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20ME501 - THERMAL
ENGINEERING II
Department: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Batch/Year: 2020 - 2024
Created by: N.MOHANRAJHU
Date: 20.07.2022

4
Table of Contents
SL. NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. Course Objectives 6

2. Pre Requisites 7

3. Syllabus 8

4. Course outcomes 9

5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping 10

6. Lecture Plan 11

7. Activity based learning 12

8. Lecture Notes 13

9. Assignments 172

10. Part A Q & A 173

11. Part B Qs 179

12. Supportive online Certification courses 190

13. Real time Applications in day to day life 191

and to Industry
14. Contents beyond the Syllabus 192

15. Assessment Schedule 193

16. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 194

17. Mini Project suggestions 195

5
COURSE OBJECTIVES

Students completing this course are expected to:

• Analysing the performance of steam nozzle, calculate

critical pressure ratio.

• To Compare different types of boilers and compute their

performance parameters

• Evaluate the performance of steam turbines through

velocity triangles.

• To understand the concept of utilising residual heat in

thermal systems.

• Applying the working principles of various refrigeration

systems and perform cop calculations.

6
PRE REQUISITE CHART

Thermal Engineering - II
(V Semester)

Engineering Thermal
Thermodynamics Engineering - I
(III Sem) (IV Sem)

7
 SYLLABUS
20ME501 THERMAL ENGINEERING - II L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I STEAM NOZZLE 9+6

Types and Shapes of nozzles, Flow of steam through nozzles, Critical pressure ratio, Variation of mass
flow rate with pressure ratio. Effect of friction, throat and exit area calculations. Metastable flow.

UNIT II BOILERS 9+6

Types (Fire-Tube, Water Tube, High-Pressure and Some Industrial Boilers), Comparison Between Fire
Tube and Water Tube Boilers. Mountings and Accessories. Fuels - Solid, Liquid and Gas-
Characteristics of Fuels. Performance calculations, Boiler trial, Boiler Draught and Performance.

UNIT III STEAM TURBINES 9+6

Types, Impulse and reaction principles, Velocity diagrams, Work done and efficiency – optimal
operating conditions. Multi-staging, compounding and governing, Comparison Between Impulse and
Reaction Turbines, Special forms of Turbines -Applications of Turbines.

UNIT IV COGENERATION & RESIDUAL HEAT RECOVERY 9+6

Cogeneration Principles, Cycle Analysis, Applications, Source and utilization of residual heat. Heat
pipes, Heat pumps, Recuperative and Regenerative heat exchangers. Economic Aspects.

UNIT V REFRIGERATION AND AIR – CONDITIONING 9+6

Vapour compression refrigeration cycle, Effect of Superheat and Sub-cooling, Performance

calculations, Air Refrigeration Cycle, Working principle of air cycle, vapour absorption system, and
Thermoelectric refrigeration. Air conditioning systems, classification of air conditioning systems
(comfort, Industrial, winter, summer, year-round, Unitary and Central air conditioning systems)
concept of RSHF, GSHF and ESHF, Cooling load calculations. Introduction to HVAC (Descriptive).

TOTAL: 75 PERIODS

8
COURSE OUTCOMES
After successful completion of the course, the students should be able to

Highest
CO No. Course Outcomes Cognitive
Level
Discuss various types of steam nozzles and their
C301.1 K2
flow characteristics
Explain the functioning and features of different

C301.2 types of Boilers along with their auxiliaries K3

required to compute performance parameters

Calculate the Performance of steam turbines in

C301.3 K3
power generation.
Summarize the concept of Cogeneration, working
C301.4 K2
features of heat pumps and Heat Exchangers.
Compute the cooling load for air conditioning and
C301.5 K3
COP of refrigeration systems .
Apply thermal engineering principles to examine
C301.6 K3 & A2
the performance of various thermal systems

9
CO- PO/PSO Mapping

10
 Lecture Plan
UNIT – I STEAM NOZZLE

Proposed Actual Perta Highest

Mode of
S.No Lecture Topic Lecture ining Cognitive
Delivery
Date Date CO(s) Level

1. 10.08.2022 Types and Shapes of nozzles 10.08.2022 CO1 K2 MD1

2. 11.08.2022 Flow of steam through nozzles 11.08.2022 CO1 K2 MD2

3. 12.08.2022 Critical pressure ratio 12.08.2022 CO1 K2 MD1

Variation of mass flow rate with MD1,

4. 13.08.2022 13.08.2022 CO1 K2
pressure ratio MD2

5. 16.08.2022 Effect of friction 16.08.2022 CO1 K2 MD1

6. 17.08.2022 Metastable flow 17.08.2022 CO1 K2 MD1

MD1,
7. 18.08.2022 Problems on Flow characteristics 18.08.2022 CO1 K2
MD2

Problems on Flow characteristics – MD1,

8. 20.08.2022 20.08.2022 CO1 K2
Isentropic Flow MD2

Problems on Flow characteristics – MD1,

9. 22.08.2022 22.08.2022 CO1 K2
Supersaturated Flow MD2

Content beyond syllabus CO1, MD1,

10. 22.08.2022 22.08.2022 K3
Steam Injector CO6 MD3

11
Activity based learning

12
Activity based learning

13
Activity based learning
QUIZ ON STEAM NOZZLES
1. Nozzle efficiency is described as.......

a. Isentropic heat drop/useful heat drop

b. useful heat drop/isentropic heat drop
c. saturation temperature/supersaturation temperature
d. supersaturation temperature/saturation temperature
useful heat drop/isentropic heat drop
2. The critical pressure ratio for initially dry saturated steam is.......
a. 0.528
b. 0.546
c. 0.577
d. 0.582
0.577
3. The steam leaves the nozzle at a.........
a. High pressure and low velocity
b. High-pressure and high velocity
c. Low pressure and low velocity
d. Low pressure and high velocity
Low pressure and high velocity
4. The flow of steam in a nozzle is subsonic at......
a. Throat
b. Entrance
c. Convergent portion
d. Divergent portion
Convergent portion

14
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Nozzle:
A nozzle is a flow passage of varying cross-sectional area in which the velocity of
fluid increases and pressure drops in the direction of flow. Thus, in nozzle the fluid
enters the variable cross section area duct with small velocity and high pressure and
leaves it with high velocity and small pressure. During flow through nozzle the
enthalpy drops and heat drop in expansion is spent in increasing the velocity of fluid.
Similar to nozzle a duct with variable cross section area will be called diffuser if the
fluid gets decelerated, causing a rise in pressure along the direction of flow. Nozzles
are generally used in turbines, jet engines, rockets, injectors, ejectors etc.

General arrangement in nozzle :

Purposes of nozzles:
To convert pressure energy and thermal energy into kinetic energy
To direct the fluid jet at the specific angle known as nozzle angle.

Applications of a Nozzle:
Nozzles are used for converting thermal energy to kinetic energy in steam
turbines and gas turbines
It used for converting pressure energy to kinetic energy in water turbines
It is used to measure the flow of fluid in venturi meter.
It is used for removing air from a condenser.
It is used as Injectors for pumping feed water to boilers

15
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Terminologies used in steam nozzle:

Wet steam:
The steam which contains some water particles in superposition.
Dry steam / dry saturated steam:
When whole mass of steam is converted into steam then it is called as dry steam.
Super heated steam:
When the dry steam is further heated at constant pressure, the temperature
increases the above saturation temperature. The steam has obtained is called super
heated steam.
Degree of super heat:
The difference between the temperature of saturated steam and saturated
temperature is called degree of superheat.
Coefficient of nozzle:
It is the ratio of actual enthalpy drop to isentropic enthalpy drop.
Critical pressure ratio:
There is only one value of ratio (P2/P1) which produces maximum discharge from
the nozzle, then the ratio is called critical pressure ratio.
The critical pressure ratio is the pressure ratio which will accelerate the flow to a
velocity equal to the local velocity of sound in the fluid.
Enthalpy:
It is the combination of the internal energy and the flow energy.
Entropy:
It is the function of quantity of heat with respective to the temperature.
Throat:
The section where cross-sectional area is minimum is called ‘throat’ of the nozzle.
Back Pressure:
The pressure, at which the steam leaves the nozzle, is known as back pressure.

16
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Steam nozzle:
A nozzle is a device, having a duct of varying cross-section, which converts heat
energy of steam into kinetic energy.
when a fluid flows through a nozzle, its velocity increases continuously and
pressure decreases continuously.
A well designed nozzle converts the heat energy of steam into kinetic energy with
a minimum loss.
Steam enters the nozzle with a high pressure and negligible velocity but leaves
the nozzle with a high velocity and small pressure.

Working of steam nozzle:

In the first part of the nozzle, the steam increases its velocity.
But in its later part, the steam gains more in volume than in velocity.
Mass of steam, passing through any section of the nozzle remains constant,
Variation of steam pressure in the nozzle depends upon the velocity, specific
volume and dryness fraction of steam.
1
2

Application of steam nozzle:

Steam nozzles are used in steam flow measuring devices.
Steam nozzle is used to increase the velocity of steam jet at the inlet of impulse
turbine.
Steam nozzles are used in ejectors for removing air from condensers.
Steam nozzles are used as injectors in supplying feed water to the boiler.

17
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Flow of steam through nozzles:

The flow of steam through nozzles may be regarded as adiabatic expansion.
The steam has a very high velocity at the end of the expansion, and the enthalpy
decreases as expansion takes place.
Friction exists between the steam and the sides of the nozzle; heat is produced as
the result of the resistance to the flow.
The phenomenon of super saturation occurs in the flow of steam through
nozzles. This is due to the time lag in the condensation of the steam during the
expansion.

Types of Nozzles:
There are three types of nozzles
Convergent Nozzle
Divergent Nozzle
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

Convergent Nozzle:
A typical convergent nozzle is shown in fig.
In a convergent nozzle, the cross sectional area decreases continuously from its
entrance to exit.
It is used in a case where the back pressure is equal to or greater than the critical
pressure ratio.
By using this convergent nozzle, the flow of the fluid can be increased to sonic
velocity 1
2

18
Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Divergent Nozzle:
The cross sectional area of divergent nozzle increases continuously from its
entrance to exit.
It is used in a case, where the back pressure is less than the critical pressure
ratio.
1 2

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle:
The cross sectional area first decreases from its entrance to throat, and then
increases from throat to exit.
In the convergent portion, steam enters the nozzle with a high pressure, but with
a negligible velocity, thus there is a drop in the steam pressure with a rise in its
velocity. There is also a drop in the enthalpy or total heat of the steam. This drop of
heat is not utilized for external work, but it is converted into kinetic energy.
In the divergent portion, there is further drop of steam pressure with a further
rise in its velocity. Again, there is a drop in the enthalpy or total heat of steam,
which is converted into kinetic energy.
The convergent-divergent nozzle is used for convert sub-sonic flow into super-
sonic flow.
In the convergent part the velocity of fluid is increased from sub-sonic to sonic
condition. At throat, the velocity is sonic. In the divergent part, the velocity is
increased from sonic to super-sonic. So only in convergent-divergent nozzle, the
sub-sonic flow is converted into super-sonic flow.
1 2
t

19
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Supersaturated flow or metastable flow of in Nozzles:

The expansion of steam in an ideal nozzle is isentropic, which is accompanied by
condensation process. If the steam is initially superheated, steam expands in the
nozzle, its pressure and temperature reduces, and it is expected that the steam start
condensing when it strikes the saturation line. This type of expansion is in thermal
equilibrium and is shown in Fig. on T-S and h-s diagrams.

1 𝑃1 h 1
S 𝑃2
T
S
𝑃1
𝑃2
2 2

s s
The point S in expansion lies on saturation line and represents the point at which
condensation within the vapour just begins. The condensation of steam occurs when
steam passes through certain distance in the nozzle and after certain short interval
of time.
When steam flows through the nozzle, the discharge of steam through the nozzle
will be slightly less than the theoretical discharge due to the effect of friction. But,
during the flow of wet steam through the nozzle, the measured discharge is slightly
greater than the theoretical discharge even though we consider the effect of friction.
Normally, condensation starts around tiny dust particles which are always present
in commercial steam plants in sufficient quantity. When steam is free of foreign
particles, condensation process is delayed and the temperature of the steam
continues to fall. This is known as - super saturation. When certain degree of super
saturation is reached, the presence of dust particles has no effect on condensation
and equilibrium between vapours and liquid phases is attained completely and also
instantaneously.

20
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

In normal condensation, the random kinetic energy of the molecules fall to a level
which is insufficient to overcome the attractive forces of the molecules and some of
the slower moving molecules join together to form tiny droplets of water. A certain
time interval is essential for the collection of these molecules to form droplets.
In actual practice, the velocity of steam in sonic or even super sonic and the
convergent portion of the nozzle is so short the molecules of steam find no sufficient
time to collect and form droplets and steam doesn't condense at the saturation
temperature corresponding to the pressure but continues to expand with fall in
temperature but without condensation. As a result, equilibrium between liquid and
vapour phases is delayed. The expansion takes place very rapidly and condensation
can't keep pace with expansion and lags behind. Due to this, the steam remains in
an unnatural dry or super heated state.
The steam in such conditions is said to be 'supersaturated' or ' metastable'. It is
also called Super cooled steam and its temperature at any pressure is less than the
saturation temperature; corresponding to that pressure. The flow of super saturated
steam through the nozzle is called super saturated or meta stable or non -
equilibrium flow. Super saturation means that steam doesn't condense at the
saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure as it occurs in case of
equilibrium pressure as it occurs in case of equilibrium flow.
In the state of 'super saturation', the steam is under cooled to a temperature less
than that corresponding to its pressure; hence, the density of steam increases and
hence the measured discharge increases than the calculated theoretical discharge.
Experiments showed that in the absence of dust; dry saturated steam when
suddenly expanded, doesn't condense until its density is about 8 times that of
saturated vapour of the same pressure.
The locus of points where condensation will take place regardless of the initial
temperature and pressure at the nozzle entrance is called the Wilson line.

