History of Architecture 01
History of Architecture 01
History of Architecture 01
~ IVATAN HOUSE
- evolved to adopt the harsh environment in the
area
- BABLE - WOOD-AND-THATCH STRUCTURES
o the settlement of Ifugao community o Vernacular dwelling present in the area
o compromise of bale/fale and granary o Dwellings that are present in every
idjang
- LIME-STONE-WOOD-AND-THATCH
STRUCTURES
o Stone houses influenced by the
Spanish Colonial architecture
LAGATITI
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL
STYLES IN LUZON, VISAYAS, AND
MINDANAO
-Combination of a lean-to and a typical thatch
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE roofed house
- VERNACULAR – came from the Latin word - surrounded by cogon walls on the three sides
vernaculus which means native and the extended roof on remaining side
- Exemplifies the most common building - ROOF
techniques based on the forms and materials o supported by perimeter post made of 1
of a particular historical period, region, or group or 1 ½ meter high tree trunks
of people o cogon and broad leaf reed act as purlin
- Broadly applied to denote indigenous, pock, - usually used as resting place in a farm land
tribal, ethnic/traditional architecture found RAHAUNG
among the different ethnolinguistic
o ETHNOLINGUISTIC – refers to the
grammar, syntax, diction in expressing
buildings in a locale, while signifying the
- improvement of Nirindin type of dwelling
- Ivatans integrated a wall base called the
- a shelter with similar roof materials of Lagatiti HURRAHED
- one of the developments of the primitive shelter o made of hardened mud and stone
called as Kamadid or Camarin o made this type of dwelling different from
- characterized by an A-frame supported by wood the integration of stilts
post and a narrow wooden platform built ~ CORDILLERA HOUSE
alongside the post - vary in size and shape
- typically used as: - Common functions:
o a multi-purpose shelter for several o Provision of shelter from cold
activity o Protection from dampness and humidity
o a shelter for boats Can destroy grains
JINJIN (GINGIN/CHIVUVUHUNG) o offers defense/protection from hostile
tribesman, wild animals and vermin
o homes are design in relation to terrains
and mountains
BINURON
- Fale
- Traditional Bontoc house for the affluent - a traditional Ifugao house for the affluent
- a house within a house - a square shaped plan with four posts, two
- usually square in plan girders, three joists or beams.
- The outer part of the house facilitates activities - one of the first pre-fabricated house in
related to granaries and poultry vernacular dwelling in Cordillera
- HALIPAN – the rat guard, a wooden cylindrical
- OTHER BULIDING TYPES disk located at the wooden post
o KATYUFONG – designated for the poor - ABONG – dwelling for the less fortunate/poor
o KOL-OB – residence of widows or - The house as a womb
unmarried old women ; can also be
called katyufong
o AFONG – family residence
o ATO – council house and dormitory of
the young and old
o ULOG/OLOG – female dormitory BINANGIYAN
o porous surface
o horizontality of windows
o roof and window overhangs
o surrounding gardens
- raised above the ground forming the silong
- has an open plan but some variations have
room partitions
- One side of the gable roof extends forming a
- traditional Kankanai house space for living dining and kitchen
- for the wealthy - Some are situated on the ground but other
- made of narra or pine variations is built in stilts as well
- has a high, steep, hipped roof with the ridge - collectively known as Philippine Native ANipa
parallel to the front Hut dwelling
- roof drops to about 1.50 meters - The type of materials used for the wall depends
o conceals the house on the available materials
- The house cage: o bamboo sawali
o rests on a three joists-on two girders- o anahaw leaves framed with wood or
on-four posts structure bamboo slats
o measures about 4 by 4.50 meters - Flooring can be solid wood plank of bamboo
- the plank floor measures about 7 by 7.50 meters slats
- Under the house cage, broad planks laid slightly - Windows are usually awning with a tukod and
above ground level that forms a spacious made of the same material used in the walls
platform that extends to the line of the eaves VISAYAS
- Around the lower floor is a rough stone
pavement ATI’S HOUSE
- height of the house from ground level to roof - Common type of dwelling in Iloilo, Capiz, and
ridge is slightly over 6 meters Guimaras isalnds
- APA/INAPA – for poorer families; temporary - Typically made from round timber post
- ALLAO – more temporary - Walls are made of binanlak nga bolo (small
bamboos)
- Rope are used instead of nails
BAHAY KUBO - Bamboo slat flooring
- Floor area measures 2.5 x 3 m or 8x9 ft. (smaller
than typical bahay kubo)
- Consists of two wind-screens brought together
to form a gabled roof
- The extended roofing forms the receiving area
and PALAYAS – extension area for storage
- RAJA SULAYMAN
o Head of manila
o evacuated his fort after the inhabitants
- THE LAW OF THE INDIES CONTENT: set a fire their own settlements
o Specifying an elevated location - envisioned as the Spanish almacen de lafe -
o Orderly grid of streets with central plaza display window of faith
o A defensive wall - bestowed the title "el insigne y siempre leal
ciudad' by Philip Il in June 24, 1574
- 1590
o Three primary Ciudades de - served as the nucleus of Spanish settlements in
Espanoles: the Philippines.
