slightly tinted, smooth, - Functions of the Bureau are:
plastered walls o The maintenance and repair of insular
o pyramidal terra-cotta tiled roofs buildings
o exposed roof rafters o Advising the Governor-General, the
o arched arcades and corridors Legislature, and the Secretary of
o a dominant mirador tower Commerce and Police on all matters
- Notable Mission Styles pertaining to engineering and
o Divisoria Market (1901) architecture
o The Municipal Slaughterhouse (1901) o The design of all municipal and
o The Tondo Police Station (1904) provincial improvements
o Episcopal Cathedral of St. Mary and St. o The supervision over architectural
John (1905) features of buildings, parks, streets,
 located on Calle Isaac Peral and improvements throughout the
(now United Nations Avenue) islands and all infrastructure for
 Designed by architects Sturgis drainage, sewers, waterworks
and Barion of Boston in the irrigation, and ports works
Mission Style THE START OF TROPICAL IMPERIAL
SPACE AND BEAUTIFUL CITY
1905 MOVEMENT
- Bourne fell out of favor
- the abolition of the Bureau of Architecture and DANIEL BURNHAM
Construction of Public Buildings
- catalyzed by the submission of Burnham's
report early that year
- A late 19th-century—early 20th-century
neoclassical style imported from the United
States and Europe
- EL HOGAR BUILDING IN MANILA

- tasked to survey Manila and Baguio


- recommend preliminary plans for the
development of these colonial cities -PLAN CHARACTERISTICS
- assisted by PIERCE ANDERSON on a 6-week o Symmetry is stressed, and where
official mission there is asymmetry, it must be worked
- Father of City Beautiful Movement into the larger whole
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT o Axiality is important; the most
- conceived due to ill effects caused by the important spaces must be on axis and
Industrial Revolution to combat: clearly emphasized in space and
o pollution proportion
o traffic and human congestion o Cross-axes are used to distribute and
o lack of basic utilities organize the program
o outbreaks of disease o There should be a clear hierarchy of
o general social disorder plaguing the major and minor parts of the
American cities at that time program
- main advocacy was to transform cities into o There should be no hidden spaces,
beautiful, orderly, efficient, healthy, and but a gradation of importance
democratic places, with profound reliance on o At the center of the composition
BEAUX ARTS FORMALISM should be a great hall, the dimensions
- The most successful application of which was of which relate to the building's overall
the 1901 Plan for Washington, DC proportions
- Origins of the Neoclassical Style o Repeating elements should be
- The proposed plan of Manila seemed to unified to support the overall planning
resemble the plan for Chicago and San o The relationships between open and
Francisco closed spaces, and among building,
o Chicago Plan is the prime example of courtyards, and surrounding gardens,
City Beautiful Movement Plan should be resolved into an integrated
- ELEMENTS FOUND: whole
o The wide boulevards o The decorative elements should be in
o Elegant parks accordance with the program
o Recreational waterways and riverbanks o Civic buildings would show restraint;
o Spacious public plazas adorned with opera houses, ebullience
grand monuments BURNHAM’S RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE:
- Burnham's Manila plan borrowed elements from
the Washington, DC plan
o government buildings were arranged in
a formal pattern around a rectangular
mall
- Establishment of a central civic core with streets
radiating from it
o laid over a gridiron pattern
o large parks were interconnected by
BEAUX-ARTS parkways
 recommended an architectural - declared by the Philippine Commission on June
style from which future 1 , 1903, as the SUMMER CAPITAL of the
buildings were to be patterned archipelago
- Cleaning and development of canals and BAGUIO PLAN
esteros for transportation - The function of Baguio, with emphasis on the
- Construction of a Bay Shore boulevard from city's tripartite role:
Manila to Cavite o as a health sanitarium for American
- The provision of zones for major public facilities servicemen
such as schools and hospitals o as a large market center
- The development of parks and open spaces for o as a hub of recreational activities
recreational activities - Burnham and Anderson admitted that the
- Development of summer resorts near the capita Baguio Plan was fragmentary due to the
THE ARRABALES (SUBURBS) OF MANILA absence of survey
- QUIAPO o resulting to steep road slopes and other
o the illustrado territory urban planning errors
o the enclave of the rich and powerful THREE OBJECTIVES OF BAGUIO PROPOSAL
- BINONDO - To provide a street system adapted to the
o trading port developed for the Chinese changing contours
and Arabs o allowing easy communication
- STA. CRUZ o avoiding east-west and north south
o the main commercial district with shop, orientation of building lines
movie houses, restaurant, etc. - To provide suitable locations for public,
- SAN NICOLAS semipublic, and private institutions of
o a commercial district with streets of importance
specialized categories - To provide recreational areas in the shape of
- SAMPALOC playgrounds, parks and open esplanades, and
o University Town parkways
THE LATER ARRABALES THE AMERICAL STICK STYLE
- SAN MIGUEL - The architectural imagery of these residences
o resthouse were built for the Spanish provided an instant cure for the homesick
Government American
- MALATE - would later influence the development of the
o early summer resort of the wealthy new house model known as "TSALET."
o became a fishing and salt making town - The American Stick Style homes expressed its
- ERMITA inner structure through the use of exterior
o the red-light district ornaments, such as trim boards
- PACO - The Stick Style was allowed to interact with
o first town built around a train station other revivalist styles but have maintained its
- PANDACAN essential character:
o town built by the American for oil depot o pinewood construction
THE CITY OF PINE: BAGUIO CITY o vertical, horizontal, or diagonal boards
- The Americans identified health hazards with applied over clapboard siding or half-
their ventures in the tropics timbering
- "TROPICAL FATIGUED" o building forms expressing angularity,
o described as weakened by dysentery, asymmetry, and verticality
typhoid, malaria, and a host of other o roof composed of steep, intersecting
tropical ailments, not to mention gables
symptoms of depression o large veranda or covered porch that
- As a cure, they believed that the efficient way is recalled Swiss chalet balconies
to search for the fabled cool place - BAGUI o simple corner posts, rafters, brackets,
- Its environment offered an ideal site for an and railings
American health resort. WILLIAM E. PARSON
o Become the fundamental building
material for constructing walls and other
vertical components
- The combination of concrete and steel
reinforcements resulted in a medium known as
FERROCONCRETE
PARSON’S NOTABLE WORKS