21
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Flow of steam through a nozzle may be regarded as either ideal adiabatic or

adiabatic flow modified by friction and super saturation.

Point A' represents the position of initial super heated steam at entrance pressure
p1. The line A' - A represents isentropic expansion of steam in thermal equilibrium
up to saturation line. Line AC represents isentropic expansion of steam in super
saturated region. Up to the point at which condensation occurs, the state of steam is
not of stable equilibrium not unstable equilibrium either, since a small disturbance
will cause condensation to commence. So, steam in this condition is said to be in
meta stable state. Point C represents the meta stable state. It is obtained by
drawing a vertical line from points to Wilson line. At C; the steam condenses
suddenly. Line CD represents condensation of steam at constant enthalpy. Point D is
obtained by drawing a horizontal line through C to meet throat pressure p2 of the
nozzle. Line DF represents isentropic expansion of steam in the divergent portion in
thermal equilibrium.
During the partial condensation of steam DF, sufficient amount of heat is released
which raises the temperature back to saturation temperature.

22
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Reasons for super saturated flow:

The flow of steam is so rapid that it doesn't allow time for transfer of heat. It may
take about 0.001 second only for steam to travel from inlet to exit of nozzle.
There may not be any dust particles which generally form nucleus for
condensation. At a certain instant, the supersaturated steam condenses suddenly to
its natural state.
Thus, flow of steam through a nozzle may be regarded as either ideal adiabatic or
adiabatic flow modified by friction and super saturation.
Wilson line:
Generally, there is a limit up to which super saturated flow is possible. This limit of
super saturation is represented by a curve known as Wilson line, on the Mollier
diagram. Above this curve, steam is super saturated and super heated. Beyond
Wilson line, there is no super saturation. At Wilson line condensation occurs
suddenly and irreversibly at constant enthalpy and then remains in stable condition.
The result is to reduce heat drop slightly during expansion causing corresponding
reduction in exit velocity and final dryness fraction increases slightly.
The limiting condition of under cooling at which condensation begins and restores
the conditions of thermal equilibrium is called Wilson line.
Generally, Wilson line closely follows 0.96 dryness fraction line.
In nozzles, this limit may be within the nozzle or after the vapour leaves the
nozzle.
Degree of under cooling:
It is the difference between super saturated steam temperature and saturation
temperature at that pressure. Degree of under cooling = 𝑇2 − 𝑇2 ′
Degree of super saturation:
The ratio of pressures corresponding to temperature of super saturated steam
and saturation temperature is known as Degree of super saturation.
Pressure corresponding T2 p2
Degree of super saturation= =
Pressure corresponding T2 ′ 𝑝2 ′

23
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Assumptions for Flow Analysis of a Nozzle:

The flow of the fluid is assumed to be one dimensional.
The change in area and curvature along the axis of the duct are gradual.
Thermodynamic and mechanical properties are uniform across planes normal to
the axis of a duct.
The flow of the fluid is assumed to be steady flow.

Effects of Supersaturation:
The flowing effects in a nozzle, in which Supersaturation occurs, are important from
the subject point of view;
Since the condensation does not take place during supersaturated expansion, so
the temperature at which the Supersaturation occurs will be less than the saturation
temperature corresponding to the pressure. Therefore, the density of supersaturated
steam will be more than for the equilibrium conditions, which gives the increase in
the mass of steam discharged.
The Supersaturation increases the entropy and specific volume of the steam.
(for the same pressure limits) The Supersaturation reduces the heat drop below
that for thermal equilibrium. Hence the exit velocity of the steam is reduced.
The Supersaturation increases dryness fraction of steam.

Effect of Friction on Nozzles:

Entropy is increased.
The energy available decreases.
Velocity of flow at the throat get decreased.
Volume of flowing steam is decreased.
Throat area required to discharge a given mass of steam is increased.

24
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Nozzle Efficiency:
The ratio of actual or useful heat drop to isentropic heat drop is known as
Coefficient of nozzle or nozzle efficiency.
Actual useful heat drop
ɳNOZZLE =
Isentropic heat drop
ℎ1 − ℎ2 ′
ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 =
ℎ1 − ℎ2
The efficiency of a nozzle generally varies from 0.85 to 0.95.

The efficiency of a nozzle depends upon the following factors:

Material of the nozzle.
Size and shape of the nozzle.
Finish of the nozzle.
Angle of divergence.
Nature of the fluid and its state,
Friction.
Fluid velocity.
Turbulence in the flow passages.

Velocity coefficient:
Velocity coefficient is defined as the ratio of actual exit velocity to exit velocity
when the flow is isentropic for the same pressure drop.

Actual exit velocity 𝐶2 ′

CV = 𝐶𝑉 =
Isentropic exit velocity 𝐶2

The velocity coefficient depends upon the dimensions of the nozzle, roughness of
the nozzle walls, velocity of flow, friction etc.

25
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 01:
Dry saturated steam at 5 bar with negligible velocity expands in a convergent
nozzle to 1 bar and dryness fraction 0.94. Determine the velocity of steam
leaving the nozzle.
Given Data:
1
2
@ state 1; Dry saturated; P1 = 5 bar; C1 = 0

@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar; x2 = 0.94: wet

To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( C2 ) =?

1
Formula 2

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

C2 = 2 h1 − h2 + C1 2

C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 + C1 2 C12 dQ C22 dWx

h1 + + gZ1 + = h2 + + gZ2 +
2 dm 2 dm

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 ) C12 C22

h1 + = h2 +
2 2

C1 = 0
Where,
h1 = Enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg

h2 = Enthalphy of steam at the exit of the nozzle, kJ/kg

26
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 ) h1 = 2740 k JΤk g

h2 = 2540 k JΤk g

C2 = 2000(2740 − 2540 )

C2 = 632.45 mΤs

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 632.45 m/s

27
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

PROBLEM 02:
Dry saturated steam at 5 bar with negligible velocity expands in a convergent
nozzle to 1 bar and dryness fraction 0.94. Determine the velocity of steam
leaving the nozzle.

Given Data: 1
2

@ state 1; Dry saturated; P1 = 5 bar; C1 = 0

@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar; x2 = 0.94: wet

To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) =?

1 2
Formula
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏𝟐 𝐝𝐐 𝐂𝟐𝟐 𝐝𝐖𝐱
𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠𝐙𝟏 + = 𝐡𝟐 + + 𝐠𝐙𝟐 +
𝟐 𝐝𝐦 𝟐 𝐝𝐦
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐
𝐡𝟏 + = 𝐡𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟐
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )

𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

Where,
h1 = Enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg
h2 = Enthalphy of steam at the exit of the nozzle, kJ/kg

28
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution: @ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟕. 𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒: wet

h= hf + x . hfg h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2

hf2 = 417.5 kJ/kg hfg2 = 2257.9 kJ/kg

h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2 h2 = 417.5 + 0.94 × 2257.9 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

29
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟕. 𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 ) 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(2747.5 − 2539.92 )

C2 = 644.33 mΤs

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 644.33 m/s

30
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 03:
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 15 bar enters in a nozzle and is discharged
at a pressure of 1.5 bar. Find the final velocity of steam when the initial velocity
of steam is negligible.

Given Data:
1 2
@ state 1; Dry saturated; P1 = 15 bar; C1 = 0

@ state 2; P2 = 1.5 bar

To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) =?

Formula 1 2

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏𝟐 𝐝𝐐 𝐂𝟐𝟐 𝐝𝐖𝐱
𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠𝐙𝟏 + = 𝐡𝟐 + + 𝐠𝐙𝟐 +
𝟐 𝐝𝐦 𝟐 𝐝𝐦
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐
𝐡𝟏 + = 𝐡𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟐
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )
𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎
Where,
h1 = Enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg
h2 = Enthalphy of steam at the exit of the nozzle, kJ/kg

31
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

h1 = 2785 k JΤk g 1

h2 = 2385 k JΤk g
2

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 ) 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(2785 − 2385 )

C2 = 894.42 mΤs

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 894.42 m/s

32
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 04:
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 15 bar enters in a nozzle and is discharged
at a pressure of 1.5 bar. Find the final velocity of steam when the initial velocity
of steam is negligible.

Given Data:
1 2
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) =?

Formula 1 2

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏𝟐 𝐝𝐐 𝐂𝟐𝟐 𝐝𝐖𝐱
𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠𝐙𝟏 + = 𝐡𝟐 + + 𝐠𝐙𝟐 +
𝟐 𝐝𝐦 𝟐 𝐝𝐦
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝐂𝟏𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐
𝐡𝟏 + = 𝐡𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟐
𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )
𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

Where,
h1 = Enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg
h2 = Enthalphy of steam at the exit of the nozzle, kJ/kg

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution: @ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

From steam tables,

h1 = hg1 s1 = sg1

h1 = hg1 = 2789.9 k JΤk g s1 = sg1 = 6.441k JΤk g. K

s1 = s2 = 6.441k JΤk g. K

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; wet

h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2 s2 = sf2 + x2 . sfg2

hf2 = 467.1 kJ/kg sf2 = 1.433 kJ/kg.K

hfg2 = 2226.3 kJ/kg sfg2 = 5.79 kJ/kg.K

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

s1 = s2 = 6.441k JΤk g. K sf2 = 1.433 kJ/kg.K

s2 = sf2 + x2 . sfg2 sfg2 = 5.79 kJ/kg.K

6.441 = 1.433 + x2 × 5.79

x2 = 0.86
hf2 = 467.1 kJ/kg
h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2

h2 = 467.1 + 0.86 × 2226.3 hfg2 = 2226.3 kJ/kg

h2 = 2381.7 k JΤk g

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

h1 = 2789.9 k JΤk g
C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 )
h2 = 2381.7 k JΤk g

C2 = 2000(2789.9 − 2381.7 )

C2 = 903.54 mΤs

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 903.54 m/s

35
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 05:
In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from 4 bar to 1 bar. The initial velocity is
60 m/s and the initial temperature is 200°C. Determine the exit velocity, if the
nozzle efficiency is 92%.

Given Data:

@ state 1; P1 = 4 bar;
C1 = 60 m/s; T1 = 200°C
1 2
@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar ɳNOZZLE = 92%

To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( C2 ) =?

Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

h1 − h2 ′
ɳNOZZLE =
h1 − h2
C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳNOZZLE + C1 2

or C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 ′ + C1 2

Where,
h1 = Specific enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg
h2 = Specific enthalphy of steam at the exit of the nozzle, kJ/kg
ɳNOZZLE =Nozzle efficiency
C1 = Velocity of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, m/s

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; P1 = 4 bar; T1 = 200°C @ state 2; P2 = 1 bar

h1 = 2860 k JΤk g 1

h2 = 2595 k JΤk g
2

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

h1 = 2860 k JΤk g
C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳNOZZLE + C1 2

h2 = 2595 k JΤk g

C2 = 2000(2860 − 2595 ) × 0.92 + 602

C1 = 60 m/s
C2 = 700.85 mΤs

ɳNOZZLE = 92%

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 700.85 m/s

37
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 06:
In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from 4 bar to 1 bar. The initial velocity is
60 m/s and the initial temperature is 200°C. Determine the exit velocity, if the
nozzle efficiency is 92%.

Given Data:
@ state 1; P1 = 4 bar; C1 = 60 m/s; T1 = 200°C

@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar ɳNOZZLE = 92%

1 2

To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( C2 ) =?

Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

h1 − h2 ′
ɳNOZZLE =
h1 − h2
C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳNOZZLE + C1 2

or C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 ′ + C1 2

Where,
h1 = Specific enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg
h2 = Specific enthalphy of steam at the exit of the nozzle, kJ/kg
ɳNOZZLE =Nozzle efficiency
C1 = Velocity of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, m/s

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂

𝐓𝐒𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟔°𝐂 𝐓𝐒𝟏 < 𝐓𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟎. 𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

𝐬𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution: @ state 2; P2 = 1 bar; s2 = 7.171 kJ/kgK

sg2 = 7.36 kJ/kgK s2 = s1 = 7.171 kJ/kgK

s2 < sg2 Wet

Solution: @ state 2; P2 = 1 bar; Wet s2 = 7.171 kJ/kgK

s2 = sf2 + x2 . sfg2

s2 = sf2 + x2 . sfg2 sf2 = 1.303 kJ/kgK sfg2 = 6.057 kJ/kgK

7.171 = 1.303 + x2 × 6.057

x2 = 0.96

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ State 2; P2 = 1 bar; x2 = 0.96

h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2

hf2 = 417.5 kJ/kg hfg2 = 2257.9 kJ/kg x2 = 0.96

h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2 h2 = 417.5 + 0.96 × 2257.9

h2 = 2585.08 k JΤk g

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

h1 = 2860.4 k JΤk g

C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳNOZZLE + C1 2 h2 = 2585.08 k JΤk g

C2 = 2000(2860 − 2585.08 ) × 0.92 + 602

C1 = 60 m/s
C2 = 713.76 mΤs
ɳNOZZLE = 92%

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 713. 76 m/s

41
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 07:
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 10 bar is expanded in a nozzle to a pressure
of 0.75 bar. Find the velocity and dryness fraction of steam issuing from the
nozzle if the friction is neglected. Also, find the velocity and dryness fraction of
the steam if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction.

Given Data: @ state 1; Dry saturated; P1 = 10 bar

@ state 2; P2 = 0.75 bar 1 2

To find:

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( C2 ) & (C2 ′) =?

Dryness fraction of steam( x2 ) & ( x2 ′) =?