Cebu - the three bastions are named:
Nueva Caceres (Naga) o La Concepcion (SW)
Nueva Segovia (lal-lo o Ignacio de Loyola (SE)
Cagayan) o San Miguel (NE)
o Two villas de Espanoles: - Total inside area of 2025 sqm
Vigan (Ilocos Sur) - walls ht of 6.1 m x 2.4m thick
Arevalo (Iloilo) - towers are 9.1 m high from ground level
ARCHITECTS/BUILDERS/NOTABLE - There are 14 cannons were mounted in their
STYLES, BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND emplacement most of which are still there today
THE PATRON OF ART AND o Fuerte de San Pedro
ARCHITECTURE o Cuerpo de Guardia
o Vivienda del Teniente
EARLY STRUCTURES IN CEBU o Almazanes
First development by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi o Pezo
BASILICA DEL SANTO NINO o Mana para los Golas
o Almacenes de Polvora
ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA
- a new hybrid type of construction
- invented to avoid the consequences of both fire
and the earthquake
- A term coined by the Jesuit Francisco Ignacio
- founded by Fray Andres de Urdaneta and Fray Alcina in 1168
Diego de Herrera in 1565 - referred to the structure built partly of wood and
- built on the spot where the image of Santo Nino partly of stone
de Cebu was found during the expedition of - The actual business of building was executed by
Miguel Lopez De Legaspi the maestros de obras or master builders.
- POPE PAUL VI INTRAMUROS: THE BASTION OF AUTHORITY
o made the church basilica in 1965 - INTRAMUROS – A Spanish word of the walled
o declared it as the symbol of the birth city
and growth of Christianity in the - wall is 14 m thick and 7.6m above the moat that
Philippines surrounds it
FUERTE DE SAN PEDRO - has dungeon and watchtower
- entry was through seven gates
- Boarded by Manila Bay and Pasig river
o the wall facing the landward were
marked off by a moat
- a military defense structure in Cebu - Grid pattern of streets with the main plaza at the
- built by MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI center surrounded by
o the first governor of the captaincy o the church
general of the Philippines o the tribunal
- originally made of wood o other government buildings
- improved to stone in 17th century to repel o the marketplace
Muslim raiders - JESUIT PRIEST ANTONIO SEDENO
o Executed and planned Intramuros
during the rule of GOVERNOR-
GENERAL SANTIAGO DE VERA
- LEONARDO TURRIANO
o a Spanish military engineer specializing
in fortifications
o headed the project under the reign of
GOVERNOR-GENERAL GAMEZ
- Oldest triangulate bastion fort of the country PEREZ DASMARIFIAS.