INSANE WARD AT SAN LAZARO


- appointed on September 20, 1905 as
Consulting Architect
- authorized by Governor William Cameron
Forbes, who imposed upon his administration,
the responsibility of planning and developing the
political and physical infrastructure of the colony
- Parson's foremost contribution to local -The first building of the government to be
architecture are: executed entirely of reinforced concrete
o the improvement of the quality of - L-shaped, two-storey structure
construction materials and techniques - the length of each wing was 23m and the width
 was achieved through the 12m
importation of building - The first-floor level was raised 1.5 meters
technologies from the United above ground with a well-ventilated under floor
States space
 Kahn Truss System - The interior corners of the floors and walls were
 concrete hollow blocks all rounded to facilitate cleaning and disinfection
o The adoption of standardized plans and GOVERNMENT CAPITOL BUILDINGS
modularized systems for building types - Pampanga (1907), Iloilo (1907), Capiz, and
(i.e., markets, schools, dispensaries) to Laguna (1 908)
bring down construction costs - LINGAYEN CAPITOL BUILDING
AMERICAL COLONIAL SYSTEM OF o an excellent example from which his
CONSTRUCTION philosophy can be deciphered
- The American colonial period saw the rise of - Parsons also accorded capitol and municipal
the use of concrete in major infrastructure and complexes with a logical and convenient
civic works in urban and provincial areas scheme:
- CONCRETE o placing them in park like settings
o a highly adaptable and plastic material o in positions of dignity and repose
o can be formed and employed in a range - Parson's NEOCLASSIC DESIGNS FOR THE
of applications CAPITOLS became the archetype of all
 from massive structures to the succeeding capitols built before
most exquisite of architectural - The project was started earlier by Bourne, with
details Parsons taking over, amending the plans
o renders a smooth surface and crisp without abandoning the pavilion morphology set
plane by the former
o an inexpensive way to precast relief
ornaments
o Concrete hollow blocks are still
manually produced
 Were feasible building
materials in the Philippines due
to machines - was notable for its:
o The abundance of manual labor o clear circulation network
resulted in the inexpensive production o flexibility for expansion
of hollow blocks o excellent ventilation and lighting
 provided by wide,
interconnecting, open
walkways
- Built of reinforced concrete, with a low angled
roof, the sprawling, two-story hospital
- featured service and medical wings
architecturally integrated but hygienically o International Committee of the Young
isolated via a series of arched corridors Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
o allowed for generous and efficient commissioned Parsons to design its
future expansion building in 1909
PARON’S PRIVATE PRACTICE  With the aim of "spreading the
Yielded clubhouses that would cater to in Manila the Christian civilization o the West
recreational needs of American and British expatriates. among the, peoples ofthe
- ARMY NAVY CLUB (1909) Orient,"
o Parsons divided the building into three
clusters:
 the athletic building on the right
 the main building at the center
 the kitchen building on the left
o The central main building was 45 by 13
o The club buildings were typically two— ½ meters
and three-story structures, usually in H- - THE PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL,
plan, with large loggias or verandas COMPLETED IN 1914
o The Army and Navy and the Elks Club
are still extant (rebuilt from war damage
funds)
o have been refunctioned today as
museums
o Dubbed as the most important
construction of 1909 in the city of the
Manila o Rendered in a style that allowed the
o was one of Parsons's private California Mission style to mingle capiz
commissions window panes and ornately grilled
ventanillas
o was erected at the corner of Taft
Avenue and Ayala Boulevard
o three storeys in height, followed a V-
- THE MANILA CLUB (1908) configuration plan
 the bill (Gabaldon Law)
appropriating P1 million for the
building of modern public
schools throughout the
Philippines

