MTD3033 - DATABASE SYSTEM A221

Assignment 1: Database System Implementation and

Issues

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

MUHAMMAD ASSRAF BIN ABDULLAH D20211100286
LECTURER NAME DR. NOOR ANIDA ZARIA BINTI MOHD NOOR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1. Introduction 1-2
1.1. Definition of Database, Database System and Database Management
System (DBMS)
1.2. Importance of Database System
1.3. Comparison between Database System and conventional file management
2. Data Model 2-5
2.1. Definition of data model
2.2. Representational (implementation) data models within the database field:
2.1 Hierarchical (IMS)
2.2 Network (IDMS)
2.3 Relational (ORACLE, DB2, SQL Server InterBase, Mimer)
2.4 Object-oriented (ObjectStore, Objectivity,Versant, Poet)
2.5 Object-relational (Informix, Odapter, DB2)
3 The Three-Schema Architecture (ANSI/SPARC Architecture) 6-7
ANSI/SPARC Architecture consists of 3 levels:
3.1 Internal level
3.2 Conceptual level
3.3 External level
4 Database Languages 7
4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)
4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
5 Classification
Criteria of DBMS 8-10
5.1 Centralized vs. distributed DBMSs
5.1.1 Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous DDBMSs
5.1.2 Multidatabase systems

5.2 Single-user vs. multi-user systems

5.3 General-purpose vs. special-purpose DBMSs

6 Conclusion
10

Reference
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition of Database, Database System and Database Management System

(DBMS)

A database is a type of data structure used to hold organised data. There are multiple tables in
the database, each of which includes a variety of fields. Tables covering products, workers,
and financial information, for instance, might be present in a firm database. Different fields
relevant to the data recorded in the table will be present in each of these tables. Database
systems have a high level of organisation and connection between users, databases, and the
hardware or operating systems used to store data. The database system strives to collect data
in a very organised manner and provide the right tools and apps to make it easier to process
and access the data. The two are distinct, although most people mix up database systems and
database management systems. A system (piece of software) called a database management
system (DBMS) provides an interface for storing and retrieving data from databases. A
collection of computer programmes called DBMS are used to store and manage data. There
are many different kinds of DBMS, including systems for managing contacts, files, and
documents. A DBMS, such as Microsoft Access, is used by this website.

1.2 Importance of Database System

The database system has several benefits. that is a A database can facilitate a work and hence
save time, which has a significant impact on the economy and society. Second, with the
advancement of significant technologies and the emergence of electronic commerce, mobile
communications, and other fields, databases are now the foundation for information systems
that are altering the way many organisations work. Thirdly, database applications have grown
more intricate, necessitating changes to existing file access and storage algorithms. Fourth,
database technology is utilised extensively. Most recently developed AISs use a database
strategy. Database technology is used by almost all mainframe computer systems, and
database use with PCs is expanding as well.
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1.3 Comparison between Database System and conventional file management

COMPARISON DATABASE SYSTEM CONVENTIONAL

FILE

MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION A system software for creating and also A file management system was
managing database that provides a software that manages data files in a
systematic way to create, retrieve, update computer system.
and manage data.
BACKUP AND There is backup recovery There is no backup and recovery
RECOVERY process
DATA Easy to do data sharing Hard to do data sharing
SHARING
REDUNDANCY Lower in a DBMS Higher in a file management system

STRUCTURE Complex Simple

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2.0 Data Model

Definition of data model

A data model is a representation of the relationship between logic and data flow between
various data elements in the information world. It also explains how data is stored and
retrieved. By facilitating business communication and technical development, data models
accurately represent information system requirements and design the solutions required to
meet those requirements A data model represents the required data and the format that will be
used for various business processes.
2.1. Representational (Implementation) Data Model Within the Database Field:

This data model is only used to represent the logical portion of the database. The
representative data model allows us to concentrate primarily on database
design.Hierarchical (IMS)