- GOVERNOR-GENERAL JUAN DE SILVA - 1639
o executed certain work on the o the Japanese self-imposed isolation
fortifications in 1609 o the influx of Japanese migrant ceased
o was improved by o the identity of Dilao faded out and only
Juan Niho de Tabora in 1626 existing in urban memory
Diego Fajardo Chacon in 1644 ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGOIES
- 1644 - The erection of the Baluarte de San DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL
Diego was also completed PERIOD (SECULAR AND
EXTRAMUROS ECCLESIASTICAL/RELIGIOUD
- pertained to villages outside the walls became ARCHITECTURE)
PUEBLOS
- There 6 type of pueblo namely: CHURCHES
o PUEBLO DE TONDO - Colonial Churches in the Philippines are
arrabal of underprivilege considered as National Cultural Treasures
natives who provided fresh - Built at the peak of Spanish influence in the
food stuffs for the markets of archipelago
Manila - a fusion of European and Asian architectural
o PUEBLO DE BINONDO motifs
o PUEBLO DE QUIAPO - National Commission for Culture and the Arts
o ISLA DE BINONDO (NCCA) has begun restoration work on 37
home of ambitious Maharlika churches nationwide that have been identified
o SUBURBAN NODE as National Cultural Treasures for their cultural
- Mechanical trades and services were zoned significance and distinctive architecture
outside the walls
- The trade names were reflected in the street
typonym in the areas of:
o San Nicholas
o Binondo
o Santa Cruz
o Quiapo
THE CHINESE PARIAN
- SANGLEYES - Chinese trading merchants and
crafts men
- Lives in parian
- located at the north eastern of the Intramuros
- relocated at the eastward site just south of Pasig
River
o within easy range of the canon of the
Fort Santiago
- The continuous growth in population of the
Chinese people triggered the Spaniards to allow
some Chinese, especially Christian who has
Filipino wife, to permanently settle on the north
of Pasig River or the Isla de Binondo.
THE JAPANESE DILAO
CHURCH LAYOUTS
GREEK CROSS PLAN
- The Japanese supplies the Spanish with goods - implemented in the Philippines
and exotic items not obtainable in the - can be classified as a modified Greek Cross
Philippines but bound for Acapulco
- The original Greek cross plan is known to have
a square central mass and four arms of equal
length
- widely used in Byzantine architecture and in
Western churches inspired by Byzantine
examples
PLAZA COMPLEX
- The layout and placement of both civic and
ecclesiastical building around a central plaza
o based on the Ordinanza of 1573
(Prescription for the Foundation of
Hispanic Colonial Towns)
- commonly referred to the Laws of Indies
LATIN CROSS PLAN CHURCH TYPOLOGY
- emphasizes the altar which is located on the CATHEDRAL
northern side - CATHEDRAL CHURCHES
- The left and Greek Cross Plan right wing is no o The principal church of a diocese
longer occupied by the congregation but with housing the cathedral or bishop's
CHOIR instead throne
o EPDIPISYO (EDIFICIO)
edifice a building, usually large
in size, with massive structure
and an imposing appearance
- FORTRESS
LINEAR PLAN - FUNERARY CHAPEL
- Baroque Churches consider this type of plan o conspicuously built inside a campo
- The focus of this plan is the allocation of towers santo (cemetery)
at facade. o for the funeral ceremony or service.
volute
plain facade with pilasters
ornamental urns
- FIL-HISPANIC ROCOCO
o Style in the late 19th century applying o Oldest church in the Philippines
the elements of the Romanesque style - BANTAY CHURCH (SHRINE OF OUR LADY
including OF CHARITY), ILOCOS SUR
round arch
thick wall
small window
division of interiors into
compartment bays
o Refer to Page 44 in module
CHURCH ALTAR PIECE PARTS o Belfry served as a watchtower for
- RETABLO pirates
o Altar piece o Neo-Gothic
o A richly decorated framework behind - CARCAR CHURCH (CHURCH OF STA.