- GABALDON
o was acclaimed by The Far Eastern
Review in 1908 as "one of the most
modern buildings of its kind in the
Orient."
o two-story, reinforced concrete building
o covered an area of 45 by 35 m, with the
second floor covering over 1/3 of the
area of the spread foundation o The Gabaldon School Buildings or
- YMCA BUILDING (1909) simply known as the Gabaldons
o a term used to refer to heritage school o RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE
buildings in the Philippines built during (1886—1941 )
the American colonial era  cited as Acting Consulting
o noted for the architecture inspired from Architect
the bahay kubo and bahay na bato - best remembered for the UNBUILT CAPITOL
- GABALDON LAW OR ACT NO. 1801 BUILDING IN MANILA
o provided the funding for the building of o supposedly the centerpiece of
modern public schools in the country Burnham's Capitol Group
between 1907 and 1915 with a budget o a hallmark of Fenhagen's commitment
of P1 million to an architectural style that evoked
- PARSONS UNIVERISTY HALL America's federal presence in the
o the first building to be erected on the Philippines
campus grounds at Padre Faura o The general scheme of the building
(Report of the Philippine Commission clusters were arranged in a U-pattern
1912, 186) hugging a grand central plaza
o cost 250,000 pesos o Fronting a reflecting pool and
o measured 58.35 meters long by 25.8 dominating the clusters of
meters wide compositional volume is a Neoclassical
o consisted of three floors and an attic domed edifice a leitmotif based on the
o The foundation was made up of chain Roman Pantheon
footings of reinforced concrete  elevated portico and long wings
- MANILA AQUARIUM of Ionic colonnades standing
o Was built in the inner slope of a bastion on a massive platform
in Intramuros o a classical style favored by Thomas
o integrated with a public playground Jefferson
constructed from the reclaimed moat GEORGE CORNER FENHAGEN WORKS
surrounding the walled city - MASONIC TEMPLE (1913) IN ESCOLTA
- PACO TRAIN STATION o Five-storey structure that displayed a
Neoclassic façade
 a colonnaded ground floor
 arched central portal
 divided, two-arched Florentine
windows typical of a multistorey
Italian Renaissance palazzo
RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE
o built at the terminus of a newly laid
boulevard fronting a semicircular Plaza
Dilao
o could be read as an ideological
statement of the "White Man's Burden"
frame of mind with the deployment of
four garlanded American eagles
surmounting the main cornice above - Was bred in the Beaux Arts tradition
the central motion the building façade - was a Neoclassicist
BUREAUCRATIC CHANGE AT THE - sought to enhance the quality of public buildings
OFFICE OF CONSULTING ARCHITECT - sought to increase the richness of
ornamentation and articulation for the most
GEORGE CORNER FENHAGEN significant structures
- appointed as Acting Consulting Architect when - The most notable of Doane's buildings were the:
Parsons resigned from his post o Pangasinan Provincial Capitol (1918) in
- went on leave before the year 1914 ended Lingayen
- JULY 1916 o Leyte Provincial Capitol (1918) in
o Fenhagen was still listed as the Tacloban
Consulting Architect in absentia o Legislative Building (1926)
o unbuilt Insular Post Office - When Parson departed, he assumed custody of
PANGASINAN PROVINCIAL CAPITOL (1918) implementing the designs for the buildings of UP
Manila Campus, including the:
o College of Medicine Annex
o University Library.
- His fidelity to neoclassicism yielded monumental
and memorable edifices, such as
o the twin Corinthian Buildings in Agrifina
-Described in the Bureau of Public Works Bulletin Circle in Luneta Park
as "a successful adaptation of imposing Classic o Leyte Capitol
Architecture in Tropical Conditions" o Manila City Hall, etc
- Designed by Parsons, with some modification Major Works Include:
by Doane, - LEYTE CAPITOL PROVINCE (1917)
o defined by the high imposing Ionic
- Was designed with minimal wall surfaces and
maximum window openings to take advantage colonnade compromising of 2 rows of
of the cool sea breeze 10 Ionic Columns, which stretched
THE FILIPINO ARCHITECTS IN THE among the entire facade of the building
- AGRICULTURE FINANCE BUILDING (1934)
BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS
o Was the identical buildings in the sides
of Grifina Torunda.
PENSIONADO PROGRAM
o The concave facade was set off by
- The scholarship program that begins in 1903
grand steps leading to the colonnade of
- permitting Filipino students to pursue university
6 Columns with Corinthian motifs.
education in the United States
- MANILA CITY HALL (1941)
o Due to the shape of the lot, lack of
symmetry and monotonous detailing,
Recipients of First Pensionado Program for
the principal facade was expensive.
Architecture (First Generation of Filipino Architect):
o The south elevation had an entrance of
CARLOS A. BARETTO
6 columns with Corinthian motifs.
- the first recipient of the pensionado program
- CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL
scholarship for architecture
- MANILA CUSTOMS HOUSE
- There was little know about him or his works due
- UP COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ANNEX,
to the loss and destruction of many official
- WOMENS DORMITORY IN THE PHILIPPINE
documents
NORMAL SCHOOL
- He received his education and graduated in
- UP LIBRARY
Drexel Institute of Philadelphia 1907
-
- worked with Bureau of Public Works (BPW) from
TOMAS MAPUA
1908 to 1913 then resumed his service in 1917.
- Graduated in Cornell University in 1910
ANTONIO TOLEDO
- Worked for BPW from 1912-1915 and 1917-
- Graduated in Ohio State University in 1910
1927
- Was the master of neo-classic style
- established and founded the Mapua Institure of
- was among the first architect-educator
Technology in 1925
- was the youngest pensionado sent to the United
o his most significant contribution in the
States at the age of 16
Architecture
- started as a drafts man under William Parsons
- became a co-founder of the Philippine
in 1911 then promoted to Superintendent
Association of Colleges and Universities and of
Architect in 1915
Philippine Architect's Society later renamed as
- became the BPW Consulting Architect on 1938,
Philippine Institute of Architects where he
a post he held until his retirement from the
became president.
government service in 1954.
- First Registered Architect in the Philippines?
- His collaboration with Parson includes Womens
Major Works:
Dormitory of the Philippine Normal School
- NURSE'S HOME, PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL (1920S)
o The Philippine architectural imagery ART DECO
was derived from renaissance idiom - Was most popular from the 1920s to the 1930s
o The horizontal facade was appointed to (though in the Philippines, its popularity
3 Horizontal Zones extended to the early 1950s)
o The entrance was accentuated by - used simple, stylized forms, linear motifs,
slightly protruding Ionic Columns zig-zags, lightning bolts, and geometrical
- ARSENIO LOCSIN HOUSE patterns
- TOMAS MAPUA RESIDENCE - was meant to represent the era's machine age,
- Centro Escolar University Building and an increasingly liberal outlook in life
- De La Salle College (Now University) - was a reaction to its predecessor, the heavily
- J. Mapua Memorial Hall ornamented Art Nouveau
- a precursor to mid-century Modernism
JUAN G. ARELLANO NOTABLE ARCHITECTS AND THEIR
- Graduate of Drexel Institute in 1911 WORKS
- Works for BPW from 1916-1941
ARCADIO DE GUZMAN ARELLANO JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS NAKPIL
- Supervised the repair of the convent of - known as Juan F. Nakpil
Barasoain Church for the revolutionary - a Filipino architect, teacher and a community
Government when he served as Captain of the leader
Engineering Corps of Volunteers of Aguinaldo's - In 1973, he was named one of the National
revolutionary army in 1898 Artists for architecture
- MAY 1909 – was appointed by the Governor- - was regarded as the Dean of Filipino Architects
General as member of of the Manila Municipal JUAN NAKPIL WORKS:
Board - Gaiety Theater, Manila
- served on the committee that drafted the o now inactive
Building Code of Manila - Rizal Theater
- design in Classical Revivalist Style, o Demolished
incorporating some innovations of his own o the site is occupied by Shangri-La
- some of his work has touches of Neo-Gothic Hotel Makati City
style and Art Nouveau motifs and plant forms as - Capitol Theater
decoration motifs o now inactive
TOMAS FERNANDEZ ARGUELLES - University of the Philippines Theater and
- Worked as an inspector of roads and public Carillon Tower
works for street car company - Arellano University Building
Major Works: - Philippine Trust Co. Building (Plaza Goiti [now
- ELIZALDE BUILDING ON MUELLE DE LA Plaza Lacson])
INDUSTRIA MANILA - Geronimo Delos Reyes Building
- HEADLOCKS BUILDING - Capitan Pepe Building
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD - Manila Jockey Club
- The Commonwealth was the administrative - San Carlos Seminary
body that governed the Philippines - Philippine Village Hotel
- This era is the 10-year transitional period in o closed in 2000
Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in - University of the Philippines Administration &
preparation for independence from the United Library
States as provided for under the Philippine - Rizal Shrine
Independence Act or more popularly known as - Gala-Rodriguez Ancestral House
the TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW - University of the Philippines Los Banos Old
- was interrupted when the Japanese occupied Humanities Building
the Philippines in January 2, 1942. - Philippine National Bank building – Visayas
- The Commonwealth government, led by PABLO S. ANTONIO, SR.
MANUEL L. QUEZON AND SERGIO S. - Was a Filipino architect
OSMEFIA went into exile in the U.S. - A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture
- replaced the Insular Government, a United - was recognized in some quarters as the
States territorial government foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time
- The rank and title of National Artist of the  sought independence rather
Philippines was conferred on him by President than a change in colonial rulers
Ferdinand Marcos in 1976 - THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
- celebrated for his Art Deco Style o lasted three years
PABLO ANTONIO'S WORKS: o resulted in the death of over 4,200
- White Cross American and over 20,000 Filipino
- Far Eastern University—Manila combatants
- Main Lounge, The Manila Polo Club o As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians
- Natividad Building, Escolta died from violence, famine, and disease
- Ramon Roces Publications Building BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