2.1.1 Hierarchical

The data is saved in the form of records that are linked to one another. A record is made
up of several fields, each with a single value. The hierarchical data model is the most
important of the logical database models. Records in an IMS are arranged in an inverted
tree-like fashion from top to bottom. A one-to-many relationship between two different
data types is used in a hierarchical model to organise data into a tree-like structure. For
example, a department may have a large number of courses, teachers, and students.
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2.2 Network

The network model extends the hierarchical model by allowing many-to-many

relationships between linked records, implying that multiple parent records exist. Based
on mathematical set theory, the model was built using related record sets. Each set
consists of one owner or parent record and one or more member or child records. This
model can convey complex relationships because records can be members or children of
multiple sets.

2.3 Relational (ORACLE, DB2, SQL Server, InterBase, Mimer)

The most common data model is the Relational Model. A relational database model is
made up of three parts. The Data Structure is the first. The information will be organised
into tables or relations. The second technique is data manipulation. To manipulate the
data stored in the database, powerful operations such as the SQL Server language are
used, and the last is Data Integrity. When data is manipulated, business rules are defined
to maintain its integrity. The relationship between two relations is represented in a
relational model by including two attributes with the same domain. Individual tuples
with the same value for that attribute are logically related, even if they are not
physically connected.
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2.4 Object-oriented

This model defines a database as a collection of objects, or reusable software elements,

with associated properties and methods. There are two types of object-oriented
databases: multimedia databases and hypertext databases. Multimedia databases contain
media that a relational database cannot store, such as images. Any object in a hypertext
database, on the other hand, can link to any other object. It's good for organising large
amounts of disparate data, but it's not good for numerical analysis. Object-oriented
databases make use of objects, which are small reusable pieces of software. Each object
is made up of two parts: a piece of data (for example, sound, video, text, or graphics)
and instructions, or software programmes called methods, that tell you what to do with
the data.

2.5 Object-relational

The object-relational database model is a hybrid database model that combines some of
the advanced functionality of an object-oriented database model with the ease of use of a
relational model. Its core functionality is to allow designers to embed objects into a
standard table structure. SQL3, JDBC, ODBC, and other interfaces and calling languages
are available. This calling language and interface supplement the relational model
language and interface. The following is an example of an Object Relationship:
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3.0 The Three-Schema Architecture (ANSI/SPARC Architecture)

ANSI/SPARC Architecture consists of 3 levels:

The ANSI/SPARC architecture, also known as the three-tier architecture, is composed of

three schemes. This framework describes the structure of the database system.
Furthermore, the user application and physical database are separated using the triple
scheme architecture, which is internal, concept, and external level.

3.1 Internal level

Internally, the database is physically represented on the computer. It focuses on physical

database implementation to optimise storage space and runtime performance, as well as
data encryption approaches. It communicates with the operating system to, among other
things, save data to storage files, create storage space, and retrieve data.

3.2 Conceptual level

It is the database's community view, and it describes the data stored in the database
while also representing entities, characteristics, and relationships. It is a data
representation system that includes information semantics, security, and integrity. The
concept stage is the second or middle level of the three-level architecture. This level
covers the full database's logical structure; it provides an organization-wide view of the
database, regardless of storage requirements.

3.3 External level

It represents the database from the user's point of view. The database data related to the
user is described at this level. The database's external level is made up of various external
database views. Only the entities, properties, and extensions selected by the user are
shown in the external view. The same data can be represented from various perspectives.
For example, one person may recognise a name as (first name, last name), while another
recognises it as (first name, last name) (last name, first name)
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4.0 Database Language

Database Languages are the set of statements, that are used to define and manipulate a database.
A Database language has Data Definition Language (DDL), which is used to construct a
database & it has Data Manipulation Language (DML), which is used to access a database. In
this section, we will discuss the database language in detail.