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

C1 = 0
C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 + C1 2

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 )

Where,
h1 = Specific enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg
h2 = Specific enthalphy of steam at the exit of the nozzle, kJ/kg

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

ℎ1 = 2775 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1

ℎ2 = 2350 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
2

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐶2 = 2000(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝐶2 = 2000(2775 − 2350 ) 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔

𝐶2 = 921.95 𝑚Τ𝑠

Answer

Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle if the friction is neglected (𝑥2 ) = 0.86

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle if the friction is neglected (𝐶2 ) = 921.95 𝑚/𝑠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction

ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎%
Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ′
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐

or 𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ′

Solution
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎%

𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

C2 ′ = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸

C2 ′ = 2000 2775 − 2350 × 0.9

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟖𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎/𝒔

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction C2 ′ = 874.64 𝑚/𝑠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎% 𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ′ 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 − 𝒉𝟐 ′
ɳ𝑵𝑶𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟗 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 − 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟎

𝒉𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟓 kJ/kg

@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

ℎ1 = 2775 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1

ℎ2 = 2392.5 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 2′
ℎ2 = 2350 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
2

@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒉𝟐 ′ = 2392.5 kJ/kg 𝒙′𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 2’; P2 ′ = 0.75 bar; ℎ2 ′ = 2387.22 kJ/kg

𝑥2′ = 0.88

Answer

Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle if 10% of the heat drop is lost in

friction (𝒙′𝟐 ) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 08:
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 10 bar is expanded in a nozzle to a pressure of 0.75
bar. Find the velocity and dryness fraction of steam issuing from the nozzle if the friction
is neglected. Also, find the velocity and dryness fraction of the steam if 10% of the heat
drop is lost in friction.
1 2
Given Data: @ state 1; Dry saturated; P1 = 10 bar

@ state 2; P2 = 0.75 bar

To find:

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) & (𝐂𝟐 ′) =?

Dryness fraction of steam( 𝐱 𝟐 ) & ( 𝐱𝟐 ′) =?

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐

𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

Where,
ℎ1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Solution: @ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐠𝟏

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐠𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠𝐊

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2 s2 = sf2 + x2 . sfg2

Pressure
𝐡𝐟 𝐡𝐟𝐠 𝐬𝐟 𝐬𝐟𝐠
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K

Pressure
𝐡𝐟 𝐡𝐟𝐠 𝐬𝐟 𝐬𝐟𝐠
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕5 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏3 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K 𝟔. 𝟐44 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K

Pressure
𝐡𝐟 𝐡𝐟𝐠 𝐬𝐟 𝐬𝐟𝐠
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝟑𝟖𝟓. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K 𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠.K

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

𝒔𝒇𝟐 = 1.213 kJ/kg.K

𝒔𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟒 kJ/kg.K

𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈. 𝑲

𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓2 + 𝑥2 . 𝑠𝑓𝑔2

6.583 = 1.213 + 𝑥2 × 6.244

𝑥2 = 0.86

Answer

Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle if the friction is neglected (𝑥2 ) = 0.86

𝑥2 = 0.86

𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 384.4 kJ/kg

𝒉𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 kJ/kg

𝒉𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝟐

𝒉𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 × 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔

𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle
𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 ) 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(2776.2 − 2344 )

C2 = 929.73 mΤs

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if the friction is neglected (C2 ) = 929.73 m/s

Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction

ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 = 𝟗𝟎%

Formula

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 + 𝐂𝟏 𝟐 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ′
ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 =
𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐

or 𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ′

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution
ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 = 𝟗𝟎%
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle
𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 ′ = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳNOZZLE 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

or C2 ′ = 2000 2776.2 − 2344 × 0.9

C2 ′ = 882.02 m/s

Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction C2 ′ = 882.02 m/s

ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 = 𝟗𝟎% 𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 ′
ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 =
𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐

𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 − 𝐡𝟐 ′
𝟎. 𝟗 =
𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒

𝐡𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 kJ/kg

@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 2’; 𝐏𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟𝟐 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟓. 𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐡𝐟𝟐 ′ = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 ′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

h2 ′ = hf2 ′ + x2 ′. hfg2 ′

2387.22 = 384.4 + x2 ′ × 2278.6

𝐱 𝟐′ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟖

Answer

Dryness fraction of Steam leaving the Nozzle

if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction (𝐱 𝟐′ ) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟖

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 09:
Estimate the mass flow rate of steam in a nozzle with the following data:
Inlet pressure and temperature = 10 bar and 200°C
Back pressure = 0.5 bar
Throat diameter = 12 mm

Given Data:

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

To find: 𝐃𝐭 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

Mass flow rate of steam in the nozzle (ṁ) =?

Formula

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

Where,
m3
ϑt = Specific volume of steam at throat,
kg
h1 = Specific enthalphy of steam at the inlet of the nozzle, kJ/kg
ht = Specific enthalphy of steam at the throat of the nozzle, kJ/kg

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Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂 S𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔
𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂 @ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫

h1 = 2830 k JΤk g
1

ht = 2720 k JΤk g
t
𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

Ct = 2000 2830 − 2720

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 𝟒𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦/𝐬 𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4 𝐃𝐭 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
π
At = × 12 × 10−3 2
4

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt 𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

𝐂𝐭 = 𝟒𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
1.13 × 10−4 × 469.04
ṁ =
0.33 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

ṁ =0.1606 kg/s

Answer

Mass flow rate of steam ṁ = 0.1606 kg/s

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 10:
Estimate the mass flow rate of steam in a nozzle with the following data:
Inlet pressure and temperature = 10 bar and 200°C
Back pressure = 0.5 bar
Throat diameter = 12 mm

Given Data:

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

To find: 𝑫𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎

Mass flow rate of steam in the nozzle (ṁ) =?

Formula
𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ṁ =
𝜗𝑡

𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

Where,
𝑚3
𝜗𝑡 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡, 𝑘𝑔

ℎ1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

ℎ𝑡 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 200°C

𝑻𝑺𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟗°𝑪 𝑻𝑺𝟏 < 𝑻𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟔. 𝟖 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐊

𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐊

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔
𝐏𝟏
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐊

𝐬𝐠𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐖𝐞𝐭

𝐬𝐭 < 𝐬𝐠𝐭

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝐭

𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝐟𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝐭
𝐬𝐟𝐠𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

6.692 = 1.894 + x2 × 4.895

𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 𝐡𝐟𝐭 = 654.76 kJ/kg

𝐡𝐟𝐠𝐭 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟔 kJ/kg

𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝐭

𝐡𝐭 = 𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟔

𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝐭

𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝐭
𝛝𝐟 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . (𝛝𝐠 −𝛝𝐟 ) 𝛝𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 × (𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟕- 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

Ct = 2000 2826.8 − 2709.58 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟔. 𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝐦/𝐬

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4 𝐃𝐭 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
π
At = × 12 × 10−3 2
4

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt 𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

𝐂𝐭 = 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝐦/𝐬
−4
1.13 × 10 × 484.19
ṁ =
0.33799 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

ṁ =0.1618 kg/s

Answer

Mass flow rate of steam ṁ = 0.1618 kg/s

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 11:
Steam enters a group of nozzles of a steam turbine at 12 bar and 250°C and leaves at 1.5
bar. The steam turbine develops 220 KW with a specific steam consumption of 13.5
Kg/KW h. If the diameter of nozzles at the throat is 7 mm, calculate the number of
nozzles.

Given Data: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂

1 t 2
@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐖; SSC = 13.5 Kg/KW h; 𝐃𝐭 = 7 mm

To find:

Number of nozzles ( 𝑵) =?

Formula

ṁ𝑻
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁 =
ṁ

𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
𝜗𝑡

𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 Superheated

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟐

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 @ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

h1 = 2930 k JΤk g
1

ht = 2800 k JΤk g
t

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

𝐏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐖; SSC = 13.5 Kg/KW h

Total mass of steam supplied ṁ𝐓 = SSC × P

ṁ𝐓 = 13.5 × 220

kg
ṁ𝐓 = 2970
h

2970
ṁ𝐓 =
3600

𝐤𝐠
ṁ𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟓
𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 2000 2930 − 2800 𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐭 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 𝟓𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟗 𝐦/𝐬

π 𝐃𝐭 = 𝟕 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

π
At = × 7 × 10−3 2
4

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt 𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

3.848 × 10−5 × 509.9

ṁ = 𝐂𝐭 = 𝟓𝟎𝟗. 𝟗 𝐦/𝐬
0.3

ṁ =0.065 kg/s 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

ṁ𝐓
Number of Nozzles N =
ṁ

0.825
N = 0.065 = 12.61 ≈ 13

Answer

Number of Nozzles N ≈ 13

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 12:
Steam enters a group of nozzles of a steam turbine at 12 bar and 250°C and leaves at 1.5 bar.
The steam turbine develops 220 KW with a specific steam consumption of 13.5 Kg/KW h. If the
diameter of nozzles at the throat is 7 mm, calculate the number of nozzles.

Given Data: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

1 t 2
𝐏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐖; SSC = 13.5 Kg/KW h; 𝐃𝐭 = 7 mm

To find:

Number of nozzles ( 𝐍) =?

Formula

ṁ𝐓
Number of Nozzles N =
ṁ

At × Ct
mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑt

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂

𝐓𝐒𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖°𝐂 𝐓𝐒𝟏 < 𝐓𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

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Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝐏𝟏

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟐

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐠𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝒔𝒈 p 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

6.736 6.4
𝐬𝐠𝐭 < 𝐬𝐭
? 6.55
6.725 6.6

𝐤𝐉
@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐠𝐊 : 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

P 200 250 s T
𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟑°𝐂
6.0 6.966 7.183 6.919 200
6.55 6.919 7.1363 6.831 ?
7.0 6.886 7.107 7.1363 250

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟑°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

P 200 250 h T
6.0 2849.7 2957.6 ? 179.3
6.55 2847.72 2955.718 2847.72 200
7.0 2844.2 2954.0 2955.718 250

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟑°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

P 200 250 𝒗 T
6.0 0.352 0.3939 ? 179.3
6.55 0.3214 0.36 0.3214 200
7.0 0.2999 0.3364 0.36 250

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
𝐏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐖; SSC = 13.5 Kg/KW h

Total mass of steam supplied ṁ𝐓 = SSC × P

ṁ𝐓 = 13.5 × 220

kg
ṁ𝐓 = 2970
h

2970
ṁ𝐓 =
3600

𝐤𝐠
ṁ𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟓
𝐬

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 2000 2935.4 − 2800.78
𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐭 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 𝟓𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4
𝐃𝐭 = 𝟕 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

π
At = × 7 × 10−3 2
4

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt 𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

3.848 × 10−5 × 518.88

ṁ =
0.304788 𝐂𝐭 = 𝟓𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

ṁ =0.0655 kg/s
𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

ṁ𝐓
Number of Nozzles N =
ṁ

0.825
N = 0.0655 = 12.59 ≈ 13

Answer

Number of Nozzles N ≈ 13

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 13:
Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure of 15 bar and is discharged at a
pressure of 2 bar. If the dryness fraction of discharge steam is 0.96, what will be the final
velocity of steam? Neglect initial velocity of steam. If 10% of heat drop is lost in friction,
find the percentage reduction in the final velocity.
1 2

Given Data:
@ state 1; Dry saturated; P1 = 15 bar 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

@ state 2; P2 = 2 bar; x2 = 0.96

ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 = 𝟗𝟎%
To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) =?

Percentage reduction in the final velocity = ?

Formula

𝐂𝟐 − 𝐂𝟐′
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐂𝟐

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐

Case 2: if the heat drop is lost in friction

𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝟐′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 × 𝛈𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔

h1 = 2790 k JΤk g
1

h2 = 2615 k JΤk g 2

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 )
𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(2790 − 2615 )

Answer C2 = 𝟓𝟗𝟏. 𝟔 mΤs

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 591.6 m/s

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 = 𝟗𝟎%

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 ′ = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳNOZZLE

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
C2 ′ = 2000(2790 − 2615 ) × 0.90
𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 ′ = 𝟓𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 mΤs

C2 − C2′
Percentage reduction in velocity = × 100
C2

591.6 − 561.24
% reduction in velocity = × 100 C2 = 591.6 mΤs
591.6

C2 ′ = 561.24 mΤs

% reduction in velocity = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟑%

Answer

Percentage reduction in velocity = 5.13%

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

PROBLEM 14:
Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure of 15 bar and is discharged at a
pressure of 2 bar. If the dryness fraction of discharge steam is 0.96, what will be the final
velocity of steam? Neglect initial velocity of steam. If 10% of heat drop is lost in friction,
find the percentage reduction in the final velocity.
1 2

Given Data:
@ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔
ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 = 𝟗𝟎%

To find:

Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle ( 𝐂𝟐 ) =?

Percentage reduction in the final velocity = ?

Formula

𝐂𝟐 − 𝐂𝟐′
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐂𝟐

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐

Case 2: if the heat drop is lost in friction

𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝟐′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 × 𝛈𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Solution: @ state 1; Dry saturated; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏
𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟗. 𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔: wet

𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 kJ/kg

h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2

𝐡𝐟𝟐 = 504.7 kJ/kg

h2 = 504.7 + 0.96 × 2201.6

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟖. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 1: if the friction is neglected

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟗. 𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(h1 − h2 ) 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟖. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000(2789.9 − 2618.2 )

C2 = 585.9 mΤs
Answer

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = 585.9 m/s

Case 2: if 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction ɳ𝐍𝐎𝐙𝐙𝐋𝐄 = 𝟗𝟎%

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟗. 𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 ′ = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳNOZZLE

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟖. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 ′ = 2000(2789.9 − 2618.2 ) × 0.90

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟗 𝐦Τ𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

C2 − C2′
Percentage reduction in velocity = × 100
C2

585.9 − 555.9 C2 = 585.9 mΤs

% reduction in velocity = × 100
585.9
C2 ′ = 555.9 mΤs

% reduction in velocity = 5.12%

Answer

Percentage reduction in velocity = 5.12%

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

PROBLEM 15:
Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent-divergent nozzle which
will discharge 820 kg of steam per hour from a pressure of 8 bar superheated to
250°C into a chamber having a pressure of 1.5 bar. The friction loss in the
divergent part of the nozzle may be taken as 0.15 of the total enthalpy drop.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 8 bar; T1 = 250°C

@ state 2; P2 = 1.5 bar

kg kg
ṁ = 820 = 0.2277 ηd = 0.85
h s
To find: t
1 2
Throat diameter of nozzle ( 𝐃𝐭 ) =?