the altar CATALINA DE ALEXANDRIA), CEBU
o Usually carved and painted with a ledge
and niche for the saints and tabernacle
at the lower mid-section of the retablo
o Came from the Latin word retaulus -
Retro (behind) and tabula (panel)
CHURCH DOOR PARTS
- HACIENDA PUBLICA
o treasury
- REAL AUDENCIA
Oldest existing university in - Due to the Hispanic urban program, living
Asia standards were elevated through urban
Founded on April 28, 1611 infrastructure and public works
o COLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN - The industrial revolution of Europe affects the
o JESUIT COLLEGIO DE MANILA improvement in transportation and other
o COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE services
o COLLEGIO DE STA RITA - BRIDGE
o COLLEGIO DE SANTA POTENCIANA
- School inside Intramuros but also served as
orphanage:
o HOSPICIO DE SAN JOSE
o ASILO DE SAN VICENTE DE PAUL
HOSPITALS
- HOSPITAL REAL
o PUENTE DE ESPANA (BRIDGE OF
SPAIN)
Built after the destruction of
Puente
o GRANDE
First and only bridge crossing
the Pasig River in the 1863
o Aka San Juan de Dios first hospital earthquake
o Built by the Franciscans
o Catered only to the Spaniards
- HOSPITAL DE SAN GABRIEL - TRAIN STATIONS
o For the Chinese in Binondo
- HOSPITAL DE SAN LAZARO
o For the lepers
- OBSERVATORIO ASTRONOMICO Y
METEOROLOGICO DE MANILA
- GABALDON
o was acclaimed by The Far Eastern
Review in 1908 as "one of the most
modern buildings of its kind in the
Orient."
o two-story, reinforced concrete building
o covered an area of 45 by 35 m, with the
second floor covering over 1/3 of the
area of the spread foundation o The Gabaldon School Buildings or
- YMCA BUILDING (1909) simply known as the Gabaldons
o a term used to refer to heritage school o RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE
buildings in the Philippines built during (1886—1941 )
the American colonial era cited as Acting Consulting
o noted for the architecture inspired from Architect
the bahay kubo and bahay na bato - best remembered for the UNBUILT CAPITOL
- GABALDON LAW OR ACT NO. 1801 BUILDING IN MANILA
o provided the funding for the building of o supposedly the centerpiece of
modern public schools in the country Burnham's Capitol Group
between 1907 and 1915 with a budget o a hallmark of Fenhagen's commitment
of P1 million to an architectural style that evoked
- PARSONS UNIVERISTY HALL America's federal presence in the
o the first building to be erected on the Philippines
campus grounds at Padre Faura o The general scheme of the building
(Report of the Philippine Commission clusters were arranged in a U-pattern
1912, 186) hugging a grand central plaza
o cost 250,000 pesos o Fronting a reflecting pool and
o measured 58.35 meters long by 25.8 dominating the clusters of
meters wide compositional volume is a Neoclassical
o consisted of three floors and an attic domed edifice a leitmotif based on the
o The foundation was made up of chain Roman Pantheon
footings of reinforced concrete elevated portico and long wings
- MANILA AQUARIUM of Ionic colonnades standing
o Was built in the inner slope of a bastion on a massive platform
in Intramuros o a classical style favored by Thomas
o integrated with a public playground Jefferson
constructed from the reclaimed moat GEORGE CORNER FENHAGEN WORKS
surrounding the walled city - MASONIC TEMPLE (1913) IN ESCOLTA
- PACO TRAIN STATION o Five-storey structure that displayed a
Neoclassic façade
a colonnaded ground floor
arched central portal
divided, two-arched Florentine
windows typical of a multistorey
Italian Renaissance palazzo
RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE
o built at the terminus of a newly laid
boulevard fronting a semicircular Plaza
Dilao
o could be read as an ideological
statement of the "White Man's Burden"
frame of mind with the deployment of
four garlanded American eagles
surmounting the main cornice above - Was bred in the Beaux Arts tradition
the central motion the building façade - was a Neoclassicist
BUREAUCRATIC CHANGE AT THE - sought to enhance the quality of public buildings
OFFICE OF CONSULTING ARCHITECT - sought to increase the richness of
ornamentation and articulation for the most
GEORGE CORNER FENHAGEN significant structures
- appointed as Acting Consulting Architect when - The most notable of Doane's buildings were the:
Parsons resigned from his post o Pangasinan Provincial Capitol (1918) in
- went on leave before the year 1914 ended Lingayen
- JULY 1916 o Leyte Provincial Capitol (1918) in
o Fenhagen was still listed as the Tacloban
Consulting Architect in absentia o Legislative Building (1926)
o unbuilt Insular Post Office - When Parson departed, he assumed custody of
PANGASINAN PROVINCIAL CAPITOL (1918) implementing the designs for the buildings of UP
Manila Campus, including the:
o College of Medicine Annex
o University Library.