- Boulevard-Alhambra (now called Bel-Air) - The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the
Apartments Building Philippines WAS NOT without domestic
- Scala Theater controversy
- Lyric Theater - Americans who advocated annexation showed
COLONIAL TUTELAGO a variety of motivations:
- The act of teaching populace who would o desire for commercial opportunities in
compromise the corps of professionals in the Asia
colony o concern that the Filipinos were
- was accomplished by Pensionado Program incapable of self-rule
- Before there are no architects instead it is o fear that if the United States did not take
embodied by "Mastro de Obras" control of the islands, another power
- The nearest form of architectural school during (such as Germany or Japan) might do
Spanish Period was the Escuela Practica y so
Professional de Artes y Officios de Manila - American opposition to U.S. colonial rule of the
MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Philippines came in many forms, ranging from
- Was the pioneer architectural school those who:
- established in 1925 by Tomas Mapua after he o thought it morally wrong for the United
return from United States States to be engaged in colonialism
- MIT, originally a night school, offer course o feared that annexation might eventually
leading to degrees in architecture and permit the non-white Filipinos to have a
engineering role in American national government
ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECT ACT NO. 2895 - Others were wholly unconcerned about the
- Under this act two separate examiners (one for moral or racial implications of imperialism and
architecture and the other one for engineering) sought only to oppose the policies of President
would be created to oversee the administering William McKinley's administration
of licensure exam TWO PHASES TO THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
- Licensed Mastro de Obras or "master builders" - FEBRUARY TO NOVEMBER OF 1899
were automatically granted the title of architect o dominated by Aguinaldo's ill-fated
under a grandfather clause in the act attempts to fight a conventional war
Historical events during American colonial period against the better-trained and equipped
1898 American troops
- Spain’s defeat in the Spanish-American War of - FILIPINOS' SHIFT TO GUERRILLA-STYLE
1898 WARFARE
- Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the o began in NOVEMBER OF 1899, lasted
Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of through the CAPTURE OF
Paris AGUINALDO IN 1901 and into the
1899 SPRING OF 1902 - most organized
- FEBRUARY 4, 1899 Filipino resistance had dissipated
o two days before the U.S. Senate ratified o PRESIDENT THEODORE
the treaty ROOSEVELT proclaimed a general
o fighting broke out between American amnesty and declared the conflict over
forces and Filipino nationalists led by on JULY 4, 1902
EMILIO AGUINALDO
o minor uprisings and insurrections ADVENT OF SECOND WORLD WAR
against American rule periodically
occurred in the years that followed JAPANESE OCCUPATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT - THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE
- The war was brutal on both sides. U.S. forces at PHILIPPINES
times: o attacked by the Empire of Japan on
o burned villages DECEMBER 8, 1941
o implemented civilian reconcentration  nine hours after the attack on
policies Pearl Harbor
o employed torture on suspected - The United States of America controlled the
guerrillas Philippines at the time and possessed important
- Filipino fighters also: military bases there
o Tortured, captured soldiers - The combined American-Filipino army was
o terrorized many civilians who defeated in the Battle of Bataan and the Battle
cooperated with American forces of Corregidor in APRIL 1942
- Many civilians died during the conflict as a result - guerrilla resistance against the Japanese
of the: continued throughout the war
o Fighting o Uncaptured Filipino army units
o cholera and malaria epidemics o a communist insurgency
o food shortages caused by several o supporting American agents
agricultural catastrophes - Due to the huge number of islands, the
- Even as then, the colonial government that the Japanese never occupied many of the smaller
United States established in the Philippines in and more minor islands.
1900 under future President William Howard - Japan occupied the Philippines for over
Taft launched a pacification campaign that three years, until the surrender of Japan.
became known as the "POLICY OF - A highly effective guerilla campaign by
ATTRACTION." Philippine resistance forces controlled 60
o Designed to win over key elites and percent of the islands
other Filipinos who did not embrace o mostly jungle and mountain areas
Aguinaldo's plans for the Philippines - MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and
o permitted a significant degree of self- sent reinforcements and officers
government FAR EASTEN COMMAND
o introduced social reforms
o implemented plans for economic
development
o gained important Filipino adherents
o undermined the revolutionaries' popular
appeal - 25 JULY 1941
 significantly aided the United o US Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson
States' military effort to win the requested that US President Franklin D.
war Roosevelt issue orders calling the
AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES military forces of the Commonwealth
- Began during the Spanish colonial period into active service for the United States
- The period of American colonization of the - During World War II, large portions of
Philippines LASTED 48 YEARS Intramuros and Manila were destroyed
o Cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by o Many heritage districts in the provinces
Spain in 1898 were burned down by the Japanese
o U.S. recognition of Philippine - In the reconstruction period after the Second
independence in 1946 World War, many of the destroyed buildings
- After independence in 1946 were rebuilt
o many Americans chose to remain in the o however, a majority of heritage
Philippines while maintaining relations structures were lost and never rebuilt
with relatives in the US
o Most were professionals
o Most of the structures that were lost are - When the American rule was formally
considered a focal properties of former established in the country, THE
heritage towns INTRODUCTION OF FREE PUBLIC
OLD LEGISLATIVE BUILDING (NOW NATIONAL INSTRUCTION WITH THE USE OF ENGLISH
MUSEUM) LANGUAGE was initiated
o provided a complete turnaround for the
Filipinos
o anything Spanish was replaced with
English
 books
 printed materials
- It would not be the Americans but the Japanese  medium of communication and
who cause most damage to Intramuros and instructions
Manila in general  lifestyle
- After the bombing of Pearl Harbour, and in - Colonization of the Japanese halted literary
retaliation after an American response, Japan progress
invaded the Philippines o strict censorship was implemented
- MANILA o almost all newspapers in English were
o under the command of General stopped
Douglas MacArthur o freedom of speech and the press were
o surrendered promptly to avoid the almost
destruction of its historical heritage and - THE CAPITALIST CHARACTER OF
loss of lives COLONIALISM IN PHILIPIPNES
- In the 3 1/2 years that lasted the brutal Japanese o served as the primary reason for
occupation, between 1 and 2 million Filipinos colonial expansion
were killed o greatly influenced the colony's
o In their final battle against the approaches to conservation of heritage
Americans, the Japanese did not PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE POST-
hesitate to kill through the bayonet to WAR AND REPUBLIC YEARS PERIOD
the local population, including children MODERN, INTERNATIONAL AND NEO-
and pregnant women, and to set Manila VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN THE
on fire during their withdrawal PHILIPPINES
INFLUENCES IN FILIPINO LIFE AND
ARCHITECTURE - POST WAR
o Philippine Architecture was dominated
- The Filipino culture has been characterized as: by the American style
o hybrid in nature o the plan for the modern city of Manila
o a mixture of elements from different and was designed with a large number of art
often incongruous sources deco buildings
o oriental about family - LIBERATION OF MANILA BY THE
- Chinese about AMERICANS (1945)
o business o large portions of Intramuros and Manila
- American about were destroyed
o Ambitions - AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR
- particular set of cultural or social values that o many of the destroyed buildings were
communities recognize as part of their cultural rebuilt
heritage - AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY
- the latter considers built structures with o MODERN ARCHITECTURE was
historical, archival, anthropological, introduced
archaeological, artistic and architectural value  straight lines and functional
- The literary composition in the American aspects
colonization was greatly influenced by o many of the older structures fell into
significant developments in education and decay
culture - EARLY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
o a revival of the respect for the traditional
Filipino elements in the architecture
returned
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
- 1950’S witnessed SPACE AGE AESTHETICS
and SOFT MODERNISM
o experimented with the sculptural
plasticity of poured concrete to come up
with soft and sinuous organic forms with
the use of thin shell technologies
- The staple architecture element on this period
were the: - a major architectural style that emerged in the
o brise-soleil 1920s and 1930s
o Glass walls o the formative decades of Modern
o Pierced screens architecture
o thin concrete shells - originated from the name of a book by Henry
- THE MODERN ARCHITECTURE OF THE Russell Hitchcock and Phillip Johnson, The
PHILIPPINES FOLLOWING WORLD WAR II International Style
o strongly influenced by the modern o written to record the International
architecture of the United States Exhibition of Modern Architecture held
- Traces of Filipino modern architecture can be at the Museum of Modern Art in New
seen in the contemporary mainstream Filipino York City in 1932
architectural scene o identified, categorized and expanded
SOFT MODERNISM upon characteristics common to
Modernism across the world and its
stylistic aspects
o OBJECTIVE: to define a style that
would encapsulate this modern
architecture, and they did this by the
inclusion of specific architects
- adopted by Filipino architects in the 50s
SPACE AGE - adapted to tropical conditions with the generous
use of brise soliel and landscape to mitigate
solar gain
NEO-VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