Exit diameter of nozzle ( 𝐃𝟐 ) =?

Formula
A1 ×C1 At ×Ct A2 ×C2
mass flow rate ṁ = = =
ϑ1 ϑt ϑ2

π
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = × D22
4

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

Velocity of steam at throat C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + h1 − h2 × ηd ]

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 Superheated

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝐏𝟏

@ State 1; P1 = 8 bar
𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟖

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

h1 = 2935 k JΤk g 1

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 t

h2 = 2610 k JΤk g 𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

2

@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 2000 2935 − 2810
𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐭 = 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐦/𝐬 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + ht − h2 × ηd ]

C2 = 2000[ 2935 − 2810 + 2810 − 2610 × 0.85] 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓

C2 = 𝟕𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝐦/𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

At × Ct
Mass flow rate ṁ = ϑt = 0.45 m3 /kg
ϑt

At × 500 Ct = 500 m/s

0.2277 =
0.45
kg
ṁ = 0.2277
Cross Sectional area of throat At = 2.0493 × 10 −4 2
m s

π
3.286 × 10−4 = × D2t
4

Dt = 0.01615 m

Answer
Diameter of throat Dt = 16.15 mm

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑ2
ϑ2 = 1.2 m3 /kg

C2 = 768.11 m/s
A2 × 768.11
0.2277 =
1.2 kg
ṁ = 0.2277
s
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = 3.557 × 10−4 m2

π
3.557 × 10−4 = × D22
4

D2 = 0.02128 m

Answer

Diameter at nozzle exit D2 = 21.28 mm

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 15:
Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent-divergent nozzle which
will discharge 820 kg of steam per hour from a pressure of 8 bar superheated to
250°C into a chamber having a pressure of 1.5 bar. The friction loss in the
divergent part of the nozzle may be taken as 0.15 of the total enthalpy drop.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 8 bar; T1 = 250°C

ηd = 0.85
@ state 2; P2 = 1.5 bar

kg kg
ṁ = 820 = 0.2277
h s 1 t 2
To find:
Throat diameter of nozzle ( 𝐃𝐭 ) =?

Exit diameter of nozzle ( 𝐃𝟐 ) =?

Formula
A1 ×C1 At ×Ct A2 ×C2
mass flow rate ṁ = = =
ϑ1 ϑt ϑ2

π
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = × D22
4

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

Velocity of steam at throat C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + h1 − h2 × ηd ]

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂

𝐓𝐒𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟒°𝐂 𝐓𝐒𝟏 < 𝐓𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟎. 𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

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Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐬𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝛝𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏 @ State 1; P1 = 8 bar

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟖

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝒔𝒈 p
𝐬𝐠𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊
6.87 4.3
𝐬𝐠𝐭 < 𝐬𝐭 ? 4.37
6.862 4.4

𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

𝐤𝐉
@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 ; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐤𝐠𝐊

P 200 250 s T
4 7.171 7.38 7.1284 200
𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟖 °𝐂
4.37 7.1284 7.337 7.04 ?
4.5 7.112 7.323 7.337 250

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟖 °𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

P 200 250 h T
4 2860.4 2964.5 ? 178.8
2859.12 200 𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟓 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
4.37 2859.12 2963.29
4.5 2857.8 2962.8 2963.29 250

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟖 °𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

P 200 250 𝒗 T
4 0.5343 0.5952 ? 178.8
4.37 0.488 0.544 0.488 200
4.5 0.4738 0.5284 0.544 250

𝐤𝐉
@ State 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐠𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝟐 < 𝐬𝐠𝟐 𝐖𝐞𝐭

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
𝐤𝐉
@ State 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 ; 𝐰𝐞𝐭
𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐬𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊
7.04 = 1.433 + x2 × 5.79

𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟖

@ State 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟖

h2 = hf2 + x2 . hfg2 𝐡𝐟𝟐 = 467.1 kJ/kg

h2 = 467.1 + 0.968 × 2226.3
𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟑 kJ/kg
𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ State 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟖

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝛝𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . (𝛝𝐠𝟐 −𝛝𝐟𝟐 ) 𝛝𝐠𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟖 × (𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟗 - 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟎. 𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 2000 2950.4 − 2814.5
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 𝟓𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝐦/𝐬 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + ht − h2 × ηd ]

C2 = 2000[ 2950.4 − 2814.95 + 2814.95 − 2622.15 × 0.85]

𝛈𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
C2 = 𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟕𝟑 𝐦/𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

At ×Ct
mass flow rate ṁ = Ct = 𝟓𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
ϑt

kg
At × 521.34 ṁ = 0.2277
0.2277 = s
0.4642
𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠
−𝟒 𝟐
At = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐦
π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4
π
2.027 × 10−4 = × D2t
4

Dt = 0.01606 m
Answer

𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐭 𝐃𝐭 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦

A2 × C2 ϑ2 = 1.1219 m3 /kg
Mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑ2
C2 = 773.73 m/s
A2 × 773.73
0.2277 = kg
1.1219 ṁ = 0.2277
s

Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = 3.3 × 10−4 m2

π
3.3 × 10−4 = × D22
4

D2 = 0.0205 m

Answer
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐭 𝐃𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 16:
A convergent-divergent nozzle receives steam at 7 bar and 200°C and expands
isentropically to 3 bar. Neglecting the inlet velocity, calculate the exit area
required for a mass flow of 0.1 kg/s, when the
a) the flow is in equilibrium throughout
b) the flow is super saturated with 𝐩𝐯 𝟏.𝟑 = 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 7 bar; T1 = 200°C 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

@ state 2; P2 = 3 bar kg
ṁ = 0.1 1 t 2
s
To find:

Exit area of the nozzle ( 𝐀 𝟐 ) =?

Case 1: flow is in equilibrium throughout

Case 2: flow is super saturated with pv1.3 = Constant.

Formula

A2 × C2
mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑ2

Case 1: flow is in equilibrium throughout

Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

Case 2: flow is super saturated with pv1.3 = Constant (metastable flow)

(n−1)/n
2n p2
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

p1 v1n = p2 v2n

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫

1
h1
= 2840 k JΤk g 𝛝𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

h2 = 2675 k JΤk g
2
𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

Case 1: flow is in equilibrium throughout

Velocity of steam at exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

C2 = 2000 2840 − 2675

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟓𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟓 𝐦/𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ = 𝐤𝐠
ϑ2 ṁ = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝐬

A2 × 574.45
0.1 = 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
0. 6

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
A2 = 1.04465 × 10−4 m2

Answer

Cross Sectional area of exit of nozzle 𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

Case 2: flow is super saturated with pv1.3 = Constant n= 1.3

v1 = 0.3 m3 /kg

P1 = 7 bar = 7 × 105 N/m2

P2 = 3 bar

(n−1)/n
2n p2
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

(1.3−1)/1.3
2 × 1.3 3
C2 ′ = × 7 × 105 × 0.3 1 −
1.3 − 1 7

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟓𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝐦/𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

p1 v1n = p2 v2n n= 1.3

7 × 105 × 0.31.3 = 3 × 105 × v21.3 v1 = 0.3 m3 /kg

0.4877 = v21.3 P1 = 7 bar = 7 × 105 N/m2

ln(0.4877) = ln(v21.3 ) P2 = 3 bar = 3 × 105 N/m2

ln 0.4877 = 1.3 ln(v2 )

−0.552 = ln(v2 )

e−0.552 = ln(v2 )

e−0.552 = eln(v2 )
𝐯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
−0.552
e = v2

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ = 𝐤𝐠
ϑ2 ṁ = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝐬

A2 × 568.53 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝐦/𝐬

0.1 =
0. 5756

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
A2 = 1.01243 × 10−4 m2

Answer

Cross Sectional area of exit of nozzle 𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 17:
A convergent-divergent nozzle receives steam at 7 bar and 200°C and expands
isentropically to 3 bar. Neglecting the inlet velocity, calculate the exit area
required for a mass flow of 0.1 kg/s, when the
a) the flow is in equilibrium throughout
b) the flow is super saturated with 𝐩𝐯 𝟏.𝟑 = 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 7 bar; T1 = 200°C 𝐂𝟏 = 𝟎

kg
@ state 2; P2 = 3 bar ṁ = 0.1
s 1 t 2
To find:

Exit area of the nozzle ( 𝐀 𝟐 ) =?

Case 1: flow is in equilibrium throughout

Case 2: flow is super saturated with pv1.3 = Constant.

Formula

A2 × C2
mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑ2

Case 1: flow is in equilibrium throughout

Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

Case 2: flow is super saturated with pv1.3 = Constant (metastable flow)

(n−1)/n
2n p2
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

p1 v1n = p2 v2n

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂

𝐓𝐒𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓°𝐂 𝐓𝐒𝟏 < 𝐓𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

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Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐬𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐯𝟏 = 𝐯𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ State 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐠𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝟐 < 𝐬𝐠𝟐 𝐖𝐞𝐭

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐬𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

6.886 = 1.672 + x2 × 5.319 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

𝐡𝟐 = 𝐡𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝟐 = 561.5 kJ/kg

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟓𝟔𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟐 kJ/kg

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝛝𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . (𝛝𝐠𝟐 −𝛝𝐟𝟐 ) 𝛝𝐠𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 × (𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟑- 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 1: flow is in equilibrium throughout

Velocity of steam at exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒. 𝟐 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000 2844.2 − 2681.3

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟏. 𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 𝐦/𝐬

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑ2
𝐤𝐠
ṁ = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝐬

A2 × 570.79 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 𝐦/𝐬

0.1 =
0. 59344

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
A2 = 1.03968 × 10−4 m2

Answer

Cross Sectional area of exit of nozzle 𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: flow is super saturated with pv1.3 = Constant n= 1.3

v1 = 0.2999 m3 /kg
For SUPERSATURATED FLOW
P1 = 7 bar = 7 × 105 N/m2

P2 = 3 bar

(n−1)/n
2n p2
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

(1.3−1)/1.3
2 × 1.3 3
C2 ′ = × 7 × 105 × 0.2999 1 −
1.3 − 1 7

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟓𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝟒 𝐦/𝐬

p1 v1n = p2 v2n n= 1.3

v1 = 0.2999 m3 /kg

P1 = 7 bar = 7 × 105 N/m2

7 × 105 × 0.29991.3 = 3 × 105 × v21.3
P2 = 3 bar = 3 × 105 N/m2
0.4875 = v21.3

ln(0.4875) = ln(v21.3 )

ln 0.4875 = 1.3 ln(v2 )

−0.5525 = ln(v2 )

e−0.5525 = eln(v2 )
e−0.5525 = v2 𝐯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
A2 × C2 ′
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ = 𝐤𝐠
ϑ2 ṁ = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝐬

A2 × 568.44 𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟓𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝟒 𝐦/𝐬

0.1 =
0. 5754

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
A2 = 1.01239 × 10−4 m2

Answer

Cross Sectional area of exit of nozzle 𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

105
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 18:
Find the percentage increase in discharge from a convergent-divergent nozzle
expanding steam from 8.75 bar dry to 2 bar when
a) the expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium and
b) the steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 8.75 bar; Dry Saturated

@ state 2; P2 = 2 bar 1 t 2
To find:

Percentage increase in discharge =?

Case 1: Expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium

Case 2: Steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

Formula
ṁ′ − ṁ
Percentage increase in discharge = × 100%
ṁ′

Case 1: Expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium

A2 ×C2
Mass flow rate ṁ = ϑ2

Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: Steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

𝑝1 𝑣1𝑛 = 𝑝2 𝑣2𝑛

n = 1.3

𝐴2 ×𝐶2 ′
M𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ′ = 𝜗2

(𝑛−1)/𝑛
2𝑛 𝑝2
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐶2 ′ = 𝑝1 𝑣1 1 −
𝑛−1 𝑝1

@ state 1; P1 = 8.75 bar; Dry Saturated

@ state 2; P2 = 2 bar

1 𝝑𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
ℎ1
= 2770 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔

2
ℎ2 = 2510 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 𝝑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 1: Expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium

Velocity of steam at exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000 2770 − 2510 𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟕𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝐦/𝐬

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑ2

𝐂𝟐 = 𝟕𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝐦/𝐬

A2 × 721.11
ṁ =
0. 8 𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

ṁ = 901.38 A2

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: Steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

If the flow is metastable; n= 1.3 v1 = 0.23 m3 /kg

P1 = 8.75 bar = 8.75 × 105 N/m2

P2 = 2 bar

(n−1)/n
2n p2
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

(1.3−1)/1.3
2 × 1.3 2
C2 ′ = × 8.75 × 105 × 0.23 1 −
1.3 − 1 8.75

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
n= 1.3

v1 = 0.23 m3 /kg

P1 = 8.75 bar = 8.75 × 105 N/m2

P2 = 2 bar = 2 × 105 N/m2

p1 v1n = p2 v2n

8.75 × 105 × 0.231.3 = 2 × 105 × v21.3

𝐯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

A2 × C2 ′
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑ2

𝐂𝟐′ = 𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟒 𝐦/𝐬

A2 × 709.54
ṁ′ = 𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
0. 715

ṁ′ = 992.36 A2

ṁ′ − ṁ
Percentage increase in discharge = × 100%
ṁ

ṁ = 901.38 A2

992.36 A2 − 901.38 A2
Percentage increase in discharge = × 100%
901.38 A2 ṁ′ = 992.36 A2

Percentage increase in discharge =10.09 %

Answer

Percentage increase in discharge =10.09 %

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 19:
Find the percentage increase in discharge from a convergent-divergent nozzle
expanding steam from 8.75 bar dry to 2 bar when
a) the expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium and
b) the steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 8.75 bar; Dry Saturated

@ state 2; P2 = 2 bar 1 t 2
To find:

Percentage increase in discharge =?