- His fidelity to neoclassicism yielded monumental
and memorable edifices, such as
o the twin Corinthian Buildings in Agrifina
-Described in the Bureau of Public Works Bulletin Circle in Luneta Park
as "a successful adaptation of imposing Classic o Leyte Capitol
Architecture in Tropical Conditions" o Manila City Hall, etc
- Designed by Parsons, with some modification Major Works Include:
by Doane, - LEYTE CAPITOL PROVINCE (1917)
o defined by the high imposing Ionic
- Was designed with minimal wall surfaces and
maximum window openings to take advantage colonnade compromising of 2 rows of
of the cool sea breeze 10 Ionic Columns, which stretched
THE FILIPINO ARCHITECTS IN THE among the entire facade of the building
- AGRICULTURE FINANCE BUILDING (1934)
BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS
o Was the identical buildings in the sides
of Grifina Torunda.
PENSIONADO PROGRAM
o The concave facade was set off by
- The scholarship program that begins in 1903
grand steps leading to the colonnade of
- permitting Filipino students to pursue university
6 Columns with Corinthian motifs.
education in the United States
- MANILA CITY HALL (1941)
o Due to the shape of the lot, lack of
symmetry and monotonous detailing,
Recipients of First Pensionado Program for
the principal facade was expensive.
Architecture (First Generation of Filipino Architect):
o The south elevation had an entrance of
CARLOS A. BARETTO
6 columns with Corinthian motifs.
- the first recipient of the pensionado program
- CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL
scholarship for architecture
- MANILA CUSTOMS HOUSE
- There was little know about him or his works due
- UP COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ANNEX,
to the loss and destruction of many official
- WOMENS DORMITORY IN THE PHILIPPINE
documents
NORMAL SCHOOL
- He received his education and graduated in
- UP LIBRARY
Drexel Institute of Philadelphia 1907
-
- worked with Bureau of Public Works (BPW) from
TOMAS MAPUA
1908 to 1913 then resumed his service in 1917.
- Graduated in Cornell University in 1910
ANTONIO TOLEDO
- Worked for BPW from 1912-1915 and 1917-
- Graduated in Ohio State University in 1910
1927
- Was the master of neo-classic style
- established and founded the Mapua Institure of
- was among the first architect-educator
Technology in 1925
- was the youngest pensionado sent to the United
o his most significant contribution in the
States at the age of 16
Architecture
- started as a drafts man under William Parsons
- became a co-founder of the Philippine
in 1911 then promoted to Superintendent
Association of Colleges and Universities and of
Architect in 1915
Philippine Architect's Society later renamed as
- became the BPW Consulting Architect on 1938,
Philippine Institute of Architects where he
a post he held until his retirement from the
became president.
government service in 1954.
- First Registered Architect in the Philippines?
- His collaboration with Parson includes Womens
Major Works:
Dormitory of the Philippine Normal School
- NURSE'S HOME, PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL (1920S)
o The Philippine architectural imagery ART DECO
was derived from renaissance idiom - Was most popular from the 1920s to the 1930s
o The horizontal facade was appointed to (though in the Philippines, its popularity
3 Horizontal Zones extended to the early 1950s)
o The entrance was accentuated by - used simple, stylized forms, linear motifs,
slightly protruding Ionic Columns zig-zags, lightning bolts, and geometrical
- ARSENIO LOCSIN HOUSE patterns
- TOMAS MAPUA RESIDENCE - was meant to represent the era's machine age,
- Centro Escolar University Building and an increasingly liberal outlook in life
- De La Salle College (Now University) - was a reaction to its predecessor, the heavily
- J. Mapua Memorial Hall ornamented Art Nouveau
- a precursor to mid-century Modernism
JUAN G. ARELLANO NOTABLE ARCHITECTS AND THEIR
- Graduate of Drexel Institute in 1911 WORKS
- Works for BPW from 1916-1941
ARCADIO DE GUZMAN ARELLANO JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS NAKPIL
- Supervised the repair of the convent of - known as Juan F. Nakpil
Barasoain Church for the revolutionary - a Filipino architect, teacher and a community
Government when he served as Captain of the leader
Engineering Corps of Volunteers of Aguinaldo's - In 1973, he was named one of the National
revolutionary army in 1898 Artists for architecture
- MAY 1909 – was appointed by the Governor- - was regarded as the Dean of Filipino Architects
General as member of of the Manila Municipal JUAN NAKPIL WORKS:
Board - Gaiety Theater, Manila
- served on the committee that drafted the o now inactive
Building Code of Manila - Rizal Theater