SPACE ARCHITECTURE/GOOGLE ARCHITECTURE


- the theory of Practice of designing and building
inhabited environments in outer space

INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

- One strategy in expressing a distinct national


character is through the idea of the "vernacular'
in architecture
- VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
o understood as a general approach of
localizing architecture
o alluding to indigenous social, cultural, - Cultural, tourism and heritage sites were,
political and historical contexts likewise, constructed:
- Through VERNACULARIZATION, a foreign o Cultural Center of the Philippines
concept is made understandable to the local o Folk Arts Theater
audience by referring to familiar local materials o Philippine International Convention
and ideas Center
- "vernacular' = things endemic and indigenous o National Arts Center (now Makiling
to a specific place and context Center for the Arts)
- The idea of "Filipino," whether in the arts,  housing the Philippine High
literature, history, sciences and technology, School for the Arts, Nayong
stood out as the rallying point for nationalist Pilipino
movements o People's Park in the Sky in Tagaytay
o meant having a distinct and essential City
national culture different from other BAGONG LIPUNAN IMPROVEMENT OF SITES AND
world cultures SERVIES (BLISS)
- With the exception of the tourist industry, the
primary support for developing the Filipino
style of modern architecture has been
o Government
o public organizations
 have a strong desire for
political and economic
independence from the United - To address the influx of people migrating to
States urban centers from the countryside
 was nothing more than a o gave birth to a myriad of other
distant hope at that time, problems, such as
particularly in the '50s  violence
- From the '60s onwards, a number of important  social unrest
building structures were erected by the  environmental degradation
government to express the Filipino style  limited housing provision
- There are considered to be two distinctive projects in Manila and in the
models of traditional architecture for most rural areas to house the
Filipino architects country's poorest of the poor
o Bahay kubo - RESIDENTIAL
o Bahay na bato o the model community plan
o a self-reliant and self-sufficient
settlement designed for 50-100
families
Marcosian architecture, postmodernism and o A total of 230,000 housing units were
deconstruction in Philippine architecture constructed from 1975 to 1985
MARCOS REGIME o provided dignified shelter
- Golden Age of Philippine Architecture o GOAL of BLISS:
- Marcos’s regime launched its New Society  to develop a strong and solid
- Extravagant building programs were legitimized economic base for the
the search for national identity and nation community
building headed by Imelda Marcos  inculcating self-reliance among
- Filipinos saw the establishment of the beneficiaries
unprecedented edifices and infrastructures THE BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (BNPP)
o the majority still stand proudly today
- the time when pioneering hospitals were built
o the Philippine Heart Center
o Lung Center of the Philippines
o National Kidney and Transplant
Institute
- the Marcos administration’s solution to the oil ARCHITECTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
crisis of 1973 - On the early 1930's to the late 50's, associations
- estimated to save about 6 million barrels of of architects came and went
crude oil a year and address the country’s - three of these survived until the early 70's
numerous power shortages o The League of Philippine Architects
POSTMODERNISM (LPA)
- may have originated from the west o The Association of Philippine
- the Philippines is thrust into context of Government Architects (APGA)
globalization o The Philippine Institute of Architects
o could not remain for long unaffected by (PIA)
the impact of this cultural and UNITED ARCHITECTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
philosophical movement or trend - formed through the merger of the League of
- GEORGES DE SCHIJVER'S Philippine Architects (LPA), the Association of
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF Philippine Government Architects (APGA), and
POSTMODERNISM & DEMETERIO'S the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA) in
ADDITION OF THEORETICAL ASPECT 1975
o Determined analyzed aspects of - registered with the Securities and Exchange
postmodernism Commission
- Foundational aspects are:
o Attitude towards science and
technology -MAY 12, 1975
o Attitude towards the nation-state o became the first accredited professional
o Organizational management organization
o Economic mode o the professional regulation commission
o Attitude towards progress issuing certificate No. 001 to the UAP
o State of industry  the duly accredited
- can really be too playful and representation professional organization for
- very well adapted by Filipinos architects in the Philippines
o adapt quickly but not entirely. NOTABLE ARCHITECTS AND THEIR
- all about freedom in terms of: WORKS
o volumes
o colors FEDERICO ILUSTRE
o materials
- becomes more useful and active buildings
- Filipinos fought for their freedom
o The way we build postmodern is also
like being free
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
- the idea is to deconstruct a shape, and then
construct it again but differently
- The structures turned out to be distorted in - Consulting architect from 1950's to 1970's
shape or more likely shattered - started his career as a draftsman of Juan Nakpil
- A movement of postmodern architecture which - graduated from Mapua Institute of Technology
appeared in the 1980s - passed his licensure examinations in 1937
- gives the impression of the fragmentation of the - WORKS:
constructed building o Quezon Memorial Shrine, Quezon City,
- characterized by an absence of: 1978
o harmony o Former GSIS Headquarters Building,
o continuity Manila, 1957
o symmetry o Veterans Memorial Building, Manila,
- lts name comes from the idea of 1957 (Demolished 2007)
"Deconstruction"
- opposed to the ordered rationality of Modernism
and Postmodernism
o Independence Grandstand (now
Quirino Grandstand), Rizal Park,
Manila, 1949
o Manila International Airport, Nichols
Field, 1961 (demolished; currently the
site of the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport Terminal 2)
- was at the cutting edge of Philippine modernism
o Department of Agriculture Building,
in late 50's and early 60's
Quezon City
- Brother of National Artist for Sculpture Arturo J.
o National Housing Authority Building,
Luz
Quezon City
- WORKS:
o Planetarium, Rizal Park, Manila
o Quisumbing Building
CAESAR HOMERO CONCIO, SR.
o World Health Organization, U.N. Ave
Manila
o Menzi Building, Ayala
o Amon Trading, Buendia
o L&S Building, Roxas blvd.
o Fil-Oil Refinery Service Building, Limay
Bataan
- First University Architect of the University of the
Philippines Architect selected by President
Roxas in 1947 to study the trends in Architecture OTILLO ARELLANO
and Engineering
- WORKS:
o Insular Life Building
 First building to surpass the 30
meters restriction
o Melchor Hall, University of the
Philippines - Nephew of Juan Arellano
o The Church of the Risen Lord, - Architect representing Philippines in some
University of the Philippines international expositions
ANGEL E. NAKPIL - Chosen by Imelda Marcos to restore
Metropolitan theater
- WORKS:
o National Bureau of Investigation
o Ermita Manila international expositions
GABRIEL FORMOSO