Case 1: Expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium

Case 2: Steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

Formula

ṁ′ − ṁ
Percentage increase in discharge = × 100%
ṁ′

Case 1: Expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium

A2 ×C2
Mass flow rate ṁ = ϑ2

Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: Steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

p1 v1n = p2 v2n

n = 1.3

A2 ×C2 ′
Mass flow rate ṁ′ = ϑ2

(n−1)/n
2n p2
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐃𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐯𝟏 = 𝐯𝐠𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐠𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

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Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐬𝐠𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐬𝟐 < 𝐬𝐠𝟐
𝐖𝐞𝐭

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐬𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

6.628 = 1.53 + x2 × 5.597

𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐡𝟐 = 𝐡𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝟐 = 504.7 kJ/kg

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒. 𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔
𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔 kJ/kg
𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝟐
𝛝𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠
𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . (𝛝𝐠𝟐 −𝛝𝐟𝟐 )

𝛝𝐠𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠
𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑
+ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐 × (𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟒- 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑
)

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 1: Expansion is taking place under thermal equilibrium

Velocity of steam at exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000 2771.07 − 2508.1

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝐦/𝐬

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑ2

𝐂𝟐 = 𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝐦/𝐬

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

A2 × 725.217
ṁ =
0. 81

ṁ = 𝟖𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝐀 𝟐

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: Steam is in the metastable state during part of its expansion.

If the flow is metastable; n= 1.3 v1 = 0.2206 m3 /kg

P1 = 8.75 bar = 8.75 × 105 N/m2

P2 = 2 bar

(n−1)/n
2n p2
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

(1.3−1)/1.3
2 × 1.3 2
C2 ′ = × 8.75 × 105 × 0.2206 1 −
1.3 − 1 8.75

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟔𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟗 𝐦/𝐬

n= 1.3

v1 = 0.2206 m3 /kg

P1 = 8.75 bar = 8.75 × 105 N/m2

P2 = 2 bar = 2 × 105 N/m2

p1 v1n = p2 v2n

8.75 × 105 × 0.22061.3 = 2 × 105 × v21.3

𝐯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

A2 × C2 ′
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑ2

𝐂𝟐′ = 𝟔𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟗 𝐦/𝐬

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

A2 × 694.89
ṁ′ =
0. 6865

ṁ′ = 1012.16 A2

ṁ′ − ṁ
Percentage increase in discharge = × 100%
ṁ

ṁ′ = 1012.16 A2

ṁ = 𝟖𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝐀𝟐

1012.16 A2 − 895.33 A2
Percentage increase in discharge = × 100%
895.33 A2

Percentage increase in discharge =13.05 %

Answer

Percentage increase in discharge =13.05 %

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 20:
The flow rate through the steam nozzle with the isentropic flow from the
pressure of 13 bar was found to be 60 kg/min. Steam is initially saturated.
Determine the throat area. If the flow is supersaturated, determine the increase
in the flow rate.

Given Data:

@ state 1; P1 = 13 bar; Dry Saturated

kg kg 1 t 2
ṁ = 60 =1
min s
To find:

Throat area =?

Increase in flow rate =?

Formula

Increase in mass flow rate = ṁ′ − ṁ

Case 1: Isentropic flow

At × Ct
mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑt

Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: Supersaturated flow

p1 v1n = pt vtn
n = 1.3

At ×Ct ′
Mass flow rate ṁ′ = ϑt

(n−1)/n
2n pt
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle Ct ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟑

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐃𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 @ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

1 𝛝𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
h1
= 2785 k JΤk g
ht = 2680 k JΤk g
t 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

Case 1: Isentropic flow

Velocity of steam at exit C2 = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000 2785 − 2680

𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟒𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦/𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt

At × 458.25 𝐂𝐭 = 𝟒𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦/𝐬

1=
0. 25

−4 2
𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
At = 5.45 × 10 m

kg kg
ṁ = 60 =1
min s

Answer

𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 (𝐀 𝐭 ) = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

Case 2: Super saturated flow v1 = 0.15 m3 /kg

Pt = 7.5 bar

If steam is super saturated; n= 1.3

P1 = 13 bar = 13 × 105 N/m2

(n−1)/n
2n pt
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

(1.3−1)/1.3
2 × 1.3 7.5
C2 ′ = × 13 × 105 × 0.15 1 −
1.3 − 1 13

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

n= 1.3

v1 = 0.15 m3 /kg

P1 = 13 bar = 13 × 105 N/m2

p1 v1n = pt vtn
Pt = 7.5 bar = 7.5 × 105 N/m2

13 × 105 × 0.151.3 = 7.5 × 105 × vt1.3

𝐯𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

At × Ct ′
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ′ =
ϑt

At = 5.45 × 10−4 m2

𝐂𝐭′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

5.45 × 10−4 × 446.8
ṁ′ =
0. 229 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

kg
ṁ′ = 1.0633 = 63.8 kg/min
s

122
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Increase in massflow rate = ṁ′ − ṁ

kg kg
ṁ = 60 =1
min s

ṁ′ = 63.8 kg/min

kg
Increase in massflow rate = 63.8 − 60 = 3.8
min

Answer

kg
Increase in discharge or massflow rate = 3.8
min

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 21 :
The flow rate through the steam nozzle with the isentropic flow from the pressure
of 13 bar was found to be 60 kg/min. Steam is initially saturated. Determine the
throat area. If the flow is supersaturated, determine the increase in the flow rate.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 13 bar; Dry Saturated

kg kg
ṁ = 60 =1
min s

To find: t
1 2

Throat area =?

Increase in flow rate =?

Formula

Increase in flow rate = ṁ′ − ṁ

Case 1: Isentropic flow

At × Ct
mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑt

Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: Supersaturated flow

p1 v1n = pt vtn
n = 1.3

At ×Ct ′
Mass flow rate ṁ′ = ϑt

(n−1)/n
2n pt
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle Ct ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐃𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐯𝟏 = 𝐯𝐠𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐠𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟑

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐬𝐠𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟔𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤 𝒔𝒈 p

6.686 7.4
𝐬𝐭 < 𝐬𝐠𝐭 ? 7.5
6.677 7.6
𝐖𝐞𝐭

126
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ Throat; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝒔𝒇 p 𝒔𝒇 p
𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝐭
2.014 7.4 4.672 7.4
6.491 = 2.0195 + x2 × 4.662 ? 7.5 ? 7.5
𝐱 𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 2.025 7.6 4.652 7.6
𝐬𝐟𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟐 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤; 𝐱 𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔

𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝐭 𝒉𝒇 p 𝒉𝒇𝒈 p

706.9 7.4 2057.4 7.4
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 ? 7.5 ? 7.5
711.7 7.6 2053.7 7.6
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
𝐡𝐟𝐭 = 709.3 kJ/kg 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝐭 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 kJ/kg

127
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝐭

𝛝𝐟 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠
𝒗𝒇 p 𝒗𝒈 p
0.001111 7.4 0.2587 7.4
𝛝𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟕 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠
? 7.5 ? 7.5
0.001112 7.6 0.25224 7.6

𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝐭
𝛝𝐟 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝐭 = 𝛝𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . (𝛝𝐠 −𝛝𝐟 ) 𝛝𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟕 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 × (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟕- 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 1: Isentropic flow

Velocity of steam at exit C2 = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000 2785.4 − 2682.63
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt

At × 453.36 𝐂𝐭 = 𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

1=
0. 2452

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

At = 5.42 × 10−4 m2
kg kg
ṁ = 60 =1
min s

Answer

Throat area (At ) = 5.42 × 10−4 m2

129
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Case 2: Super saturated flow v1 = 0.15114 m3 /kg

If steam is super saturated; n= 1.3

P1 = 13 bar = 13 × 105 N/m2

Pt = 7.5 bar

(n−1)/n
2n pt
Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle C2 ′ = p1 v1 1 −
n−1 p1

(1.3−1)/1.3
2 × 1.3 7.5
C2 ′ = × 13 × 105 × 0.15114 1 −
1.3 − 1 13

𝐂𝟐 ′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟖. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
n= 1.3

v1 = 0.15114 m3 /kg

p1 v1n = pt vtn
P1 = 13 bar = 13 × 105 N/m2

13 × 105 × 0.151141.3 = 7.5 × 105 × vt1.3 Pt = 7.5 bar = 7.5 × 105 N/m2

𝐯𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
At × Ct ′
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt
At = 5.42 × 10−4 m2

5.42 × 10−4 × 448.5 𝐂𝐭′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟖. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬

ṁ′ =
0. 23

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
kg
ṁ′ = 1.0569 = 63.414 kg/min
s

Increase in discharge or massflow rate = ṁ′ − ṁ

kg kg
ṁ = 60 =1
min s

ṁ′ = 63.414 kg/min

kg
Increase in discharge or massflow rate = 63.414 − 60 = 3.414
min

Answer

kg
Increase in discharge or massflow rate = 3.414
min

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 22:
A steam nozzle is supplied steam at 15 bar 350°C and discharges steam at 1 bar.
If the diverging portion of the nozzle is 80 mm long and the throat diameter is
6mm, determine the cone angle of the diverging portion. Assume 12% of the
total available enthalpy drop is lost in friction in the diverging portion. Also,
determine the velocity & temperature of the steam at the throat.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 15 bar; T1 = 350°C

@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar Ld = 80 mm; Dt = 6 mm 1 t 2

ηd = 0.88
To find:

Cone angle of the diverging portion ( 𝛂) =?

Temperature of the steam at the throat( 𝐓𝐭 ) =?

Velocity of the steam at the throat( 𝐂𝐭 ) =?

Exit

throat

α diverging portion
θ Dt D2

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Formula

Cone angle (∝) = 2θ

1 t 2
D2 −Dt
Semi Cone angle (θ) = tan−1 ( 2L )
d

π
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = × D22
4

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

A1 ×C1 At ×Ct A2 ×C2

Mass flow rate ṁ = = =
ϑ1 ϑt ϑ2

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + ht − h2 × ηd ]

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎°𝐂 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝐏𝟏
@ State 1; P1 = 15 bar

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟓

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎°𝐂 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝛝𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
h1 = 3140 k JΤk g
1

𝐡𝐭 = t 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
𝐓𝐭 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎°𝐂

h2 = 2580 k JΤk g 𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

2

@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐭 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

Ct = 2000 3140 − 2990

Ct = 𝟓𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟐 𝐦/𝐬

Answer

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 547.72 m/s

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

𝐃𝐭 = 𝟔 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

π
At = × 6 × 10−3 2
4

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt 𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

𝐂𝐭 = 𝟓𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟐 𝐦/𝐬

2.827 × 10−5 × 547.72

ṁ = 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
0.3

ṁ =0.0516 kg/s

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + ht − h2 × ηd ]

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐭 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

ηd = 0.88

C2 = 2000[ 3140 − 2990 + 2990 − 2580 × 0.88]

C2 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐦/𝐬

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
A2 × C2
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑ2 ṁ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐠/𝐬

A2 × 1010.74
0.0516 = 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
1.6

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
A2 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟔𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

π
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = × D22
4

π
𝟖. 𝟏𝟔𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = × D22
4

𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

D2 −Dt
Semi Cone angle (θ) = tan−1 ( )
2Ld

𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
10.19×10−3 −6×10−3
(θ) = tan−1 ( )
2×80×10−3
𝐃𝐭 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
θ = 1.5°
𝐋𝐃 = 𝟖𝟎𝐦𝐦 = 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

Cone angle (∝) = 2θ

Cone angle ∝ = 3°

Answer
Cone angle ∝ = 3°

137
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 23 :
A steam nozzle is supplied steam at 15 bar 350°C and discharges steam at 1 bar.
If the diverging portion of the nozzle is 80 mm long and the throat diameter is
6mm, determine the cone angle of the diverging portion. Assume 12% of the
total available enthalpy drop is lost in friction in the diverging portion. Also,
determine the velocity & temperature of the steam at the throat.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 15 bar; T1 = 350°C

@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar 1 t 2
Ld = 80 mm; Dt = 6 mm

ηd = 0.88
To find:

Cone angle of the diverging portion ( 𝛂) =?

Temperature of the steam at the throat( 𝐓𝐭 ) =?

Velocity of the steam at the throat( 𝐂𝐭 ) =?