- design in Classical Revivalist Style, o Demolished
incorporating some innovations of his own o the site is occupied by Shangri-La
- some of his work has touches of Neo-Gothic Hotel Makati City
style and Art Nouveau motifs and plant forms as - Capitol Theater
decoration motifs o now inactive
TOMAS FERNANDEZ ARGUELLES - University of the Philippines Theater and
- Worked as an inspector of roads and public Carillon Tower
works for street car company - Arellano University Building
Major Works: - Philippine Trust Co. Building (Plaza Goiti [now
- ELIZALDE BUILDING ON MUELLE DE LA Plaza Lacson])
INDUSTRIA MANILA - Geronimo Delos Reyes Building
- HEADLOCKS BUILDING - Capitan Pepe Building
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD - Manila Jockey Club
- The Commonwealth was the administrative - San Carlos Seminary
body that governed the Philippines - Philippine Village Hotel
- This era is the 10-year transitional period in o closed in 2000
Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in - University of the Philippines Administration &
preparation for independence from the United Library
States as provided for under the Philippine - Rizal Shrine
Independence Act or more popularly known as - Gala-Rodriguez Ancestral House
the TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW - University of the Philippines Los Banos Old
- was interrupted when the Japanese occupied Humanities Building
the Philippines in January 2, 1942. - Philippine National Bank building – Visayas
- The Commonwealth government, led by PABLO S. ANTONIO, SR.
MANUEL L. QUEZON AND SERGIO S. - Was a Filipino architect
OSMEFIA went into exile in the U.S. - A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture
- replaced the Insular Government, a United - was recognized in some quarters as the
States territorial government foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time
- The rank and title of National Artist of the sought independence rather
Philippines was conferred on him by President than a change in colonial rulers
Ferdinand Marcos in 1976 - THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
- celebrated for his Art Deco Style o lasted three years
PABLO ANTONIO'S WORKS: o resulted in the death of over 4,200
- White Cross American and over 20,000 Filipino
- Far Eastern University—Manila combatants
- Main Lounge, The Manila Polo Club o As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians
- Natividad Building, Escolta died from violence, famine, and disease
- Ramon Roces Publications Building BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
- Boulevard-Alhambra (now called Bel-Air) - The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the
Apartments Building Philippines WAS NOT without domestic
- Scala Theater controversy
- Lyric Theater - Americans who advocated annexation showed
COLONIAL TUTELAGO a variety of motivations:
- The act of teaching populace who would o desire for commercial opportunities in
compromise the corps of professionals in the Asia
colony o concern that the Filipinos were
- was accomplished by Pensionado Program incapable of self-rule
- Before there are no architects instead it is o fear that if the United States did not take
embodied by "Mastro de Obras" control of the islands, another power
- The nearest form of architectural school during (such as Germany or Japan) might do
Spanish Period was the Escuela Practica y so
Professional de Artes y Officios de Manila - American opposition to U.S. colonial rule of the
MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Philippines came in many forms, ranging from
- Was the pioneer architectural school those who:
- established in 1925 by Tomas Mapua after he o thought it morally wrong for the United
return from United States States to be engaged in colonialism
- MIT, originally a night school, offer course o feared that annexation might eventually
leading to degrees in architecture and permit the non-white Filipinos to have a
engineering role in American national government
ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECT ACT NO. 2895 - Others were wholly unconcerned about the
- Under this act two separate examiners (one for moral or racial implications of imperialism and
architecture and the other one for engineering) sought only to oppose the policies of President
would be created to oversee the administering William McKinley's administration
of licensure exam TWO PHASES TO THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
- Licensed Mastro de Obras or "master builders" - FEBRUARY TO NOVEMBER OF 1899
were automatically granted the title of architect o dominated by Aguinaldo's ill-fated
under a grandfather clause in the act attempts to fight a conventional war