- Nephew of architect and National Artist of the


Philippines, Juan Nakpil
- graduated in UST in 1931
- Harvard trained architect
- served as the City Planning Commissioner of
manila during Post-war reconstruction years - Started his career in the 1950's
- WORKS: - by 1960's, he became the most popular architect
o National Press Club Building of the residences of posh Makati villages
o Picache Building - one of the people selected in 1963 to the
 First sky scraper in the planning and working committee for the future
Philippines Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
IFREDO J. LUZ - PRC Outstanding Architect of 1979
- UAP, Likha awardee, 1990
- Republic cultural heritage awards, 1973
- WORKS:
o La Toneda Building - One of the very first graduates of the College of
o Dona Narcisa Building, Makati Architecture of the University of Santo Tomas in
o Asian Institute of Management 1935
o The Pacific Star Building - worked in the office of Juan Nakpil after
o Manila Peninsula graduating
o The Bank of America - After World War II, he decided to open his own
CARLOS ARGUELLES office in partnership with Alfredo J. Luz
- WORKS:
o The Iglesia ni Cristo in Cubao, Quezon
City
 first building designed by
Santos-Viola for the INC
o The Iglesia ni Cristo Central Temple in
- served as a professor in Design at UST College Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman,
of Architecture and Fine Arts Quezon City
- Appointed as Dean in 1954 to 1959 at UST o INC Central Office viewed through the
College of Architecture and Fine Arts spire of the Central Temple
- Member of American Institue of Architects and FRANCISCO “BOBBY” MANOSA
Philippine Institute of Architects
- WORKS:
o Philam Life Building, UN Ave Manila
o International Rice Institute
o ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center,
Diliman, Quezon City -a Filipino architect
o Philamlife Homes, Quezon City -considered as one of the most influential Filipino
o Philamlife Building, Manila architects of the 20th century
o Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavilion) - Pioneered the art of Philippine Neo Vernacular
Hotel, Manila architecture.
o Development Bank of the Philippines - His contributions to the development of
Building, Makati Philippine architecture led to his recognition as
o Philippine National Bank Building, a National Artist of the Philippines for
Manila Architecture in 2018
o Manila bank Building, (Now VGP - "Father of Neo-Vernacular Architecture"
Center) Makati - Back to the bahay kubo and the bahay na bato
o Solid Bank Building, (now PSBank - WORKS:
Tower) Makati o Coconut Palace
o Cathedral of the Holy Child, (IFI o San Miguel Corporation Building
National Cathedral) Manila o 2019 Southeast Asian Games Cauldron
o Magallanes Theater, Makati (now o Bamboo Mansion
demolished, replaced by Brgy. o Mary Immaculate Parish (Nature's
Magallanes Hall, Makati City) Church)
o International Rice Research Institute o Assumption College Chapel
Building, Los Baäos, Laguna o Quadricentennial Altar
o Encarnacion Hall, University of the o Risen Lord Parish Church
Philippines School of Economics, o Shrine of Mary, Queen of Peace, Our
Diliman, Quezon City Lady of EDSA (EDSA)
CARLOS ANTIONIO SANTOS-VIOLA o St. Joseph Church (Las Pinas)
o World Youth Day Papal Altar
o Amanpulo Resorts
LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
o Tagaytay Highlands Golf and Country
Club
o The Orchard Golf and Country Club
o Magallanes Church
o Asian Institute of Management
JORGE RAMOS
- Filipino architect, artist, and interior designer
- Known for his use of concrete, floating volume
and simplistic design in his various projects
- proclaimed a National Artist of the Philippines for
Architecture in 1990
- Every Locsin Building is an original, and
identifiable as a Locsin with themes of: - one of the architects that made significant
o floating volume Marcos’s edifices during the late 70s until the
o the duality of light and heavy early 80s
o buoyant and massive - started to get big commissions in the late 70s
- WORKS: o when the modernist movement is being
o Cultural Center of the Philippines imbued with neo-vernacular designs
o The Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas and symbolisms
(Folk Arts Theater) - Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan, 1983
o Philippine International Convention - WORKS:
Center (PICC) o Philippine Heart Center, Manila
o Makiling Center for the Arts (National o GSIS Building, Manila
Arts Center) o Golden Mosque, Quiapo, Manila
o Stana Nurul Iman o Ifugao Fale in the Baguio Convention
 the palace of the Sultan of Center
Brunei
o The Westin Hotel (now Sofitel GAWAD GINTONG LIKHA AWARD
Philippine Plaza) - the highest distinction to be bestowed upon an
o Parish of the Holy Sacrifice architect, who has:
o Philippine (Makati) Stock Exchange o adhered to the highest standards of
ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS JR. professional and ethical conduct
o practiced in excellence and prestige the
architectural profession
o rendered distinguished contribution and
service to UAP
o has performed exceptional
achievements
- Popularly known simply as "IP Santos" o active participation in the concern of
- "Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture" community, government and country
- Recognized as a National Artist of the - 1982 – Felipe M. Mendoza, FUAP
Philippines in the field of Architecture in 2006 - 1987 – Leandro V. Locsin, FUAP
- Pioneered the profession of landscape - 1990 - Gabriel P. Formoso, FUAP
architecture in the Philippines - 1995 - Cesar V. Canchela, FIJAP
- WORKS: - 1996 – Manual T. Manosa, FIJAP
o Cultural Center of the Philippines - 2000 – Angel Lazaro, Jr., FUAP
complex - 2003 – Francisco T. Manosa, FUAP
o Bantayog ng mga Bayani - 2005 – Geronimo V. Manahan, FUAP
o Manila Hotel - 2006 – Ediiberto F. Florentino, FIJAP
o Nayong Pilipino - 2009 – Norberto M. Nuke, FIJAP
o Paco Park - 2013 – Froilan L. Hong, FIJAP
o Rizal Park - 2014 – Yolanda David-Reyes, FIJAP
o Loyola Memorial Park - 2017 – Prosperidad C. Luis, FUAP
- 2019 – Philip H. Recto, FIJAP o recognized as a National Artist of the
NATIONAL ARTIST FOR ARCHITECTURE Philippines in the field of Architecture
- The order of the highest state honor is conferred in 2006
on individuals deemed as having done much for - 2014 – JOSÉ MARIA V. ZARAGOZA
their artistic field o December 6, 1912 - November 26,
- Deserving individuals must have been 1994
recommended by both: o had meetings with American architect
o Cultural Center Frank Lloyd Wright culminating with a
o National Commission for Culture and visit to Wright' atelier in Arizona in the
the Arts United States in 1956
- Such people are then titled, by virtue of a o looked into European architecture for
Presidential Proclamation, as National Artist inspiration instead of drawing from
- 1973 – JUAN F. NAKPIL American architecture
o born Juan Felipe Nakpil y de Jesus - 2018 – FRANCISCO "BOBBY" MANOSA
o May 26, 1899 - May 7, 1986 o 12 February 1931 - 20 February 2019
o known as Juan F. Nakpil o considered as one of the most
o a Filipino architect, teacher and a influential Filipino architects of the
community leader 20th century for having pioneered the
o named one of the National Artists for art of Philippine Neo Vernacular
architecture Architecture
o regarded as the Dean of Filipino o His contributions to the development
Architects of Philippine architecture led to his
- 1976 – PABLO S. ANTONIO recognition as a National Artist of the
o January 25, 1901 - June 14, 1975 Philippines for Architecture in 2018
o a Filipino architect CONSERVATION OF THE PHILIPPINE
o A pioneer of modern Philippine ARCHITECTURAL LEGACIES
architecture HISTORY OF CONSERVATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
o recognized in some quarters as the - The colonial experiences of the Philippines:
foremost Filipino modernist architect of o have greatly influenced the
his time preservation of the nation's literary
o The rank and title of National Artist of cultural heritage and built cultural
the Philippines was conferred on him by heritage
President Ferdinand Marcos in 1976 o has defined how heritage is treated and
- 1990 – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN conserved
o August 15, 1928 - November 15, 1994 - The colonial legacy has set a precedent that
o a Filipino architect, artist, and interior destroys the old practices, ways of life,
designer known for his: structures and edifices to favor the creation of a
 use of concrete new set of world order
 floating volume o setting a culture of neglect
 simplistic design o disregard for cultural heritage
o An avid collector conservation
 he was fond of modern painting - From the time before the Philippines was
and Chinese ceramics discovered by the Europeans and the way the
o proclaimed a National Artist of the nation was passed on from one colonizer to
Philippines for Architecture in 1990 by another, minimal sense of heritage
the late President Corazon C. Aquino conservation was developed
- 2006 – ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS, JR. - The perception that anything related to the
o September 5, 1929 - January 29, historical past is a sign of antiquity and
2014 underdevelopment has comprised the way