Exit

throat

α diverging portion
θ Dt D2

138
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Formula

Cone angle (∝) = 2θ

D2 −Dt 1 t 2
Semi Cone angle (θ) = tan−1 ( )
2Ld

π
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = × D22
4

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

A1 ×C1 At ×Ct A2 ×C2

Mass flow rate ṁ = = =
ϑ1 ϑt ϑ2

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + ht − h2 × ηd ]

Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎°𝐂

𝐓𝐒𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟑°𝐂 𝐓𝐒𝟏 < 𝐓𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

139
Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐬𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

140
Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝛝𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝟏.𝟑
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝐏𝟏 @ State 1; P1 = 15 bar

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟓

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

141
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐠𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊 𝐬𝐠𝐭 < 𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐤𝐉
@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐤𝐠𝐊

P 250 300 s T
8.0 7.040 7.235 7.027 250
𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 °𝐂
8.2 7.027 7.222 7.104 ?
9.0 6.980 7.177 7.222 300

Answer Temperature of steam at throat Tt = 270°C

142
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

P 250 300 T h
8.0 2950.4 3057.3 250 2949.82 𝐡𝐭 = 𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
8.2 2949.82 3056.4 270 ?
9.0 2946.8 3054.7 300 3056.4

@ throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

P 250 300 T 𝒗
8.0 0.2932 0.3241 250 0.2858 𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

8.2 0.2858 0.316 270 0.29788

9.0 0.2596 0.2874 300 0.316

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐠𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝟐 < 𝐬𝐠𝟐
𝐖𝐞𝐭

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐬𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

7.104 = 1.303 + x2 × 6.057 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐡𝟐 = 𝐡𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝟐 = 417.5 kJ/kg

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 × 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟗 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟗 kJ/kg

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟖. 𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝛝𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . (𝛝𝐠𝟐 −𝛝𝐟𝟐 ) 𝛝𝐠𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟖 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 × (𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟖- 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

145
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 2000 3148.7 − 2992.7

Ct = 𝟓𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

Answer
Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 558.56 m/s

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

𝐃𝐭 = 𝟔 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

π
At = × 6 × 10−3 2
4

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

146
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt 𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

𝐂𝐭 = 𝟓𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
2.827 × 10−5 × 558.56
ṁ =
0.29788

ṁ =0.053 kg/s

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + ht − h2 × ηd ]

ηd = 0.88

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟕 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟖. 𝟑 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 2000[ 3148.7 − 2992.7 + 2992.7 − 2578.3 × 0.88]

C2 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

147
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑ2 ṁ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐠/𝐬

A2 × 1020.46
0.053 = 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝐦/𝐬
1.621

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
A2 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐

π
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit A2 = × D22
4

π
𝟖. 𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = × D22
4

𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

D2 −Dt
Semi Cone angle (θ) = tan−1 ( )
2Ld

𝐃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
10.35×10−3 −6×10−3
(θ) = tan−1 ( )
2×80×10−3
𝐃𝐭 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦
θ = 1.558°
𝐋𝐃 = 𝟖𝟎𝐦𝐦 = 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

Cone angle (∝) = 2θ

Cone angle ∝ = 3.117°

Answer

Cone angle of diverging section ∝ = 3.117°

148
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 24:
Air at a pressure of 12 bar and 573 K is expanded isentropically through a nozzle
at a pressure of 2 bar. Determine the maximum mass flow rate through the
nozzle of 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝟐 area.

Given Data: 𝐀𝐢𝐫

1 t 2
@ state 1; P1 = 12 bar; T1 = 573 K

@ state 2; P2 = 2 bar

A2 = 0.00015 m2

To find:

Maximum mass flow rate ṁ =?

Formula
A2 × C2
Mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑ2

π
Cross Sectional area of nozzle exit (A2 ) = × D22
4

Velocity of air at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 = 2000 Cp (T1 − T2 )

Specific enthalpy of air at the inlet of the nozzle (h1 ) = CP T1

Specific enthalpy of air at the exit of the nozzle (h2 ) = CP T2

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

For isentropic flow, For air

kJ
γ
p1 v1 = p2 v2
γ Cp = 1.005
kg. K

(γ−1)/γ
T2 p2 kJ
= Cv = 0.718
T1 p1 kg. K

kJ
R = 0.287
From ideal gas equation kg. K

p1 v1 = R T1
γ = 1.4

Solution:

(γ−1)/γ P1 = 12 bar
T2 p2
=
T1 p1
T1 = 573 K

T2 2
(1.4−1)/1.4 P2 = 2 bar
=
573 12
γ = 1.4

𝐓𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝐊

Temperature of air at the exit of nozzle (𝐓𝟐 ) = 𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝐊

150
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

p1 v1 = R T1 P1 = 12 bar = 12 × 102 kPa

T1 = 573 K
12 × 102 × v1 = 0.287 × 573
kJ
R = 0.287
kg. K
𝐯𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

Velocity of air at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 Cp (T1 − T2 )

T2 = 343.43 K

C2 = 2000 × 1.005 (573 − 343.43)

kJ
Cp = 1.005
kg. K

𝐂𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕𝟗. 𝟑 𝐦/𝐬

γ γ
p1 v1 = p2 v2 γ = 1.4

P1 = 12 bar = 12 × 105 N/m2

12 × 105 × 0.1371.4 = 2 × 105 v21.4 v1 = 0.137 m3 /kg

P2 = 2 bar = 2 × 105 N/m2

0.371 = v21.4

𝐯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

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 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate ṁ = A2 = 0.00015 m2
ϑ2

C2 = 679.3 m/s
0.00015 × 679.3
ṁ =
0.4926
v2 = 0.4926 m3 /kg

ṁ =0.2068 kg/s

Answer

Mass flow rate through the nozzle ṁ = 0.2068 kg/s

152
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 25:
A gas expands in a convergent-divergent nozzle from 15 bar to 5 bar, the initial
temperature being 700°C and the nozzle efficiency is 90%. All the losses take
after the throat. For 1 kg/sec mass flow rate of the gas, find the throat and exit
areas. Take n = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg K.

Given Data: 𝐆𝐚𝐬

@ state 1; P1 = 15 bar; T1 = 700°C ηd = 0.9

@ state 2; P2 = 5 bar ṁ = 1 kg/s

n = γ = 1.4; R = 287 J/kgK

1 t 2
To find:

Throat area At =?
Exit area A2 =?

Formula
At ×Ct A2 ×C2
Mass flow rate ṁ = =
ϑt ϑ2

Velocity of gas at nozzle exit C2 = 2000[ h1 − ht + ht − h2 × ηd ]

Velocity of gas at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 [ Cp T1 − Tt + Cp Tt − T2 × ηd ]

Velocity of gas at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht = 2000 Cp (T1 − Tt )

Specific enthalpy of gas at the inlet of the nozzle (h1 ) = CP T1

Specific enthalpy of gas at the throat (ht ) = CP Tt

Specific enthalpy of gas at the exit of the nozzle (h2 ) = CP T2

153
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

For isentropic flow,

γR
γ
p1 v1 =
γ
p2 v2
γ
p1 v1 =
γ
pt vt Cp =
γ−1

(γ−1)/γ
T2 p2 (γ−1)/γ R
= Tt pt Cv =
T1 p1 = γ−1
T1 p1

From ideal gas equation

p1 v1 = R T1
𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

Solution: 𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟒, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝟏.𝟒
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟒−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟒 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖
𝐏𝟏 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟓

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

154
Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

(γ−1)/γ
Tt pt
=
T1 p1 P1 = 15 bar

T1 = 700°C = 973K
(1.4−1)/1.4
Tt 7.92
=
973 15 γ = 1.4

𝐓𝐭 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝐊

Temperature of gas at the exit of nozzle (𝐓𝐭 ) = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝐊

(γ−1)/γ
T2 p2
=
T1 p1

P1 = 15 bar
(1.4−1)/1.4
T2 5
= T1 = 700°C = 973K
973 15

P2 = 5 bar

γ = 1.4
𝐓𝟐 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝐊

Temperature of gas at the exit of nozzle (𝐓𝟐 ) = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝐊

155
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

p1 v1 = R T1 P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 N/m2

T1 = 973 K
15 × 105 × v1 = 287 × 973
kJ J
R = 0.287 = 287
kg. K kg. K
𝐯𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

γ = 1.4

γR 1.4 × 287 𝐉 𝐤𝐉
Cp = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
γ−1 1.4 − 1 𝐤𝐠. 𝐊 𝐤𝐠. 𝐊

R 287 𝐉 𝐤𝐉
Cv = = = 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟓
γ − 1 1.4 − 1 𝐤𝐠. 𝐊 𝐤𝐠. 𝐊

γ γ
p1 v1 = p2 v2 γ = 1.4

P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 N/m2

15 × 105 × 0.1861.4 = 5 × 105 v21.4 v1 = 0.186 m3 /kg

P2 = 5 bar = 5 × 105 N/m2

0.284 = v21.4

𝐯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

156
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of gas at exit of nozzle C2 = 2000 [ Cp T1 − Tt + Cp Tt − T2 × ηd ]

C2 = 2000 [ 1.0045 973 − 810.8 + 1.0045 810.8 − 710.87 × 0.9]

kJ
Cp = 1.0045
kg. K
C2 = 𝟕𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟏 𝐦/𝐬
T1 = 973 K

T2 = 710.87 K

ηd = 0.9

Tt = 810.8 K
γ γ
p1 v1 = pt vt

γ = 1.4

15 × 105 × 0.1861.4 = 7.92 × 105 vt1.4 P1 = 15 bar = 15 × 105 N/m2

v1 = 0.186 m3 /kg

0.1797 = vt1.4
Pt = 7.92 bar = 7.92 × 105 N/m2

𝐯𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

157
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of gas at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht = 2000 Cp (T1 − Tt )

𝐤𝐉
Cp = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
𝐤𝐠. 𝐊
Ct = 2000 × 1.0045 973 − 810.8
𝐓𝟏 = 𝟗𝟕𝟑 𝐊

𝐓𝐭 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝐊
Ct = 𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝐦/𝐬

A2 × C2
Mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑ2
ṁ = 1 kg/s

A2 × 711.71
1= C2 = 711.71 m/s
0.4076

v2 = 0.4076 m3 /kg
A2 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

Answer

Exit area of nozzle A2 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

158
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
At × Ct ṁ = 1 kg/s
Mass flow rate ṁ =
ϑt

Ct = 570.84 m/s
At × 570.84
1=
0.2935
vt = 0.2935 m3 /kg

At = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

Answer

Throat area of nozzle At = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐

159
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 26 :
The nozzles of a De Laval steam turbine are supplied with dry saturated steam at
a pressure of 9 bar. The pressure at the outlet is 1 bar. The turbine has two
nozzles with a throat diameter of 2.5 mm. Assuming nozzle efficiency as 90%
and that of the turbine rotor 35%, Find the quantity of steam used per hour and
the power developed.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 9 bar; Dry saturated

@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar N=2 Dt = 2.5 mm

ηT = 0.35 ηN = 0.9
To find:
1 t 2
Quantity of steam used per hour (ṁ)=?

Power developed ( 𝐏) =?

Formula
P
Turbine rotor efficiency (ηT ) =
E
1
Energy supplied by the steam to the wheel per Sec(E) = × ṁT × C22
2

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 × ηN

ṁT
Number of nozzles N =
ṁ

At ×Ct
Mass flow rate ṁ = ϑt

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht × ηN

160
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 = 𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐫𝐲𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝐏𝟏

@ State 1; P1 = 9 bar
𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝟗

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟗 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐃𝐫𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫

𝛝𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
h1 = 2770 k JΤk g 1

𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟓. 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 t
𝛝𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

h2 = 2410 k JΤk g 2
𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

161
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht × ηN

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 2000 2770 − 2665 × 0.9
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟓 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 𝟒𝟑𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝐦/𝐬

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

π
At = × 2.5 × 10−3 2
4 𝐃𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟐

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt
At = 4.9 × 10−6 m2

Ct = 434.74 m/s
4.9 × 10−6 × 434.74
ṁ =
0.35
ϑt = 0.35 m3 /kg

ṁ = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg/s

ṁT
Number of nozzles N =
ṁ

ṁT
2=
6.086 × 10−3

Total mass flow rate of steam ṁT = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg/s

162
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 × ηd

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
C2 = 2000 2770 − 2410 × 0.9
𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟖𝟎𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 𝐦/𝐬 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟗
1
Energy supplied by the steam to the wheel per Sec(E) = × ṁT × C22
2

1
(E) = × 12.43 × 10−3 × 804.982 ṁT = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg/s
2

E = 4027.32 J/s

𝐄 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐬

P
Turbine rotor efficiency (ηT ) =
E

𝛈𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
P
0.35 = 𝐄 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐬
4.027

𝐏 =1.409 kW

Answer

Power developed by the turbine (P) =1.409 kW

163
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
PROBLEM 27:
The nozzles of a De Laval steam turbine are supplied with dry saturated steam at
a pressure of 9 bar. The pressure at the outlet is 1 bar. The turbine has two
nozzles with a throat diameter of 2.5 mm. Assuming nozzle efficiency as 90%
and that of the turbine rotor 35%, Find the quantity of steam used per hour and
the power developed.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 9 bar; Dry saturated

@ state 2; P2 = 1 bar N=2 Dt = 2.5 mm

To find: ηT = 0.35 ηN = 0.9

Quantity of steam used per hour (ṁ)=?

1 t 2
Power developed ( 𝐏) =?