4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)

It is a programming language that allows users to define data and how it relates to other
types of data. It is primarily used to create files, databases, data dictionaries, and database
tables. It is also used to define the structure of each table, the set of values associated with
each attribute, the integrity constraints, security and authorization information for each
table, and the physical storage structure of each table on disc. DDL defines the statement
that will be used to implement the database scheme. If there is no clear separation
between logical (conceptual) and physical (internal) levels, DDL determines the logical
and physical scheme as well as the mapping between the logical and physical scheme.

4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

It is a programming language that supports basic data manipulation operations on data

stored in a database. It enables users to insert, update, delete, and modify data. data
retrieval from the database A query language is the part of DML that deals with data
retrieval. A Data Manipulation Language is a collection of statements that enable users to
access and manipulate data in a database. DML statements allow users to retrieve, insert,
delete, or modify data in a database. A data manipulation language (DML) is a collection
of computer languages that include commands that enable users to manipulate data in a
database. DML is mostly used in SQL databases.
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5.0 Classification Criteria of DBMS

5.1 Centralized vs. distributed DBMSs

Centralized Distributed
Evidently, centralised data is a collection of databases that are Evidently, distributed databases are one-of-a-kind
only stored, placed, and managed in one location. It is used databases comprised of various databases that are
to modify and manage this type of database. The actual linked to one another and spread across various
location as a result, this is the primary database system or physical locations. Data stored in multiple locations
central computer system. The centralised location (LAN, can thus be managed independently of each other's
WAN, etc.) that is accessible via an internet connection. physical location. As a result, computer networks are
Organizations or institutions are the primary users of this used to communicate between multiple databases in
centralised database. different physical locations.

5.1.1 Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous DDBMSs

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Homogeneous structures are much easier In
to general, heterogeneous structures emerge when individual sites install
build and operate. This approach allows for their own databases and integration is considered later. In a
incremental development, makes it simple heterogeneous system, translations are required to allow communication
to add a new site to the DDBMS, and between different DBMSs. To provide DBMS accountability, users
improves efficiency by leveraging multiple must be able to make requests in the DBMS's language at their local
sites' parallel processing capacity. site. The machine is then tasked with locating the information and
performing any necessary translations.
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5.1.2 Multidatabase systems

A multidatabase system (MDBS) is a tool that allows users to access data stored in
multiple independent database management systems (DBMSs). The MDBS is in
charge of global transaction execution in such a system. Local DBMSs in each
location have control over local transaction execution. Each local DBMS
integrated by the MDBS may employ a different transaction management
strategy. Each local DBMS also has complete control over all transactions (both
global and local) running at its location, including the ability to halt any
transaction at any time. Typically, no architectural or internal DBMS structure
changes are permitted to accommodate the MDBS.

5.0 Single-user vs. multi-user systems

Single-user Multi-user
A Single User Operating System is one that allows Ita is an operating system that allows multiple users to use
single user to perform only one specific task. Printing programmes running on a single network server at the
text, uploading images, and other functions can only same time. The "Terminal server" is the single network
be accessed one at a time. MS-DOS and other server. A "Terminal client" is a software application
operating systems are examples. that serves user sessions. UNIX, MVS, and other
systems are examples.
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5.1 General-purpose vs. special-purpose DBMS

A general-purpose DBMS is designed to meet the requirements of as many applications

as possible. It is an expensive and complex software system, but it is usually cost-
effective for most businesses because it can be shared by multiple users. Oracle is an
example of a general-purpose database management system (DBMS).
A special-purpose DBMS is an email system; while it performs many general-purpose
DBMS operations, these functions are limited to those required to handle e-mail and do
not provide users with access to all of the capabilities that a general-purpose DBMS
would provide.

Conclusion

Finally, a database is a data structure that stores structured information. It consists of several
tables, each of which may contain several different fields. A database system is a high-level
description of the structure and relationships that exist between the stored data, the database,
the users, and the storage hardware. Databases are the preferred storage method for large,
multi-user applications. This study was carried out to demonstrate what a database is and how
it works. We can also learn about database system identification, language, and DBMS
classification criteria from this report.
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REFERENCE

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