Historical events during American colonial period against the better-trained and equipped
1898 American troops
- Spain’s defeat in the Spanish-American War of - FILIPINOS' SHIFT TO GUERRILLA-STYLE
1898 WARFARE
- Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the o began in NOVEMBER OF 1899, lasted
Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of through the CAPTURE OF
Paris AGUINALDO IN 1901 and into the
1899 SPRING OF 1902 - most organized
- FEBRUARY 4, 1899 Filipino resistance had dissipated
o two days before the U.S. Senate ratified o PRESIDENT THEODORE
the treaty ROOSEVELT proclaimed a general
o fighting broke out between American amnesty and declared the conflict over
forces and Filipino nationalists led by on JULY 4, 1902
EMILIO AGUINALDO
o minor uprisings and insurrections ADVENT OF SECOND WORLD WAR
against American rule periodically
occurred in the years that followed JAPANESE OCCUPATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT - THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE
- The war was brutal on both sides. U.S. forces at PHILIPPINES
times: o attacked by the Empire of Japan on
o burned villages DECEMBER 8, 1941
o implemented civilian reconcentration nine hours after the attack on
policies Pearl Harbor
o employed torture on suspected - The United States of America controlled the
guerrillas Philippines at the time and possessed important
- Filipino fighters also: military bases there
o Tortured, captured soldiers - The combined American-Filipino army was
o terrorized many civilians who defeated in the Battle of Bataan and the Battle
cooperated with American forces of Corregidor in APRIL 1942
- Many civilians died during the conflict as a result - guerrilla resistance against the Japanese
of the: continued throughout the war
o Fighting o Uncaptured Filipino army units
o cholera and malaria epidemics o a communist insurgency
o food shortages caused by several o supporting American agents
agricultural catastrophes - Due to the huge number of islands, the
- Even as then, the colonial government that the Japanese never occupied many of the smaller
United States established in the Philippines in and more minor islands.
1900 under future President William Howard - Japan occupied the Philippines for over
Taft launched a pacification campaign that three years, until the surrender of Japan.
became known as the "POLICY OF - A highly effective guerilla campaign by
ATTRACTION." Philippine resistance forces controlled 60
o Designed to win over key elites and percent of the islands
other Filipinos who did not embrace o mostly jungle and mountain areas
Aguinaldo's plans for the Philippines - MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and
o permitted a significant degree of self- sent reinforcements and officers
government FAR EASTEN COMMAND
o introduced social reforms
o implemented plans for economic
development
o gained important Filipino adherents
o undermined the revolutionaries' popular
appeal - 25 JULY 1941
significantly aided the United o US Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson
States' military effort to win the requested that US President Franklin D.
war Roosevelt issue orders calling the
AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES military forces of the Commonwealth
- Began during the Spanish colonial period into active service for the United States
- The period of American colonization of the - During World War II, large portions of
Philippines LASTED 48 YEARS Intramuros and Manila were destroyed
o Cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by o Many heritage districts in the provinces
Spain in 1898 were burned down by the Japanese
o U.S. recognition of Philippine - In the reconstruction period after the Second
independence in 1946 World War, many of the destroyed buildings
- After independence in 1946 were rebuilt
o many Americans chose to remain in the o however, a majority of heritage
Philippines while maintaining relations structures were lost and never rebuilt
with relatives in the US
o Most were professionals
o Most of the structures that were lost are - When the American rule was formally
considered a focal properties of former established in the country, THE
heritage towns INTRODUCTION OF FREE PUBLIC
OLD LEGISLATIVE BUILDING (NOW NATIONAL INSTRUCTION WITH THE USE OF ENGLISH
MUSEUM) LANGUAGE was initiated
o provided a complete turnaround for the
Filipinos
o anything Spanish was replaced with
English
books
printed materials
- It would not be the Americans but the Japanese medium of communication and
who cause most damage to Intramuros and instructions
Manila in general lifestyle
- After the bombing of Pearl Harbour, and in - Colonization of the Japanese halted literary