Formula
P
Turbine rotor efficiency (ηT ) =
E
1
Energy supplied by the steam to the wheel per Sec(E) = × ṁT × C22
2

Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 × ηN

ṁT
Number of nozzles N =
ṁ

At ×Ct
Mass flow rate ṁ = ϑt

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht × ηN

164
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Solution: @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟗 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐃𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐯𝟏 = 𝐯𝐠𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐡𝐠𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐠𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐧
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏

𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓, 𝐢𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐫𝐲𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝐏𝐭 𝟐 𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟓−𝟏
=
𝐏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟓 + 𝟏

𝐏𝐭
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝐏𝟏

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝐏𝟏 @ State 1; P1 = 9 bar

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 × 𝟗

𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫

165
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤

𝐬𝐠𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟎𝟔 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤 𝐬𝐭 < 𝐬𝐠𝐭 𝐖𝐞𝐭

@ Throat; 𝐏𝐭 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐬𝐭 = 𝐬𝐟𝐭 + 𝐱 𝐭 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝐭 𝐬𝐟𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

6.619 = 1.875 + x2 × 4.931

𝐱 𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

166
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ Throat; 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓; 𝒙𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔

𝒉𝒕 = 𝒉𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝒕 𝒉𝒇𝒕 = 646.5 kJ/kg

𝒉𝒇𝒈𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟕 kJ/kg

𝒉𝒕 = 𝟔𝟒𝟔. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟕

𝒉𝒕 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟓. 𝟏 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

@ Throat; 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓; 𝒙𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔

𝝑𝒕 = 𝝑𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . 𝝑𝒇𝒈𝒕 𝝑𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝝑𝒕 = 𝝑𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . (𝝑𝒈 −𝝑𝒇 ) 𝝑𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝝑𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 × (𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟔 - 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝝑𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈

167
Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝐠𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐬𝟐 < 𝐬𝐠𝟐

𝐖𝐞𝐭

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐬𝟏 = 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠 𝐤; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐬𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

6.619 = 1.303 + x2 × 6.057 𝐬𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠𝐊

𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕

168
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝐡𝟐 = 𝐡𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝐡𝐟𝟐 = 417.5 kJ/kg

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕 × 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟗 𝐡𝐟𝐠𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟗 kJ/kg

𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕; 𝐰𝐞𝐭

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . 𝛝𝐟𝐠𝟐 𝛝𝐟𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝛝𝐟𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 . (𝛝𝐠𝟐 −𝛝𝐟𝟐 ) 𝛝𝐠𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟖 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐤 𝐠

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕 × (𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟖- 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝛝𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠

169
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Velocity of steam at throat Ct = 2000 h1 − ht × ηN

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 2000 2772.1 − 2665.1 × 0.9
𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟓. 𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
Ct = 𝟒𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

π
Cross Sectional area of throat At = × D2t
4

π
At = × 2.5 × 10−3 2
4 𝐃𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

𝐀 𝐭 = 𝟒. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟐

At × Ct
Mass flow rate of steam ṁ =
ϑt

At = 4.9 × 10−6 m2

Ct = 438.86 m/s
4.9 × 10−6 × 438.86
ṁ =
0.3466
ϑt = 0.3466 m3 /kg

ṁ = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg/s

ṁT
Number of nozzles N =
ṁ

ṁT
2=
6.21 × 10−3

Total mass flow rate of steam ṁT = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg/s

170
 Lecture Notes – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE
Velocity of steam at nozzle exit C2 = 2000 h1 − h2 × ηd

𝐡𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟏 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠
C2 = 2000 2772.1 − 2397.6 × 0.9
𝐡𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 𝐤 𝐉Τ𝐤 𝐠

C2 = 𝟖𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝐦/𝐬 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟗

1
Energy supplied by the steam to the wheel per Sec(E) = × ṁT × C22
2
1
(E) = × 12.43 × 10−3 × 821.0352
2
ṁT = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg/s

E = 4189.52 J/s

𝐄 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐬

P
Turbine rotor efficiency (ηT ) =
E
𝛈𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓

P 𝐄 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝐤𝐉/𝐬
0.35 =
4.189

𝐏 =1.466 kW

Answer

Power developed by the turbine (P) =1.466 kW

171
ASSIGNMENT
UNIT – 1 – STEAM NOZZLES

K
Q. No Assignment Questions CO
Level
1. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 300 kPa, 500 K with a
velocity of 10 m/s. It leaves the nozzle at 100 kPa with
a velocity of 180 m/s. The inlet area is 80 𝑐𝑚2 .
The specific heat of air Cp is 1008 J/kgK.
K2 CO1
The exit temperature of the air is
(A) 516 K (B) 532 K (C) 484 K (D) 468 K
The exit area of the nozzle in cm2 is
(A) 90.1 (B) 56.3 (C) 4.4 (D) 12.9 (GATE 2012)

2. The temperature and pressure of air in a large reservoir

are 400 K and 3 bar respectively. A converging diverging
nozzle of exit area 0.005𝑚2 is fitted to the wall of the
reservoir as shown in the figure. The static pressure of
air at the exit section for isentropic flow through the
nozzle is 50 kPa. The characteristic gas constant and
the ratio of specific heats of air are 0.287 kJ/kgK and
1.4 respectively.
K2 CO1

The density of air in kg/m3 at the nozzle exit is

(A) 0.560 (B) 0.600 (C) 0.727 (D) 0.800
The mass flow rate of air through the nozzle in kg/s is
(A) 1.30 (B) 1.77 (C) 1.85 (D) 2.06 (GATE 2011)

172
PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. K CO
Question and Answers
NO LVEL

1. Define the steam nozzle. K1 CO1

The steam nozzle is a passage of varying cross-section

by means of which the thermal energy of steam is
converted into kinetic energy.

2. Define nozzle efficiency [Anna Univ.Nov’03, K1 CO1

Apr’04, Nov’10,Dec’11 & Dec’13]
Co-efficient of Nozzle or Nozzle efficiency is defined as
the ratio of actual enthalpy drop to isentropic enthalpy
drop.
Nozzle efficiency = (actual enthalpy drop) / (isentropic
enthalpy drop)

3. Explain the function of a nozzle. K1 CO1

i. To supply high-velocity jet of steam in a steam

turbine
ii. To inject feed water into the boiler in a steam
injector.

4. What are the effects of supersaturation in a steam K1 CO1

nozzle? [Anna Univ. Nov’02, June’09, Dec’12 &
Nov’12]
• The dryness fraction of the steam is increased.
• Entropy and specific volume of the steam are
increased.
• The exit velocity of the steam is reduced.
• Mass of steam discharged is increased.

173
PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Question and Answers K

CO
NO LVEL

5. What is the critical pressure ratio of a steam K1 CO1

nozzle? [Anna Univ. May ’08, Nov’03, Apr’04
& Nov’10]

Critical pressure ratio is one only value of the ratio

(p2/p1) which produces maximum discharge from the
nozzle. The ratio is called a critical pressure ratio.

6. What are the effects of friction on the flow K1 CO1

through a steam nozzle? [Anna Univ. Apr’03,
Nov’04, Nov’07, Nov’10, May’11 & May’14]

• The expansion is no more isentropic and the

enthalpy drop is reduced thereby resulting in the
reduced exit velocity.
• The final fraction of the steam is increased as a part
of the kinetic energy gets converted into heat due to
friction and absorbed by steam within the increase to
enthalpy.
• The specific volume of steam is increased as the
steam becomes drier due to this frictional reheating.

7. What are the factors reducing the final velocity of K1 CO1

steam in nozzle flow? [Anna Univ. Dec’10]

• The friction between nozzle surface and steam.

• The internal fluid friction in steam
• Shock losses.

174
PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Question and Answers K

CO
NO LVEL

8. Define the critical pressure ratio. K1 CO1

The pressure which the area is minimum and discharge

per unit area is maximum is called a critical pressure
ratio.
Critical pressure ratio = (p2/p1) = (2/(n+1))(n/(n-1))

9. What is the significance of the critical pressure K1 CO1

ratio?
i. The critical pressure gives the velocity of sound.
ii. The flow in the convergent portion of the nozzle is
subsonic and divergent portion is supersonic
iii. For expanding the steam below critical pressure,
the divergent portion of the nozzle is necessary.
iv. When p2 approaches the critical value the rate of
discharge will be maximum.

10. Define stagnation enthalpy K1 CO1

The stagnation enthalpy represents the enthalpy of fluid

when it is brought rest adiabatically.

11. What are the reasons for the drop in velocity of K1 CO1
the steam for a given pressure drop in the steam
nozzle?

i. Friction between the surface of the nozzle and steam

ii. Due to internal fluid friction in the steam
iii. Due to shock losses

175
PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Question and Answers K

CO
NO LVEL
12. What are the limits for super saturation in steam K1 CO1
nozzles? Why?
The super saturation occurs up to above 0.94 dryness
fraction and beyond that, the condensation of steam
occurs suddenly and irreversibly at constant enthalpy
and then remain in stable condition.
13 Define indicated pressure ratio in steam nozzles. K1 CO1

There is only one value of the ratio (P2/P1), which

produces maximum discharge from the nozzle. That ratio
is called Critical Pressure Ratio.
14. What are the factors that change the fluid K1 CO1
properties while fluid flows through a nozzle with
no work or heat transfer?
i. Change in flow area
ii. Frictional forces
15. Mention the applications of the nozzle. K1 CO1

i. To inject feed water into the boiler in steam

injectors.
ii. To maintain, high vacuum in power plant
condensers.
iii. To supply, high-velocity jet of the steam jet in
steam turbines.
iv. To remove, the air in the condenser.

176
PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Question and Answers K

CO
NO LVEL

16. What are the advantages of a convergent- K1 CO1

divergent nozzle?

i. The steam enters the nozzle at high pressure with

negligible velocity and leaves at high velocity with low
pressure.
ii. Convergent-divergent nozzles are used in back
pressure turbine.

17. What is the purpose of the divergent portion after K1 CO1

the throat section of the nozzle?

i. It accelerates the steam leaving the nozzle.

ii. It does not affect the discharge of steam passing
through the nozzle.

18. Define the degree of super saturation. K1 CO1

The ratio of super saturation pressures corresponding to

the temperature between supersaturated region is
known as the degree of super saturation.

19. Define the degree of reaction. K1 CO1

It is defined as the ratio of the actual isentropic heat

drop to the total heat drop in the entire stage.

20. Define Isothermal efficiency. K1 CO1

It is the ratio of isothermal power to Indicated or actual

power.

177
PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Question and Answers K CO

NO LVEL
21. What are the various types of nozzles and their K1 CO1
functions? [Anna Univ. Apr’04 & Apr’05]
a) Convergent nozzle:
In the convergent nozzle, the cross-sectional area
decreases from the inlet section to the outlet section. It
is used in a case where the back pressure is equal to or
greater than the critical pressure ratio.

b) Divergent nozzle:
In the divergent nozzle, the cross-sectional area
increases from the inlet section to the outlet section. It is
used in a case where the back pressure is less than the
critical pressure ratio.

c) Convergent-Divergent nozzle:
The cross-section of nozzle first decreases from the
inlet section to the throat and then it increases from
throat to outlet section. It is called a Convergent-
divergent nozzle. This case is used in the case where the
back pressure is less than the critical pressure. Also, in
present day application, it is widely used in many types
of steam turbines.

178
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

1. Starting from the steady flow energy equation for the

nozzle, derive an expression for exit velocity of the K2 CO1
nozzle.

2. Discuss the effect of friction and nozzle efficiency during

the expansion of steam through a convergent-divergent K2 CO1
nozzle

3. Starting from fundamentals, show that for maximum

discharge through a nozzle, the ratio of throat pressure
𝑛
2 𝑛−1
K2 CO1
to inlet pressure is given by where n is the index
𝑛+1

for isentropic expansion through the nozzle.

4. Derive the condition for maximum discharge through a

convergent-divergent nozzle for steam. [AU, May / June K2 CO1
– 2009]

5. Derive an expression for the critical pressure ratio in

K2 CO1
terms of the index of expansion. [AU, May / June –2007]

6. Derive an expression for velocity of steam at exit.

K2 CO1

7. Derive an expression for mass flow rate per unit area.

K2 CO1

8. Derive an expression for maximum velocity or critical

K2 CO1
velocity.

9. Derive an expression for velocity at throat under

K2 CO1
maximum discharge.

10. Derive an expression for maximum mass flow rate.

K2 CO1

11. Explain the supersaturated or metastable flow of steam

K2 CO1
through a nozzle and the significance of Wilson’s line.

179
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

12. Define the critical pressure ratio of a nozzle and discuss

why the attainment of sonic velocity determines the
K2 CO1
maximum mass rate on flow through the steam nozzle.
[AU, Nov / Dec – 2009]
13. Dry saturated steam at 5 bar with negligible velocity
expands in a convergent nozzle to 1 bar and dryness
K2 CO1
fraction 0.94. Determine the velocity of steam leaving
the nozzle.
14. In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from 4 bar to 1
bar. The initial velocity is 60 m/s and the initial
temperature is 2000C. Determine the exit velocity if the K2 CO1
nozzle efficiency is 92%. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2009]

15. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 15 bar enters in a

nozzle and is discharged at a pressure of 1.5 bar. Find
K2 CO1
the final velocity of steam when the initial velocity of
steam is negligible.
16. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 10 bar is expanded
in a nozzle to a pressure of 0.7 bar. With the help of the
Mollier diagram, find the velocity and dryness fraction of
K2 CO1
steam issuing from the nozzle if the friction is neglected.
Also, find the velocity and dryness fraction of the steam
if 15% of the heat drop is lost in friction.

180
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

17. Steam enters a group of nozzles of a steam turbine at 12

bar and 220 C and leaves at 1.2 bar. The steam turbine
develops 220 KW with a specific steam consumption of K2 CO1
13.5 Kg/KW h. If the diameter of nozzles at the throat is
7 mm, calculate the number of nozzles.
18. Estimate the mass flow rate of steam in a nozzle with the
following data:
Inlet pressure and temperature = 10 bar and 200°C K2 CO1
Back pressure = 0.5 bar
Throat diameter = 12 mm
19. Dry air at a pressure of 12 bar and 573 K is expanded
isentropically through a nozzle at a pressure of 2 bar.
K2 CO1
Determine the maximum mass flow rate through the
nozzle of 0.00015 m2 area. [AU, May / June – 2009]
20. Dry saturated steam enters a nozzle at a pressure of 10
bar and with an initial velocity of 90 m/sec. The outlet
pressure is 6 bar and the outlet velocity is 435 m/s. The
K2 CO1
heat loss from the nozzle is 9 KJ/kg of steam flow.
Calculate the dryness fraction and the area at the exit, if
the area at the inlet is 1256 mm2.
21. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure
of 15 bar and is discharged at a pressure of 2 bar. If the
dryness fraction of discharge steam is 0.96, what will be
the final velocity of steam? Neglect initial velocity of K2 CO1
steam. If 10% of heat drop is lost in friction, find the
percentage reduction in the final velocity. [AU, May /
June –2007]

181
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

22. A convergent-divergent nozzle receives steam at 7 bar

and 2000C and expands isentropically into a space of 3
bar. Neglecting the inlet velocity, calculate the exit area
required for a mass flow of 0.1 kg/s, when the K2 CO1
a) the flow is in equilibrium throughout
b) the flow is super saturated with PV1.3 = constant.
[AU, April / May – 2008]

23. Find the percentage increase in discharge from a

convergent-divergent nozzle expanding steam from 8.75
bar dry to 2 bar when
a) the expansion is taking place under thermal K2 CO1
equilibrium and
b) the steam is in the metastable state during part of its
expansion.