o popularly known simply as "IP present communities perceive development
Santos", - Cultural heritages are given the least
o "Father of Philippine Landscape importance unless its relationship with economic
Architecture." activities has been clearly established
- In the Philippines, many heritage sites and o a cultural property found locally
ancestral houses have been: o one hundred (100) years in age, more
o Demolished or less, the production of which has
o adapted as local warehouses ceased
o converted to high-rise condominiums in - ARCHIVES
the sake of modernization and o public and private records in any format
development selected for permanent preservation
o left out to deteriorate because of their evidential, historical
- Indigenous structures in the Philippines were informational value
manifestations of the basic lifestyle o known as archival materials collections
prevalent in the community or archival holdings.
o everything is patterned according to - BUILT HERITAGE
their basic needs to ensure survivability o architectural and engineering structures
- the capitalist character of colonialism such as, but not limited to,
o served as the primary reason for  bridges
colonial expansion  government buildings
o greatly influenced the colony's  houses of ancestry
approaches to conservation of heritage  traditional dwellings
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND  quartels
CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)  train stations
- specialized of the United Nations aimed at  lighthouses
contributing to the:  small ports
o building of peace  educational
o eradication of poverty  technological and industrial
o sustainable development complexes
o intercultural dialogue  landscapes with notable
 education historical and cultural
 the sciences significance
 culture - COMMISSION
 communication and o the National Commission for Culture
information and the Arts (NCCA)
NATIONAL HISTORICAL COMMISSION OF THE - CONSERVATION
PHILIPPINES o all the processes and measures of
- promote the Philippine history and cultural maintaining the cultural significance of
heritage through: a cultural property including, but not
o research limited to
o dissemination  preservation
o conservation  restoration
o sites management  reconstruction
o heraldry works  protection
DEFINITION OF TERMS:  adaptation
- ADAPTIVE REUSE  any combination thereof
o the utilization of buildings, other built- - CONSOLIDATION
structures and sites of value for o a physical addition or application of
purposes other than that for which they adhesive or supportive materials to
were intended originally actual fabric of cultural property
o conserve the site, their engineering  ensure its continued durability
integrity and authenticity of design or structural integrity
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL AREA
o any place where studies of specific - CULTURAL AGENCIES
ethno-linguistic groups are undertaken o the following national government
 the properties of which are of agencies with their specific areas of
value to our cultural heritage responsibility:
- ANTIQUE
 National Museum (cultural o structures that honor illustrious persons
property) or commemorate events of historical
 The National Library (books) value as declared by the National
 National Historical Institute Historical Institute
(Philippine history) - HISTORICAL SHRINES
 National Archives (documents) o historical sites or structures hallowed
 Cultural Center of the and revered for their history or
Philippines (culture and the association as declared by the National
arts) Historical Institute
 Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino - INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
(language) o the practices, representations,
- CULTURAL EDUCATION expressions, knowledge and skills, and
o the teaching and learning of cultural the instruments, objects and artifacts
concepts and processes o associated with communities, groups
- CULTURAL HERITAGE and individuals that are recognized as
o the totality of cultural property part of their cultural heritage, such as:
preserved and developed through time  Oral traditions, languages and
and passed on to posterity expressions
o the legacy of physical artifacts and  performing arts
intangible attributes that are inherited  Social practices, rituals and
from past generations festive events
o maintained in present and bestowed for  Knowledge and practices
the benefit for the future generations concerning nature and the
- CULTURAL INSTITUTION universe
o entities engaged primarily in cultural  Traditional craftsmanship
work
- CULTURAL PROPERTY - INTANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY
o all products of human creativity by o the peoples' learned processes along
which a people and a nation reveal their with the:
identity, including:  knowledge
 churches  skills and creativity that inform
 mosques and are developed by them
 other places of religious  the products they create and
worship the resources
 schools  spaces and other aspects of
 natural history specimens social and natural context
 sites, whether public or - LIBRARY
privately-owned o an institution where the collection of
 movable or immovable books, manuscripts, computerized
 tangible or intangible information and other materials are
- HERITAGE ZONE organized
o historical, anthropological, o provide physical, bibliographic and/or
archaeological, artistic geographical intellectual access to the public
areas and settings o with a librarian that is trained to provide
o culturally significant to the country, as services and programs related to the
declared by the National Museum information needs of its clientele
and/or the National Historical Institute - MUSEUM
- HISTORICAL LANDMARKS o a permanent institution that researches,
o sites or structures that are associated acquires, conserves, communicates
with events or achievements significant and exhibits the material evidence of
to Philippine history as declared by the humans and their environment for
National Historical Institute purposes of education or leisure
- NATIONAL CULTURAL TREASURE
- HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
o a unique cultural property found locally, o every phase of development,
possessing outstanding historical, particularly, urban development does
cultural, artistic and/or scientific value - URBAN DEVELOPMENT
o highly significant and important to the o affect the structure of the city
country and nation o destroys the traditional physical
o officially declared as such by pertinent composition the built environment,
cultural agency social and cultural values and collective
- NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT memory of habitants
o historical, aesthetic, scientific, - As nations continue to expand and pursue urban
technical, social and/or spiritual values development, rapid urbanization has created
o unify the nation by a deep sense of unprecedented problems for cultural
pride in their various yet common heritage
identities, cultural heritage and national o goes beyond control
patrimony o becoming destructive
- PRESERVATION  to local ecologies and natural
o the measure taken to ensure the resources
survival of a heritage structure.  to cultural resources
- PROTECTION o posts persistent threats to the heritage
o the action required to provide the assets and values, and identity of
conditions for a monument, site or historic urban areas
historic area to survive
- RECONSTRUCTION
o building anew HERITAGE DISTRICTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
o work executed - communities in the Philippines that managed to
o using either contemporary or old maintain their historic past and provide high
material, or both value to culture.
o with the aim of rebuilding dismembered - VIGAN'S MESTIZO DISTRICT IN ILOCOS
or destroyed elements, or parts of them SUR
- RESTORATION o serves as the country's premiere
o the action taken or the technical historical district
intervention to correct deterioration and - THE KAMESTISUHAN DISTRICT OF
alterations MALOLOS, BULACAN
- TANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY o rival the prestige of being a heritage site
o cultural property with historical,
archival, anthropological,
archaeological, artistic and architectural -ILOILO CITY
value, and with exceptional or o recently started the gradual
traditional production revitalization of its old downtown area
o whether of Philippine origin or not - SAN FERNANDO, PAMPANGA
o including antiques and natural history o initiated its urban renewal program in
specimens with significant value preserving heritage for progress
- URBAN REGENERATION - THE TOWN OF SILAY, BACOLOD
o An urban renewal with emphasis on o takes pride in conserving its heritage
historic preservation o "Paris of the East"
o part of the local government's Heritage
Conservation Project
- RACIAL HERITAGES - TAAL, BATANGAS
o given the least importance unless its o continues to preserve its heritage
relationship with economic activities legacy through its Heritage Village
has been clearly established CONSERVE BUILT HERITAGE
- Communities often see cultural heritage as - Conservation of Gabaldon Schools in the
something without use or value and has no Philippines
return of investment
LA CASITA MERCEDES, MAKATI CITY