retaliation after an American response, Japan progress
invaded the Philippines o strict censorship was implemented
- MANILA o almost all newspapers in English were
o under the command of General stopped
Douglas MacArthur o freedom of speech and the press were
o surrendered promptly to avoid the almost
destruction of its historical heritage and - THE CAPITALIST CHARACTER OF
loss of lives COLONIALISM IN PHILIPIPNES
- In the 3 1/2 years that lasted the brutal Japanese o served as the primary reason for
occupation, between 1 and 2 million Filipinos colonial expansion
were killed o greatly influenced the colony's
o In their final battle against the approaches to conservation of heritage
Americans, the Japanese did not PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE POST-
hesitate to kill through the bayonet to WAR AND REPUBLIC YEARS PERIOD
the local population, including children MODERN, INTERNATIONAL AND NEO-
and pregnant women, and to set Manila VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN THE
on fire during their withdrawal PHILIPPINES
INFLUENCES IN FILIPINO LIFE AND
ARCHITECTURE - POST WAR
o Philippine Architecture was dominated
- The Filipino culture has been characterized as: by the American style
o hybrid in nature o the plan for the modern city of Manila
o a mixture of elements from different and was designed with a large number of art
often incongruous sources deco buildings
o oriental about family - LIBERATION OF MANILA BY THE
- Chinese about AMERICANS (1945)
o business o large portions of Intramuros and Manila
- American about were destroyed
o Ambitions - AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR
- particular set of cultural or social values that o many of the destroyed buildings were
communities recognize as part of their cultural rebuilt
heritage - AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY
- the latter considers built structures with o MODERN ARCHITECTURE was
historical, archival, anthropological, introduced
archaeological, artistic and architectural value straight lines and functional
- The literary composition in the American aspects
colonization was greatly influenced by o many of the older structures fell into
significant developments in education and decay
culture - EARLY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
o a revival of the respect for the traditional
Filipino elements in the architecture
returned
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
- 1950’S witnessed SPACE AGE AESTHETICS
and SOFT MODERNISM
o experimented with the sculptural
plasticity of poured concrete to come up
with soft and sinuous organic forms with
the use of thin shell technologies
- The staple architecture element on this period
were the: - a major architectural style that emerged in the
o brise-soleil 1920s and 1930s
o Glass walls o the formative decades of Modern
o Pierced screens architecture
o thin concrete shells - originated from the name of a book by Henry
- THE MODERN ARCHITECTURE OF THE Russell Hitchcock and Phillip Johnson, The
PHILIPPINES FOLLOWING WORLD WAR II International Style
o strongly influenced by the modern o written to record the International
architecture of the United States Exhibition of Modern Architecture held
- Traces of Filipino modern architecture can be at the Museum of Modern Art in New
seen in the contemporary mainstream Filipino York City in 1932
architectural scene o identified, categorized and expanded
SOFT MODERNISM upon characteristics common to
Modernism across the world and its
stylistic aspects
o OBJECTIVE: to define a style that
would encapsulate this modern
architecture, and they did this by the
inclusion of specific architects
- adopted by Filipino architects in the 50s
SPACE AGE - adapted to tropical conditions with the generous
use of brise soliel and landscape to mitigate
solar gain
NEO-VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURE
- Near El Ideal
- the city's heritage bakery
- a quaint little coffee house - Located on Rizal Street
- seats around 10 to 20 people - once known as the OBOZA HERITAGE
- just in front of the Leandro dela Rama Locsin HOUSE
ancestral house o has prominent veranda that looks out
o difficult to miss because of its eye- into a garden
catching stained-glass windows o was built in 1929
- Inside are wall-sized paintings of different o The descendants eventually all
heritage sites around the city migrated abroad and the house was put
- Tourists and locals often drop by the café for up for sale in the early 2000s
their Osso Bucco - FRENCH CHEF CLAUDE LE NEINDRE AND
PLAZA CENTRAL INN AND HALARAN PLAZA HIS FILIPINO WIFE TESS
HOTEL, ROXAS CITY, LAPIZ o purchased it for their restaurant which
used to be on another street