24. A gas expands in a convergent-divergent nozzle from 15

bar to 5 bar, the initial temperature being 700°C and the
nozzle efficiency is 90%. All the losses take after the K2 CO1
throat. For 1 kg/sec mass flow rate of the gas, find the
throat and exit areas Take n = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg K.

25. Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent-

divergent nozzle which will discharge 820 kg of steam
per hour from a pressure of 8 bar superheated to 220°C
K2 CO1
into a chamber having a pressure of 1.5 bar. The friction
loss in the divergent part of the nozzle may be taken as
0.15 of the total enthalpy drop.

182
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

26. Steam expands in a nozzle under the following

conditions: inlet pressure = 15 bar; inlet temperature =
250°C; final pressure = 4 bar; mass flow = 1kg /sec.
Calculate the required throat and exit area using Mollier
K2 CO1
diagram, when the
a) expansion is frictionless and
b) Friction loss at any pressure amounts to 10 percent of
the total heat drop down to that pressure.

27. An impulse turbine having a set of 16 nozzles receives

steam at 20 bar, 400°C. The pressure of steam at exit is
12 bar. If the total discharge is 260 kg/min and the
nozzle efficiency is 90%. Find the cross-sectional area of K2 CO1
exit of each nozzle. If the steam has a velocity of 80 m/s
at the entry to the nozzles, find the percentage increase
in discharge.

28. A steam nozzle supplied steam at 15 bar 350°C and

discharges steam at 1 bar. If the diverging portion of the
nozzle is 80mm long and the throat diameter is 6mm,
determine the cone angle of the diverging portion. K2 CO1
Assume 12% of the total available enthalpy drop is lost
in friction in the diverging portion. Also, determine the
velocity & temperature of the steam at the throat.

183
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

29. The nozzles of a Delaval steam turbine are supplied with

dry saturated steam at a pressure of 9 bar. The pressure
at the outlet is 1 bar. The turbine has two nozzles with a
K2 CO1
throat diameter of 2.5mm. Assuming nozzle efficiency as
90% and that of the turbine rotor 35%, Find the quality
of steam used per hour and the power developed.
30. Dry saturated steam at 10 bar is expanded in a nozzle to
0.4 bar. The throat area is 7cm2 and the inlet velocity is
negligible. Determine the mass flow and the exit area. K2 CO1
Assume isentropic flow and take the index n = 1.135 for
dry saturated steam. [AU Apr’05]
31. In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from 4 bar to 1
bar. The initial velocity is 60m/s and the initial
temperature is 200°C. Determine the exit velocity, if the K2 CO1
nozzle efficiency is 92% and the dryness fraction at the
exit. [Dec’10]
32. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure
of 12 bar and is discharged to a pressure of 1.5 bar. If
the dryness fraction of a discharged steam is 0.95 what K2 CO1
will be the final velocity of steam? Neglect initial velocity
of steam. [May’06]
33. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure
of 10 bar and is discharged to a pressure of 1.5 bar. If
the dryness fraction of a discharged steam is 0.95 what K2 CO1
will be the final velocity of steam? Neglect initial velocity
of steam. [Dec’08]

184
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

34. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a pressure

of 15 bar and is discharged at a pressure of 2.00 bar. If
the dryness fraction of discharge steam is 0.96 what will
K2 CO1
be the final velocity of steam? Neglect initial velocity of
steam. If 10% of the heat drop is lost in friction. Find the
percentage reduction in the final velocity. [May’06]
35. Dry saturated steam at 2.8 bar is expanded through a
convergent nozzle to 1.7 bar. The exit area is 3cm3.
Calculate the exit velocity and mass flow rate for K2 CO1
a) isentropic expansion and
b) Supersaturated flow. [Apr’03 & Nov’07]
36. The flow rate through the steam nozzle with the
isentropic flow from the pressure of 13 bar was found to
be 60kg/min. Steam is initially saturated. Determine the K2 CO1
throat area. If the flow is superheated, determine the
increase in the flow rate. [May’14]
37. The inlet condition of a steam nozzle is 10 bar and
2500C. The exit pressure is 2 bar. Assuming isentropic
expansion and negligible inlet velocity, determine
a) the throat area, K2 CO1
b) exit velocity and
c) exit area of the nozzle for a flow rate of 0.2 kg/s.
[Nov’10]

185
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

38. Steam expands isentropically in a nozzle from 1 MPa,

2500C to 10kPa. The flow rate of the steam is 1 kg/s.
Find the following when the inlet velocity is neglected.
K2 CO1
a) quality of steam
b) velocity of steam at the exit of the nozzle, and
c) exit area of the nozzle. [Dec’13]
39. Steam at 3 bar with 100C superheat is passed through a
convergent nozzle. The velocity of steam entering the
nozzle is 915 m/s. The back pressure is 1.5 bar.
Assuming that the nozzle efficiency is 90%, determine K2 CO1
the area of the nozzle at the exit. Discharge through the
nozzle is limited to 0.45 kg/sec. Take Cps (superheated
steam) = 2.2 kJ/kg.K. [Nov’04]
40. Steam enters a nozzle in a dry saturated condition and
expands from a pressure of 2 bar to a pressure of 1 bar.
It is observed that supersaturated flow is taking place
and the steam flow reverts to a normal flow at 1 bar. K2 CO1
What is the degree of undercooling and increase in
entropy and the loss in the available heat drop due to
irreversibility? [May’11 & May’12]

186
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

41. Steam at 10.5 bar and 0.95 dryness are expanded

through a convergent-divergent nozzle. The pressure of
steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find
a) Velocity of steam at throat for maximum discharge,
K2 CO1
b) the area at exit
c) steam discharge if the throat area is 1.2cm2. Assume
the flow as isentropic and there are no friction losses.
Take n=1.135. [Apr’03, Dec’12 & Dec’14]
42. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8 bar enters a
convergent-divergent nozzle and leaves it at a pressure
of 1.5 bar. If the steam flow process is isentropic and the
K2 CO1
corresponding expansion index is 1.135, find the ratio of
cross-sectional area at exit and throat for maximum
discharge. [Oct’02 & June’09]
43. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8 bar enters a
convergent-divergent nozzle and leaves it at a pressure
of 1.5 bar. If the flow is isentropic and if the
K2 CO1
corresponding expansion index is 1.133, find the cross-
sectional area at exit and throat for maximum discharge.
[May’08]
44. A convergent-divergent adiabatic steam nozzle is
supplied with steam at 10 bar and 2500C. The discharge
pressure is 1.2 bar. Assuming that the nozzle efficiency is K2 CO1
100% and the initial velocity of steam is 50m/s, find the
discharge velocity. [Nov’04]

187
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

45. Steam enters a group of convergent-divergent nozzles at

21 bar and 2700C; the discharge pressure of nozzle is
0.07 bar. The expansion is equilibrium throughout and
the loss of friction in a convergent portion of the nozzle
is negligible but the loss by friction in the divergent K2 CO1
section of the nozzle is equivalent to10% of enthalpy
drop available in that section. Calculate the throat and
exit area to discharge 14kg/s of steam. [Oct’02 &
Nov’03]
46. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 11 bars enters a
convergent-divergent nozzle and leaves at a pressure of
2 bar. If the flow is adiabatic and frictionless, determine
the: K2 CO1
a) the exit velocity of steam
b) the ratio of cross-section of exit and that at the
throat. [May’15]
47. Steam enters a convergent-divergent nozzle at 2 MPa
and 4000C with a negligible velocity and mass flow rate
of 2.5 kg/s and it exits at a pressure of 300 kPa. The
flow is isentropic between nozzle entrance and throat, K2 CO1
and overall nozzle efficiency is 93%. Determine
a) throat area and
b) exit area. [Dec’11]

188
PART B QUESTIONS – UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLES

SL. Questions K CO
NO LVEL

48. A convergent-divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2

kg of steam per second. The nozzle is supplied with
steam at 7 bar and 1800C and discharge takes place
against a back pressure of 1 bar. The expansion up to
throat isentropic and the frictional resistance between
the throat and exit is equivalent to 63 kJ/kg of steam.
Taking approach velocity of 75m/s and throat pressure of K2 CO1
4 bar, estimate: suitable areas for the throat and exit,
and
The overall efficiency of the nozzle based on the
enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pressure and
temperature and the exit pressure. [May’13]

49. Dry air at a pressure of 12 bar and 573 K is expanded

isentropically through a nozzle at a pressure of 2 bar.
K2 CO1
Determine the maximum mass flow rate through the
nozzle of the 0.00015m2 area. [June’09]
50. A steam turbine develops 184kW, with consumption of
16.45 kg/kWh. The pressure and temperature of the
steam entering the nozzle are 11.8 bar and 220°C. The
steam leaves the nozzle at 1.18 bar. The diameter of the
nozzle at the throat is 7 mm. Find the number of K2 CO1
nozzles. If 8% of the total enthalpy drop is lost in friction
in diverging part of the nozzle, determine the diameter
at the exit of the nozzle and exit velocity of the leaving
steam.

189
SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES

SL.
COURSE NAME Agency LINK
NO

https://nptel.ac.in/cours
1. Steam Power Engineering NPTEL
es/112/103/112103277/

https://nptel.ac.in/cours
2. Steam and Gas Power Systems NPTEL
es/112/107/112107216/

https://nptel.ac.in/cours
3. Energy conservation and waste heat NPTEL
es/112/105/112105221/

https://nptel.ac.in/cours
4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning NPTEL
es/112/107/112107208/

SWAYAM https://nptel.ac.in/cours
5. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
NPTEL es/112/105/112105128/
SWAYAM https://nptel.ac.in/cours
6. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning NPTEL es/112/105/112105129/

190
Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry

UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

Application Of Steam Nozzle:

Steam and Gas turbine

Jet Engine

Rocket Motors

It is used to measure the discharge of fluid.- e.g. Venturi meter

Injectors for pumping feed water to boilers.

The supersonic gas turbine engine: for the air intake when the air requirement of

the engine is high.

Rockets: for providing sufficient thrust to move upwards.

For removing air from the condenser using the injector.

Spray painting

191
Contents beyond the Syllabus

STEAM INJECTOR
Steam injector refers to the device for injecting water into boiler using steam
which may be available from boiler or exhaust steam from engine.

Schematic for steam injector is shown in Fig. Here high pressure steam enters a
converging steam nozzle and leaves with high velocity and low pressure. Water
gets entrained from feed tank and is carried by steam through combining nozzle.
In due course steam gets condensed and the resulting mixture enters the
divergent feed water nozzle where kinetic energy of water gets transformed into
pressure head. Pressure head available in feed water nozzle is sufficiently above
boiler pressure so that water can be fed to the boiler. Surplus water, if any gets
discharged from over flow. The steam injector works on its own. It may be noted
that the potential energy removed from live steam is many times more than the
potential energy returned.
Potential energy removed from live steam = Boiler steam pressure X Volume of
steam.
Potential energy returned = Boiler pressure X Volume of condensate and boiler
feed
Difference in the two potential energy exists due to large decrease in volume as
steam condenses and this difference is only used for pumping water.

192
ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE

Tentative dates for Assessment Tests and Model Exam.

Unit Test I : 01/09/22 – 06/09/22

Internal Assessment Test I : 16/09/22 – 22/09/22
Unit Test II : 08/10/22 – 13/10/22
Internal Assessment Test II : 02/11/22 – 08/11/22
Model Examination : 01/12/22 – 10/12/22

193
PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:

Kothandaraman, C.P., Domkundwar .S and Domkundwar

A.V.,”A course in Thermal Engineering”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons,
2016.
Mahesh. M. Rathore, “Thermal Engineering”, 1st Edition, Tata
Mc Graw Hill Publications, 2010.

REFERENCES:

Arora .C.P., “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning”, Tata Mc

Graw Hill, 2008
Ballaney. P.L." Thermal Engineering”, Khanna publishers, 24th
Edition 2012
Charles H Butler: Cogeneration” McGraw Hill, 1984.
Donald Q. Kern, “Process Heat Transfer”, Tata Mc Graw Hill,
2001.
Sydney Reiter “Industrial and Commercial Heat Recovery
Systems” Van Nostrand Reinhols, 1985.

194
MINI PROJECT SUGGESTIONS

UNIT I: STEAM NOZZLE

The following projects are based on Nozzle. This list shows the latest innovative
projects which can be built by students to develop hands on experience in areas
related to/ using Nozzle.

Water Jet cutting tool

Water jet cutting method is one of the material removal type of rapid
prototyping technique (RPT) which is been widely used in the automotive and
aerospace industry to produce the complex and precise shape on a metal with
minimum time and least effort being used.

Abrasive Jet machine

The conventional method of machining work-piece by formation of chips is

very inefficient and expensive method on many counts. In view of these adverse
and limiting characteristics of above conventional machining process, considerable
effort has been made during the last few decades in developing and perfecting a
number of newer methods, AJM is one of them which do not produce chips like
conventional machining type.

A Numerical solution to quasi one dimensional nozzle.

Analytical solutions give exact solutions that can be used to study the
behavior of the system with varying properties. Unfortunately, very few practical
systems lead to analytical solutions, and again the use of analytical solutions is of
limited use because of its difficulty. That’s why we use a numerical approach to
make a close answer to practical result with ease and convenience. Recently there is
a lot of research going on in this field. Doing a project in this field will give you an
advantage over others. In this project, you are going to write your own code to
solve a one-dimensional nozzle problem using numerical approach and you have to
find out the properties of fluid flowing through the nozzle along its length.

195
 Thank you

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196