- Makati was extremely idyllic during the pre-war


days
o families chose it for their residence for
its tranquil environment
- built as Poblacion de Makati back in 1939
- Being distant from Manila's ground zero, the
structure survived the war
- Calle Crisologo in Vigan, Ilocos Sur - has been repurposed into a bed and breakfast.
(Guzman, 2017)
DYCAICO ANCESTRAL HOUSE, ANGELES CITY,
PAMPANGA

- San Agustin Church, Intramuros, Manila

- survived the wear and tear of decades


- now a multi-purpose hall
- GROUND FLOOR: a rural bank and tutorial
center
- SECOND FLOOR: Seeds Restaurant

CAFÉ APOLONIO, BUSTOS, BULACAN

ADAPTIVE RE-USE OF BAHAY NA BATO


- THE HERITAGE CONSERVATION BILL OR
SENATE BILL 1234 - built in the 1850s in the bahay-na-bato style
o tries to avoid neglection and demolition - architectural highlight is the 16 hand-carved
of ancestral houses by giving incentives concrete columns that support the house
to heritage house owners instead - was quite popular back in the day
o These structures not only speak of - Jose Rizal is even rumored to have stopped
history, but they can also be profitable over en route to San Rafael and Malolos
once adapted into: - Now a café, serving Filipino and Spanish cuisine
 Restaurants under the name Cafe Apolonio
 Hotels - named after Apolonio Perez
 Museums o the grandfather of the fourth generation
ADAPTIVE REUSE Perezes who own the place
- keeping the physicality of the building intact CAMALIG RESTAURANT, ANGELES, PAMPANGA
while repurposing it for something else
- Heritage conservationists are encouraging
adaptive reuse across the country, and here are
some successful projects that are paving the
way. (Guzman, 2017)
- was an ancestral grain depot for over 100 years
- CAMALIG is the Kapampangan word for "shed,"
o derives its name from the house's
original purpose
- was converted to a restaurant in the 1980s
- its patio was even landscaped for al fresco
dining - used to be a compound of over five houses in
1335 MABINI, MABINI, ERMITA, MANILA Pasay
- currently known as The Henry Hotel Manila
- Back in the '40s, it was the home of a Filipino-
Chinese business owner and his extended
family
- Its breathtaking garden was landscaped by
National Artist lldefonso Santos
- Once Manila's opulent address - its 32 rooms all reflect the lifestyle and interiors
- Ermita was home to the super rich before and of decades past
shortly after the war - also houses the Avella Art Gallery and fashion
- CASA TESORO designer Jojie Lloren's atelier
o originally built as a vacation house LIMBAGA 77, QUEZON CITY
o became a headquarters for soldiers
o then used as
 a post office
 a spa
 a nightclub
 an office for an employment
agency -used to be a home
 a branch of a money changer -details and features of the old house were kept
- Now a contemporary art gallery o from the spiral staircase to the 1940s-
o exhibits works from both foreign and style windows
local independent artists PARADORES DEL CASTILLO, TAAL, BATANGAS
CASA VALLEJO, UPPER SESSION ROAD, BAGUI0
- A boutique hotel completed in 1909,
- considered to be one of the 10 oldest
landmarks in Baguio City
- gained a special recognition from the Baguio
Centennial Commission
o built a year before the city itself was - built in the early 1900s
established - restored from 2013 to 2015 while still adhering
- features a restaurant, bookshop, cinematheque, to the Spanish-American colonial style
and spa - PARADORES DEL CASTILLO
- Located on Upper Session Road o a Spanish custom of transforming old
o a few minutes' walk away from structures like castles into government-
Burnham Park run luxury hotels
- remains to be one of Baguio's main tourist - PARAR OR PARA literally means to stop
attractions - CASTILLO means castle.
THE MANSION, SILAY, CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
- Located along Calle Ledesma
- built in 1920
- designed by LUCIO BERNASCONI
o the Italian architect who also designed
San Diego Pro-Cathedral
THE HENRY HOTEL, MANILA - was the house ADELA LEDESMA
o the only daughter of Emilio and Rosario
Ledesma
- originally had a second floor but legend has it o the founder of Sans Rival Cakes and
that Adela had it removed because she could Pastries
see the happy family of a former betrothed who o popularized silvanas and sans rival
lived across the street o started peddling her sweets in 1977
- now a café and artist space o they quickly needed more space for
their sweets
- still stands along San Jose Street, but with their
expansion, they have also converted the first
floor of their old home at the corner of San Jose
Street and Rizal Avenue
- has become Sans Rival Bistro which serves
CAFÉ 1925, SILAY CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL savory meals aside from their famous pastries.
(Guzman, 2017)
CLAUDE’S LE CAFÉ DE VILLE, DAVAO CITY

- Near El Ideal
- the city's heritage bakery
- a quaint little coffee house - Located on Rizal Street
- seats around 10 to 20 people - once known as the OBOZA HERITAGE
- just in front of the Leandro dela Rama Locsin HOUSE
ancestral house o has prominent veranda that looks out
o difficult to miss because of its eye- into a garden
catching stained-glass windows o was built in 1929
- Inside are wall-sized paintings of different o The descendants eventually all
heritage sites around the city migrated abroad and the house was put
- Tourists and locals often drop by the café for up for sale in the early 2000s
their Osso Bucco - FRENCH CHEF CLAUDE LE NEINDRE AND
PLAZA CENTRAL INN AND HALARAN PLAZA HIS FILIPINO WIFE TESS
HOTEL, ROXAS CITY, LAPIZ o purchased it for their restaurant which
used to be on another street

- located just in front of the city hall


- maintained the original house's structure
including the:
o laminated wood flooring
o pieces of furniture
- Antique pieces are also placed around the hotel
as decors
SANS RIVAL BISTRO IN DUMAGUETE

- TRINIDAD "TITA TRINING" TEVES-


SAGARBARRIA

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